Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that 1 a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who 2 recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no 3 or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain 4 while completing a task that could 5 either reward or punishment. 6 with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had 7 neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. 8 , the high-risk girls showed no 9 in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in 10 past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area 11 receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time 12 information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure. "Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed 13 reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically 14 in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, 15 they have not yet experienced a depressive 16 ," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. " 17 , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations 18 in this study during the processing of 19 and losses are associated with the 20 onset of depression," they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.
1.
A.embodied
B.included
C.concluded
D.consisted
A B C D
B
[解析] 本句是承接第一句，对实验对象的构成进行说明。只有include有“包括”的意思而且为及物动词。四个选项中，首先排除[A]和[C]，两者均不具有“由……构成”或“包括”之类的含义。[A] embodied用法举例：The letter embodies all her ideas．这封信代表了她全部的看法。[C] concluded用法举例：The meeting concluded after two hours．两个小时后会议结束了。[D] consisted虽然也有“包含”之意，但它是不及物动词，不能直接加宾语，它通常与of构成搭配，consist of用法举例：The audience consisted mainly of teenagers．观众主要是由青少年组成。
2.
A.experienced
B.undertook
C.subjected
D.experimented
A B C D
A
[解析] 本句承接前一句内容，继续对实验群体进行说明。根据上文可知，这些女孩并没有患抑郁症，然后用but转折，指出她们的妈妈______复发性抑郁症，空格处可填“有过，患过”，选项中experienced符合句意。[B] undertook用法举例：We will undertake the construction of the bridge．我们将承担桥的修建工程。[C]subjected用法举例：How can you subject her will to your own?你怎么能让她服从你的意愿呢?[D] experimented用法举例：She began to experiment with chemical agents．她开始用化学制剂进行试验。由上下文语境和动词词义判断，[B]、[C]和[D]均不符合题意。
3. a. personal B. unique C. private D. single
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据本句分析可知，其表达含义是将患病风险高、有家族病史和患病风险低、没有个人或家族病史的两组成员进行比较。and前是个人没有病史但是母亲有，因此本句是女孩们没有个人和家族病史，即[A] personal为正确答案。[B] unique强调“独一无二的”，用法举例：Each person's finger prints are unique．每个人的指纹是独一无二的。而患抑郁症不存在是否是独一无二的问题。[C] private一般用于强调“个人隐私”，用法举例：He has a private jet．他有一架私人喷气式飞机。此处并不涉及隐私问题。[D] single意思与原文不符，用法举例：I want a single room with bath．我想要一问带浴室的单人间。
4.
A.explorations
B.examinations
C.detections
D.scans
A B C D
D
[解析] 空格前出现MRI brain______．根据常识可知，一般对要分析脑部某个器官的功能，最好做脑部扫描，所填词[D] scans与其构成同定搭配，意为“核磁共振成像脑部扫描”。[A] explorations用法举例：Humanity have made great progress in space exploration．人类在太空探险领域取得了巨大进步。[C] detections用法举例：Early detection of the disease is vital．早点发现疾病是至关重要的。
5.
A.result from
B.suppose to
C.result in
D.lead in
A B C D
C
[解析] 本句末reward和punishment都是任务的结果，所以[C] result in符合文意。[A] result from强调事情的起因，其后接的是原因而非结果，用法举例：Success results from hard work．成功来自努力工作。[B]suppose to是假设而非事实，用法举例：How can I suppose to live without you?如果没有你，我怎么活下去?[D] lead in用法举例：The usher led the guests in．招待员把客人引领进来。
6.
A.Made
B.Regarded
C.Insisted
D.Compared
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据上一题对第一段末句的分析可知，本句是将两组实验结果进行对比，而且所填词要与with搭配。[D] Compared与with搭配，意为“和某物作比较”，符合题意。[A] Made with用法举例：what do we make with flour?我们用面粉做些什么?[B] Regarded with用法举例：They regarded those homeless children with great sympathy．他们非常同情那些无家可归的孩子。[C] Insisted通常不与with搭配，而与on搭配构成词组insist on，用法举例：I insist on an immediate answer．我坚持要立即给予答复。
7.
A.stronger
B.weaker
C.lower
D.higher
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据后一句“有高患病风险的女孩在大脑被称做背侧前扣带皮质的部位几乎没有______”，从no得知，本句所表达的反应应该与后一句一致，为负面反应，因此[B] weaker为正确答案。[A] stronger意义相反．可以排除。[C] lower不含有反应“微弱”之意，用法举例：Holiday prices are lower out of season．在度假淡季，度假费用较低。[D] higher用法举例：People always look forward to lower risks and higher earnings．人们总是期待较低的风险与较高的收益。
8.
A.Directly
B.Hardly
C.Specifically
D.Initially
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据上题中对本句的句意分析可知，本句是进一步说明结果的具体情况，表示进一步说明的只有[C] Specifically。[A] Directly一般不单独使用，而是用在句中修饰动词或形容词，用法举例：We went directly to the factory．我们直接就到工厂去了。[B] Hardly也不单独使用，一般置于句首，后面句子须采用倒装形式，用法举例：Hardly could I believe the news．我几乎不能相信这个消息。[D] Initially可以单独使用，也可以放在句中，用法举例：Initially，one has nothing，but a fantastic dream and confidence based on air．最初拥有的只是梦想，以及毫无根据的自信。但是本段中没有出现时间先后问题，所以排除[D]。
9.
A.movement
B.sign
C.symbol
D.activation
A B C D
D
[解析] 本句与首句是递进关系，因此空白处需填人一个与responses意义相近的词，四个选项中，只有[D] activation与responses意思相近，都是对某种刺激的反应。[A] movement只是单纯的运动，用法举例：Without the movement of energy，resurrection is not possible．如果没有能量运动，恢复是不可能的。[B]sign与[C]symbol意思相近，也没有刺激反应的意思。
10.
A.reinforcing
B.improving
C.weakening
D.slacking
A B C D
A
[解析] 本句是复杂的长句。前半句是主句，后半句是定语从句，对大脑部位the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex加以说明。根据对前半句的分析，患病风险高的女孩之所以没有反应是因为此部位的作用是“强化”以前的经历以辅助学习，因此[A] reinforcing为正确答案。过去的经历是不能改善的，故排除[B] improving。“淡化或减弱”过去的经历不会对学习有帮助，故排除[C] weakening。[D] slacking用法举例：Business is slacking just now．目前生意萧条不振。
11.
A.why
B.when
C.wherever
D.whereas
A B C D
B
[解析] 此处意为“患病风险高的女孩在大脑这个部位有很强的反应，与其他女孩相比，______接受惩罚”，可知，这里缺少的是引导时间状语从句的词，所以[B] when为正确答案。[A] why引导原因状语从句，用法举例：This is why he came here．这就是他来这里的原因。此处不存在因果关系，故排除。[C] wherever引导让步状语从句，用法举例：Wherever you go，you should do your work well．不论你到什么地方，都要把工作做好。[D] whereas表示转折关系，用法举例：Some people like coffee，whereas others like tea．有人喜欢咖啡，然而也有人喜欢茶。所以[C]和[D]也排除。
12.
A.processing
B.counting
C.employing
D.implying
A B C D
A
[解析] 本句是一个比较句，在______information about loss and punishment和information about reward and pleasure之间进行比较。空格填入的词应当与information搭配，[A] processing符合题意。[B]counting用法举例：Let me count the number of characters．我来数一数一共有多少字。[C] employing一般指雇佣工人，用法举例：She was employed as a programmer．她受雇为程序员。[D] implying用法举例：His words implied great displeasure．他的话暗示出他很不高兴。
13.
A.after
B.among
C.with
D.during
A B C D
D
[解析] 本句再一次说明实验结果，during reward(在接受奖赏的时候)，符合整句的逻辑，故[D] during正确。本文的实验都是在受到某种刺激的过程中来检测大脑某部位的反应，而不是事后的反应，故排除[A]after。[B] among通常表示在三者或三者以上之间，用法举例：She lives in that house among the trees．她住在树林中的那座房子里。[C] with用法举例：Would you like to go with us?你愿意和我们一起去吗?
14.
A.repaired
B.impaired
C.healed
D.damaged
A B C D
B
[解析] 该题所在句的大意为：在接受奖赏时，考虑到通常观察时纹状体区域活化作用的减少，她们的奖赏处理系统看起来似乎已经被严重______了。文章第二段首句提到“发病率高的一组成员在期望和接受奖赏方面神经反应都比较弱。”由此可知发病率高的女孩的大脑接受奖赏处理系统很可能是受到损害，因此[B]impaired为正确答案。[A] repaired指原先受损的东西得到修复，如果得到修复．那么反应就不会微弱；[C] healed意思相反，应排除；[D] damaged虽有“损坏”之意，但是一般不指身体部位的损伤，主要是指对物体的损害，用法举例：They have damaged the electrical equipment．他们毁坏了这台电子设备。
15.
A.because
B.and
C.hence
D.although
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据前一题分析，who are at elevated risk for depression (她们有很高的患病率)与they have not yet experienced a depressive (她们还没有经历)之间存在转折关系，所以[D] although正确。[A] because表示原因，引导原因状语从句；[B] and表示并列；[C] hence用法举例：We suspect they are trying to hide something，hence the need for an independent．inquiry．我们怀疑他们在企图隐瞒什么事，因此有必要进行独立调查。
16.
A.anecdote
B.time
C.episode
D.process
A B C D
C
[解析] 本句需要填一个与depressive搭配的名词。患抑郁症并不是奇闻，[A]可排除。[B] time指某个时间点，没有一段时间的意思，而患抑郁症是一段时间。[D] process表示“过程，步骤”，也不符合题意。[C] episode有表示“人生的一段经历”的意思，用法举例：This is an important episode in the artist's life．这是这位艺术家一生中一次重要的经历。患抑郁症应是一段经历，故正确答案为[C]。
[解析] 本句说明的是实验的结果。“不规则的活化作用是否与______抑郁症有关”，通过对前文分析可知，这些参与实验的女孩并没有患抑郁症，研究的是患病风险的高低，因此[A]正确。[B] inadequate用法举例：The failure in the examination could be due to my inadequate revision．考试的失败可能是由于我没有充分地复习。[C] sequential用法举例：The major advantage to sequential systems is their low cost．顺序存取系统的主要优点是成本低。[D] frequent用法举例：Revolution is a frequent outgrowth of tyranny．革命是暴政促成的常见结果。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 When is an endangered species not an endangered species? When it lives in the sea, apparently. Despite continuing carnage in the ocean, marine creatures were refused any protection at the United Nations conference on trade in wildlife that ended yesterday in Doha, Qatar. Tigers, rhinos and elephants are all better protected after the meeting of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (Cites). But hammerhead sharks, bluefin tuna and other marine species should be quaking in their skins. For when it comes to fish, the world has decided that scientific evidence of imminent demise is not reason enough to defend them against overexploitation. The conflict between trade and conservation is nothing new, but it is pretty well established that if you let trade in wildlife run rampant (蔓延的), soon there will be nothing left to sell. That is why the UN set up Cites in the first place. So why did fish get such a raw deal? Is it that we care less about life that is so very different from us? Do the emotionless eyes of fish leave our hearts cold? Is it an extension of the convenient myth that fish feel no pain? The truth is far more shocking. All fingers of blame point directly at Japan. The high value of bluefin tuna--a single specimen can reach $112 000--led it to orchestrate a full-scale campaign against proposals to ban trade in the species. Diplomatic missions were sent to developing nations to bully them into agreeing with Japan's conviction that fish cannot be endangered. That way of thinking is grounded in ignorance. The oceans long seemed infinite in their capacity to produce such riches, and any sign that this was not so was hidden by our inability to peer into the depths. Science has now stripped back the veil and revealed the extent of the depletion. It is this science that Japan and its allies have chosen to not to see. Unfortunately for life in the sea, Japan's campaign made waves far beyond the bluefin. Sharks are in dire trouble thanks to some people's appetite for using their fins in soup. About 73 million sharks are killed each year as a result, and sharks don't reproduce fast. But far from favoring a ban, nations voted against even the most basic monitoring of the trade. Red and pink corals have now all but vanished from the Mediterranean and are being stripped from the Pacific, but proposals to control that trade were also swept away. Fish don't recognise borders and boundaries. Yet one nation, Japan, by its cynical use of political power is robbing the world of a shared resource.
1. The word "carnage" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to " ______ ".
Text 2 It's seven weeks into the new year. Do you know where your resolution is? If you're like millions of Americans, you probably vowed to lose weight, quit smoking and drink less in the new year. You kicked off January with a commitment to long-term well-being--until you came face-to-face with a cheeseburger. You spent a bundle on a shiny new gym pass. Turns out, it wasn't reason enough for you to actually use the gym. People can make poor decisions when it comes to health--despite their best intentions. It's not easy abiding by wholesome choices (giving up French fries) when the consequences of not doing so (heart disease) seem so far in the future. Most people are bad at judging their health risks: smokers generally know cigarettes cause cancer, but they also tend to believe they're less likely than other smokers to get it. And as any snack-loving dieter can attest, people can be comically inept at predicting their future .behavior. You swear you will eat just one potato chip but don't stop until the bag is empty. So, what does it take to motivate people to stick to the path set by their conscious brain? How can good choices be made to seem more appealing than bad ones? The problem stumps doctors, public-health officials and weight-loss experts, but one solution may spring from an unlikely source. Meet your new personal trainer: your boss. American businesses have a particular interest in personal health, since worker illness costs them billions each year in insurance claims, sick days and high staff turnover. A 2008 survey of major US employers found that 64% consider their employees' poor health decisions a serious barrier to affordable insurance coverage. Now some companies are tackling the motivation problem head on, using tactics drawn from behavioral psychology to nudge their employees to get healthy. "It's a bit paradoxical that employers need to provide incentives for people to improve their own health," says Michael Follick, a behavioral psychologist at Brown University and president of the consultancy Abacus Employer Health Solutions. Paradoxical, maybe, but effective. Consider Amica Mutual Insurance, based in Rhode Island. Arnica seemed to be doing everything right: it boasts an on-site fitness center at its headquarters. It pays toward Weight Watchers and smoking-cessation help, gives gift cards to reward proper prenatal care and offers free flu shots each year. Still, in the mid-2000s, about 7% of the company's insured population, including roughly 3 100 employees and their dependents, had diabetes. "We manage risk. That's our core business," says Scott Boyd, Amica's director of compensation and benefits. But diabetes-related claims from Arnica employees had doubled in four years. "We thought, OK," Boyd says now, "we have to manage these high-risk groups a little better. "
1. In the first paragraph, we can infer that the Americans ______.
4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A.If you want to keep healthy, you have to meet your personal trainer.
B.The diabetes-related claims from Arnica employees have been increased.
C.The American business doesn't do anything concerned with personal health.
D.Abiding by healthy choices is facile.
A B C D
B
[解析] 在文章末段倒数第二句提到diabetes-related claims from Amica employees had doubled in four years(阿米卡公司的员工对与糖尿病有关的索赔在四年内翻了一番)，所以[B]正确。[A]是针对文章第三段末句Meet your new personal trainer(见一下你的新私人教练)设置的干扰项。文章第四段明确提出美国企业所做的贡献，因此[C]不符合原文。文章第二段People can make poor decisions when it comes to health-despite their best intentions(尽管有着最好的意愿，但是他们很难下定决心)，因此[D]不正确。
5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
Text 3 It's not only humans that flourish in large settlements. Some ants find urban life so accommodating that their populations explode and they form supercolonies in cities. "One of the most common house ant species might have been built for living in some of the smallest spaces in a forest, but the ants have found ways to take advantage of the comforts of city living," Purdue University said in a statement. Grzegorz Buczkowski, a Purdue University research assistant professor of entomology, discovered odorous house ants live in supercolonies, creating complex networks entomologists have never seen with the species before now. He found that odorous house ant colonies become larger and more complex as they move from forest to city and act somewhat like an invasive species, the university said. "The ants live about 50 to a colony with one queen in forest settings but explode into supercolonies with more than 6 million workers and 50 000 queens in urban areas," the university explained. "This is a native species that's doing this," said Buczkowski, whose results are published in the early online version of the journal Biological Invasions. "Native ants are not supposed to become invasive. We don't know of any other native ants that are outcompeting other species of native ants like these," Buczkowski said. Odorous house ants live in hollow acorn shells in the forest. They're called odorous because they have a coconut (椰子)-or rum-like smell when crushed. They're considered one of the most common house ants, Purdue said. In semi-natural areas that are a cross of forest and urban areas, such as a park, Buczkowski said he observed colonies of about 500 workers with a single queen. "It's possible that as the ants get closer to urban areas they have easier access to food, shelter and other resources," he said. "In the forest, they have to compete for food and nesting sites," Buczkowski said. "In the cities, they don't have that competition. People give them a place to nest, food to eat. " Buczkowski observed the ants in three different settings on and around the Purdue campus. He said it might be expected that if the odorous house ants were able to multiply into complex colonies, other ants would do the same. But Buczkowski found no evidence that other ants had adapted to new environments and evolved into larger groups as the odorous house ants have, Purdie said. "It's possible that odorous house ants are better adapted to city environments than other ant species or that they had somehow outcompeted or dominated other species," he said. "This raises a lot of questions we'd like to answer. " Buczkowski said understanding why the supercolonies form could lead to better control of the pests in homes, as well as ensuring that they don't outcompete beneficial species. Future studies on odorous house ants will include studying the ant's genetics and trying to understand the effects of urbanization of odorous house ants, Purdue said.
1. The word "accommodating" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to " ______".
[解析] 文章第三段倒数第二句提到In semi-natural areas that are a cross of forest and urban areas，such as a park(在森林和城市交叉的半自然地区，如公园)，我们得知半自然地区就是城市和森林的交叉区，因此，四个选项中，只有[B]不符合题意，其他选项都属于半自然地区。
4. The purpose of understanding the supercolonies' forming is to ______.
A.control the pests and protect beneficial species
B.understand the effects of urbanization of ants
C.help study the ant's genetics
D.better totally dominate other species
A B C D
A
[解析] 文章倒数第二段末句提到Buczkowski said understanding why the supercolonies form could lead to better control of the pests in homes，as well as ensuring that they don't outcompete beneficial species．答案从此句中便可获得，因此[A]正确。[B]、[C]在文章末段有提到，这是未来研究的问题，不符合题意。[D]曲解了文章的意思，并不是要全权掌控，只是更好地了解以便防治害虫。
5. The odorous house ants move to urban areas because they ______.
A.want to outcompete and dominate other species in cities
Text 4 Computer brain games may not offer the big mental boost many were hoping for, suggests new research, but brain scientists and brain-game experts don't all agree on the findings. The study, out this week in Nature, is the largest of its kind, say scientists from England's Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and the Alzheimer's Society, UK. They said in a Tuesday press briefing that brain-training games, used by millions, may not increase general brain power on other tasks or increase IQ "Participants did get better at games they practiced. The more they trained, the better they got. But there was still no translation to any general improvement in cognitive function," said lead author Adrian Owen, assistant director of Medical Research Council. The online experiment was sponsored by the BBC and involved more than 11 000 people between the ages of 18 and 60. They were split into three groups, including two groups that played different brain-training games that are similar to commercially available games, and a control group that was asked to go online and find answers to questions about topics such as music. Participants trained for at least 10 minutes a day, three times a week, for up to six weeks, Owen said. All took standard cognitive assessment tests at the start and finish of the study. While players increased their skills the more they played a specific game, that improvement didn't transfer to other activities or to a higher score on intelligence tests, said Owen and colleagues. Duke psychiatrist and Alzheimer's expert Murali Doraiswamy said it's the best study done to date and a good reality check. "There was so much hype surrounding brain games," he said. But it's not a death knell for gaming, Doraiswamy said. "I still think brain games offer tremendous potential for helping people with conditions such as ADHD and learning disabilities, but this study puts the burden of proof now on game manufacturers to show that they really offer meaningful benefits. " Study shortcomings include the fact that it didn't focus on the aging population, a group targeted by brain-game makers, experts said. And it did not look at benefits of more intense training, said Alvaro Fernandez, CEO and cofounder of Sharp Brains, a San Francisco market research firm that specializes in cognitive science. "This study shows random brain exercise doesn't transfer, but it does not deny that transfer can work if a person engages in more intense and targeted brain-training," Fernandez said.
1. According to Adrian Owen, the function of brain-training games is that ______.
A.they can make general brain powerful
B.they may offer the big mental boost
C.they can transfer to improvement in cognitive function
D.they have nothing to do with improving cognitive function
Part B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. We don't see or hear them, but every day they quietly go about their work--filtering and cleansing our rivers and streams. And if we don't act soon, they'll disappear from the workforce just when we need them most. I am talking about pigtoes, monkeyface, pink heelsplitter and purple wartyback--freshwater mussels (贻贝) with funny names that belie the seriousness of their labors. 1 . One mussel alone can cleanse as much as a gallon of water per hour. Add up the work of a whole mussel community, and you get a virtual water treatment plant. According to Ethan Nedeau, an expert on the freshwater mussels of New England, even half the population of mussels at work in a one-half mile segment of New Hampshire's Ashuelot River can help cleanse more than 11.2 million gallons of water a day--roughly the quantity of household water used by 112 000 people. 2 . Today 69 percent of US freshwater mussel species are to some degree at risk of extinction or already extinct. The most diverse assemblage of freshwater mussels ever known was located in the middle stretch of the Tennessee River in northern Alabama. Before the damming of the river in the early 1900s, 69 mussel species had been spotted in this reach; 32 of them have apparently disappeared, with no recording sightings in nearly a century. 3 . Like many freshwater mussels, the orange-nacre mucket has a fascinating life cycle and exhibits some of the most sophisticated mimicry in the animal kingdom. The females essentially use their offspring to lure fish into helping them colonize new stream bottoms. They package their larvae (幼虫) at the end of jelly--like tubes that can extend eight feet out into the water. To fish swimming by, the larvae dancing in the riffles of the river current looks like a tasty minnow. When the fish bites, the tube breaks, releasing the larvae into the stream. A few of the offspring attach to the fish's gills and hitchhike around with their firmed host for a week or two, absorbing nutrients and growing along the way. 4 . Along with 16 other threatened or endangered mussel species in the Mobile watershed, the orange-nacre mucket is at risk of extinction--in large part due to excessive pollution and dams that have diminished the river habitat they need to survive. To me, the loss of such industrious, fascinating creatures diminishes more than our water quality-- it diminishes our natural heritage and our world. 5 . So as we celebrate World Water Day, I hope we also celebrate the freshwater mussels that help keep our waters clean and healthy--and commit to efforts to conserve them. [A] My favorite freshwater mussel is the orange-nacre mucket, found only in the rivers and streams of Alabama's Mobile River basin. [B] The United States ranks first in the world in the number of known species of freshwater mussels 292, com- pared with just 10 in all of Europe. But we're losing these "living filters" all too fast. [C] Only habitat improvements, in some cases combined with mussel breeding and release efforts, can save these and the other 200 freshwater mussel species at risk nationwide. [D] Because I bet we'll miss these little creatures with the whimsical names when they're gone. [E] They suck water in, filter out bits of algae, bacteria and other tiny particles, and then release it back to the river cleaner than before. [F] Finally, the young mussels drop off, float to the river bottom, and colonize new territory--and before long begin their vital task of water purification. [G] It is our responsibility to take actions to protect the freshwater mussels, otherwise they will disappear in the future and the water will not be refreshed.
Part C Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Going to the ballpark, visiting friends and playing bingo are simple diversions for many of us. But for the elderly, these social pastimes may play a critical role in preserving their physical and mental health. (46) In fact, a new study suggests that the less time older people spend engaged in social activity, the faster their motor function tends to decline. "Everybody in their 60s, 70s and 80s is walking more slowly than they did when they were 25," says Dr. Aron Buchman, a neurologist at the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and leading author of the study, which was published in the June 22nd issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine. (47) "Our study shows the connection between social activity and motor function--and opens up a whole new universe of how we might intervene. " (48) An increasing body of evidence has suggested that participating in mentally stimulating activity, socializing frequently and exercising may help protect against age-related decline-at least cognitive decline. As early as 1995, neuroscientist Carl Cotman, who studies aging and dementia at the University of California at Irvine, published a paper in Nature showing that physical exercise produces a protein that helps keep neurons from dying and spurs the formation of new neural connections in the brain. (49) More recently, Cotman demonstrated in studies of elderly dogs and mice that enriching their social environment is associated with improvement in brain function. Researchers are also finding that social activity may be linked to the same protective effect in people. A recent study of 2 500 adults ages 70 to 79, published in the journal Neurology, found that those who were able to stay mentally sharp were also those who exercised once a week or more, had at least a ninth grade literacy level and were socially active. While further research needs to be done to establish the exact impact of social activity and exercise on specific age-related declines (50) it's likely that a reduction in social activity may simply be a symptom of physical decline, since people may naturally withdraw from social engagement as they lose motor skills-most researchers would agree that it is not unreasonable to encourage seniors to get out there more. Only 10% of people over 65 get the recommended amount of exercise (at least 2. 5 to 5 hours a week), and given that seniors already tend to be more socially isolated than younger adults, it's difficult to motivate them to become more active. "If you are alone, you are less likely to follow recommendations," notes Verghese. It might help, though, if you visit Grandma more often and let her know that a regular pastime may just help her stay fitter and sharper longer.
[解析] 本句可分为两层进行分析。第一层是主语从句，It是形式主语，真正的主语是a reduction in social activity…physical decline。第二层是原因状语从句，其中as表示伴随状态．意为“随着……”。symptom意为“征兆”，withdraw from可译为“退出，离开”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions:You resided in the Browns when studying abroad in London. Now you have returned to China. Write a thank-you letter to the Browns to 1) express your gratitude, and 2) invite them to China to visit your hometown. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
[参考范文] Dear Mr. and Mrs. Brown， Thanks so much for taking care of me during my stay in London．I would avail myself of this opportunity to express my great appreciation for your timely help and assistance when in need． Your house is really spectacular，and I enjoyed it so much．I thoroughly enjoyed your hospitality．What's more，Mrs．Brown．your cooking is out of the world and beyond my words．You made me feel at ease during my studies in London．I really cherish the memories of those days with you two． It could be great getting together with you two once again．I sincerely hope you would come to China and I will be your guide． Best wishes to you! Yours， Li Ming
1. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
[参考范文] [1] As the picture vividly depicts，a son mocks his father as a rustic who even couldn't understand the catchwords on the Internet，such as“bkq”，“buy some sauce”and so on． 1．[2] The idea conveyed in the picture is apparent．The boy in the picture cold-shoulders his father because he has no comprehension of the catchwords emerging in the website nowadays．2．With the arrival of the Internet era，more and more new words and phrases which have lost their original meanings emerge in large number．[3] Moreover，these catchwords have become part of life，[4] as a result，problems arise in communication between children and parents．[5] In general，[6] on the one hand，this is the manifestation of social progress；[7] on the other hand，new-fashioned generation gap turns up． [8] There are a lot of vivid examples in daily life．3．Children get together．[9] saying the words only understood by themselves，which makes their parents never know what their children are thinking about．The arising of computer jargon can not be restrained．[10] Therefore，[11] it is high time that parents commenced understanding and comprehending the jargons；[12] it is high time that children began to put themselves in parents' place and communicated with parents positively．
[解析]
网络流行语及随之产生的代沟
本次考试的作文为图画式观点论证型作文，题材属于社会生活类。画面中父亲在上网，网上充斥着网络流行语，如“打酱油”、“杯具”、“汗”等。这些词语已经失去了它们本来的含义，新新人类赋予了其新的含义，但大人们却是一头雾水。一旁的孩子笑话老爸不懂流行语，网络时代造成的代沟便产生了。我们究竟如何解决这个问题，值得思考。可见网络流行语的流行及随之产生的代沟是文章的主题。 文章采用三段式：第一段描述图画，对网络流行语逐渐盛行的现象进行描述，并点出文章主题；第二段阐明图画的内涵；第三段发表自己的看法并作总结。 [框架构思] Paragraph One：Describe the picture． Paragraph Two：Put forward the interpretation of the implication and explain the reasons． Paragraph Three：Make a conclusion． [范文点评] [1] 图画式作文经常用的开篇语 [2] 论述图片所蕴含的含义 [3] Moreover，表示进一步说明 [4] as a result“结果是”，使上下文衔接自然 [5] In general是表示概括的用语 [6] 和[7]是常用的表达观点的短语 [8] 引出例证 [9] saying分词短语过渡自然 [10] Therefore“因此”引出个人观点 [11] 和[12]连续用两个虚拟语气发出号召，表达贴切
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题