Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. Weak dollar or no, $ 46,000-the price for a single year of undergraduate instruction amid the red brick of Harvard Yard-is 1 But nowadays cost is 2 barrier to entry at many of America's best universities. Formidable financial-assistance policies have 3 fees or slashed them deeply for needy students. And last month Harvard announced a new plan designed to 4 the sticker-shock for undergraduates from middle and even upper-income families too. Since then, other rich American universities have unveiled 5 initiatives. Yale, Harvard's bitterest 6 , revealed its plans on January 14th. Students whose families make 7 than $60,000 a year will pay nothing at all. Families earning up to $ 200,000 a year will have to pay an average of 10% of their incomes. The university will 8 its financial- assistance budget by 43%, to over $ 80m. Harvard will have a similar arrangement for families making up to $180,000. That makes the price of going to Harvard or Yale 9 to attending a state-run university for middle-and upper-income students. The universities will also not require any student to take out 10 to pay for their 11 , a policy introduced by Princeton in 2001 and by the University of Pennsylvania just after Harvard's 12 . No applicant who gains admission, officials say, should feel 13 to go elsewhere because he or she can't afford the fees. None of that is quite as altruistic as it sounds. Harvard and Yale are, after all, now likely to lure more students away from previously 14 options, particularly state-run universities, 15 their already impressive admissions figures and reputations. The schemes also provide a 16 for structuring university fees in which high prices for rich students help offset modest prices for poorer ones and families are less 17 on federal grants and government-backed loans. Less wealthy private colleges whose fees are high will not be able to 18 Harvard or Yale easily. But America's state-run universities, which have traditionally kept their fees low and stable, might well try a differentiated 19 scheme as they raise cash to compete academically with their private 20 . Indeed, the University of California system has already started to implement a sliding-fee scale.
首先本句的结构是一个让步的关系，即需要填人的这个动词的程度应当比or后面的成分更深。那么看or后面的slashed them deeply for needy students，为需要的学生大大降低了学费，那么可以推断出B项和C项不合适。而D项和A项相比，D项是普通意义上的减少，并不会比大大降低有多少程度上的递进，故选择A项。
本文第一段说“And last month Harvard announced a new plan”，那么可以判断出这里指代前文哈佛的announcement；若选择implementation，由于本处并未提及该公告，故应当有implementation of…之类。policy会造成语义残缺，而adjustment并未在文中提及。
既然对于学生的学费进行了区分收取，那么中低收入家庭所要负担的学费就较之前少一些，故可以不用再大规模地向联邦借贷。“The universities will also not require any student to take out loans to pay for their tuition”从这句话可以推断。故应该是依赖程度更低，故选D。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D．
Text 1 It is the world's fourth-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice. It provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any Other plant. It is, of Course, the potato. The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to alleviate poverty, improve food security and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that. But the potato's unusual history means it is well worth celebrating by readers of The Economist because the potato is intertwined with economic development, trade liberalisation and globalisation. Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the industrial revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, as people there specialised in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south (where the soil was more suitable ) concentrated on wheat production. By a happy accident, this concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role". The potato promoted free trade by contributing to the abolition of Britain's Corn Laws-the cause which prompted the founding of The Economist in 1843. The Corn Laws restricted imports of grain into the United Kingdom in order to protect domestic wheat producers. Landowners supported the laws, since cheap imported grain would reduce their income, but industrialists opposed them because imports would drive down the cost of food, allowing people to spend more on manufactured goods. Ultimately it was not the eloquence of the arguments against the Corn Laws that led to their abolition-and more's the pity. It was the tragedy of the Irish potato famine of 1845, in which 1million Irish perished when the potato crop on which they subsisted succumbed to blight. The need to import grain to relieve the situation in Ireland forced the government, which was dominated by landowners who backed the Corn Laws, to reverse its position. This paved the way for liberalisation in other areas, and free trade became British policy. As the Duke of Wellington complained at the time, "rotten potatoes have done it all. " In the form of French fries, served alongside burgers and Coca-Cola, potatoes are now an icon of globalisation. This is quite a turnaround given the scepticism which first greeted them on their arrival in the Old World in the 16th century. Spuds were variously thought to cause leprosy, to be fit only for animals, to be associated with the devil or to be poisonous. They took hold in 18th century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat; people then realised just how versatile and reliable they were. As Adam Smith, one of the potato's many admirers, observed at the time, "The very general use which is made of potatoes in these kingdoms as food for man is a convincing proof that the prejudices of a nation, with regard to diet, however deeply rooted, are by no means unconquerable. " Mashed, fried, boiled and roast, a humble tuber changed the world, and free-trading globalisers everywhere should celebrate it.
1. According to the text, what are the features of potatoes?
A.Lower price, quicker growing speed, less land required, and wider range of climate.
B.More calories, quicker growing speed, less labor required in growing and processing, and wider range of climate.
C.More calories, quicker growing speed, less land required, and wider range of climate.
D.More calories, quicker growing speed, less land required, and wider range of products to be made of.
A B C D
C
本题需要仔细阅读第一段第二句“It provides more calories，more quickly，using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant”这便说的是马铃薯的特点。那么结合选项，A项的lower price文中没有提及，B项的less labor in processing未有提及，D项中的wider range of products to be made of也未有提及，故选C。
2. What is the ultimate purpose of establishing 2008 the International Year of the Potato?
A.Promote the sales volume of potatoes all over the globe.
B.Help the farmers that grow potatoes but are still in poverty.
C.Promote a greater awareness of the merits of potatoes among the public.
D.Alleviate poverty, improve food security and promote economic development.
A B C D
D
求解本题需要找到“It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals，by helping to alleviate poverty，improve food security and promote economic development”。这一句有三层意思，一是让人们增进对马铃薯优点的了解，二是有助于减少贫困、提高食品安全性以及促进经济的发展，三是实现联合国的千年发展目标。第一层是活动本身的目的，第二层是手段，第三层是最终目标。而A、B项在文中都未有提及，故结合问题，D项最为合适。
3. Friedrich Engels declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its " historically revolutionary role", then according to the text, what does this "historically revolutionary role" refer to?
A.Its high volume of production, and consequently lower price, greatly supported the workers in the factories then.
B.It liberated workers from the land, thus providing labour force for the industry.
C.It changed the agriculture structure of England, which ultimately resulted in a shift from an agricultural country to an industrial one.
D.It can provide more calories, thus saving land for cotton growing, and consequently boosting the textile industry.
5. Why were potatoes at last accepted by Europeans?
A.They changed their diet to a more diversified trend.
B.French fries swept all over the world alongside burgers and Coca-Cola.
C.Potatoes saved them when war and famine stroke Europe in 18th century.
D.It became very important goods for Europe in trading with Asia.
A B C D
C
本题求解在最后一段中的“They took hold in 18th-century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat；people then realised just how versatile and reliable they were”。A项文中没有提及，B项是马铃薯被欧洲人接受之后呈现的现象，C项则可以直接对应，D项文中也未有提及，故选择C。
Text 2 Twenty-seven years ago, Egypt revised its secular constitution to enshrine Muslim sharia as "the principal source of legislation". To most citizens, most of the time, that seeming contradiction-between secularism and religion-has not made much difference. Nine in ten Egyptians are Sunni Muslims and expect Islam to govern such things as marriage, divorce and inheritance. Nearly all the rest profess Christianity or Judaism, faiths recognised and protected in Islam. But to the small minority who embrace other faiths, or who have tried to leave Islam, it has, until lately, made an increasingly troubling difference. Members of Egypt's 2,000-strong Bahai community, for instance, have found they cannot state their religion on the national identity cards that all Egyptians are obliged to produce to secure such things as driver's licenses, bank accounts, social insurance and state schooling. Hundreds of Coptic Christians who have converted to Islam, often to escape the Orthodox sect's ban on divorce, find they cannot revert to their original faith. In some cases, children raised as Christians have discovered that, because a divorced parent converted to Islam, they too have become officially Muslim, and cannot claim otherwise. Such restrictions on religious freedom are not directly a product of sharia, say human- rights campaigners, but rather of rigid interpretations of Islamic law by over-zealous officials. In their strict view, Bahai belief cannot be recognised as a legitimate faith, since it arose in the 19th century, long after Islam staked its claim to be the final revelation in a chain of prophecies beginning with Adam. Likewise, they brand any attempt to leave Islam, whatever the circumstances, as a form of apostasy, punishable by death. But such views have lately been challenged. Last year Ali Gomaa, the Grand Mufti, who is the government's highest religious adviser, declared that nowhere in Islam's sacred texts did it say that apostasy need be punished in the present rather than by God in the afterlife. In the past month, Egyptian courts have issued two rulings that, while restricted in scope, should ease some bothersome strictures. Bahais may now leave the space for religion on their identity cards blank. Twelve former Christians won a lawsuit and may now return to their original faith, on condition that their identity documents note their previous adherence to Islam. Small steps, perhaps, but they point the way towards freedom of choice and citizenship based on equal rights rather than membership of a privileged religion.
1. According to the text, what impact did the revision of Egypt's secular constitution have on its citizens' lives?
A.It did not make much difference to all the citizens.
B.Most of the Muslims felt that there was no much difference, but Christians, Judaists and people who embraced other religions felt increasing troubles.
C.Muslims, Christians and Judaists were protected in Islam, thus feeling no much difference, while other who embraced other faiths felt increasingly troubling difference.
D.Only Buddhists were specially treated, while others not.
A B C D
C
A项，没有影响所有的公民，但是第一段中明确说明有一小部分所受影响严重，故A项错误。B项，只有穆斯林没觉得有变化，而其他宗教的信徒都觉得有区别，但是文中是说Nearly all the rest profess christianity or Judaism，faiths recognised and protected in Islam，故B项也不对。C项，穆斯林，基督徒和犹太教徒都不会受太大影响，除了一小部分其他信仰者或是那些试图脱离伊斯兰教者，故此C正确。D项提到了佛教徒，但是文中并未提及，故D项不选。
2. What trouble may people who are neither Muslims nor Christians nor Judaists encounter according to the text?
A.They cannot preserve their own customs.
B.They cannot state their religion on the national identity cards.
Text 3 Remember Second Life, the virtual world that was supposed to become almost as important as the first one? Now populated by no more than 84,000 avatars at a time, it has turned out to be a prime example of how short-lived Internet fads can be. Yet if many adults seem to have given up on virtual worlds, those that cater to children and teenagers are thriving. Several have even found a way to make money. In America, nearly 10 million children and teenagers visit virtual worlds regularly, estimates eMarketer, a market researcher-a number the firm expects to increase to 15 million by 2013．As in January, there were 112 virtual worlds designed for under-18s with another 81 in development, according to Engage Digital Media, a market research firm. All cater to different age groups and tastes. In Club Penguin, the market leader, which was bought by Disney in 2007 for a whopping $ 700 million, primary-school children can take on a penguin persona, fit out their own igloo and play games. Habbo Hotel, a service run from Finland, is a global hangout for teenagers who want to customise their own rooms and meet in public places to attend events. Gala Online, based in Silicon Valley, offers similar activities, but is visited mostly by older teens who are into Manga comics. Not a hit with advertisers, these online worlds earn most of their money from the sale of virtual goods, such as items to spruce up an avatar or a private room. They are paid for in a private currency, which members earn by participating in various activities, trading items or buying them with real dollars. This sort of stealth tax seems to work. At Gala Online, users spend more than $1 million per month on virtual items, says Craig Sherman, the firm's chief executive. Running such a virtual economy is not easy, which is why Gaia has hired a full-time economist to grapple with problems that are well known in the real world, such as inflation and an unequal distribution of wealth. There are other barriers that could limit the growth of virtual worlds for the young, but the main one is parents. Many do not want their offspring roaming virtual worlds, either because they are too commercial or are thought to be too dangerous. Keeping them safe is one of the biggest running costs, because their sponsors have to employ real people to police their realms. Youngsters are also a fickle bunch, says Simon Levene of Accel Partners, a venture- capital firm. Just as children move from one toy to another, they readily switch worlds or social networks, often without saying goodbye. Even so, Debra Aho Williamson, an analyst at eMarketer, believes "these worlds are a training ground for the three-dimensional web". If virtual worlds for adults, which so far have been able to retain only hardcore users, manage to hang on for a few years, they may yet have a second life.
1. In the first paragraph it says that "Several have even found a way to make money" Which of the following could possibly be the "way" ?
A.Sales of the copies of the game.
B.Sales of virtual goods in the game.
C.Sales of game peripheral goods, such as dolls and OST CDs.
D.Development of different games towards gamers of different ages.
Text 4 Scores of workers from MTV Networks walked off the job yesterday afternoon, filling the sidewalk outside the headquarters of its corporate parent, Viacom, to protest recent changes in benefits. The walkout highlighted the concerns of a category of workers who are sometimes called permalancers: permanent freelancers who work like full-time employees but do not receive the same benefits. Waving signs that read "Shame on Viacom," the workers, most of them in their 20s, demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning On Jan. 1st. In a statement, MTV Networks noted that its benefits program for full-time employees had also undergone changes, and it emphasized that the plan for freelancers was still highly competitive within the industry. Many freelancers receive no corporate benefits. But some of the protesters asserted that corporations were competing to see which could provide the most mediocre health care coverage. Matthew Yonda, who works at Nickelodeon, held a sign that labeled the network "Sick-elodeon. " "I've worked here every day for three years-I'm not a freelancer," Mr. Yonda said. "They just call us freelancers in order to bar us from getting the same benefits as employees. " The changes to the benefits package were announced last Tuesday. Freelancers were told that they would become eligible for benefits after 160 days of work, beginning in January. While that eased previous eligibility rules, which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible, it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1st. The 401 (k) plan was also removed. On Thursday, acknowledging the complaints, MTV Networks reinstated the 401 (k) plan and said freelancers who had worked consistently since March would be eligible. Fueled by a series of blog posts on the media Web site Gawker-the first post was headlined "The Viacom Permalance Slave System"-a loose cohort of freelancers created protest stickers and distributed walkout fliers last week. Caroline O'Hare, a unit manager who has worked for MTV for more than two years, said the new health care plan-with higher deductibles and a $ 2,000 cap on hospital expenses each year-had provoked outrage. "They think they can treat us like children that don't have families, mortgages or dreams of retirement," she said. Outside Viacom's headquarters, several workers held posters with the words, "There's too many of us to ignore. " It was unclear how many freelancers are on the company's payroll; an MTV Networks' spokeswoman said the figure was not known because it rises and falls throughout the year. The company has 5,500 full-time employees, excluding freelancers, around the world. Two freelancers and one full-time employee, who asked not to be identified for fear of retribution, estimated that the percentage of freelancers in some departments exceeded 75 percent. Another labor action is expected to take place outside Viacom later this week. Members of the Writers Guild of America, who have been on strike for five weeks, are expected to picket there on Thursday.
1. Which of the following is NOT true on MTV Networks' new benefits plan for freelancers ?
A.Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry.
B.Its freelancers cannot get the same benefits as the full-time employees do.
C.The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1 st.
D.The freelancers are against the new plan which substantially undermined their benefit.
Part B Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Long before man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. 41.______That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. 42．______Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing, 43．______Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance, The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. The first animals with true backbones were fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. 44．______About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. 45．______ [A] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world. [B] The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. [C] Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. [D] Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. [E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. [F] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form. [G] From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly . It is hard to get a grip on food. The UN's World Health Organisation worries about diminishing supplies and increased prices in poor countries; recent riots and near-riots in Haiti, Bangladesh and Egypt were sparked by the growing cost of wheat and rice. But, as Paul Roberts observes in "The End of Food", the developed world has lived through "a near miraculous period during which the things we ate seemed to grow only more plentiful, more secure, more nutritious, and simply better. " 46． In the second half of the 20th century, world output of corn, wheat and cereal crops more than tripled. Yet there is not enough to feed the rich, the aspirational and the poor in the world. A golden age has been transformed quite suddenly into a global crisis. Mr Roberts insists that modern agribusiness is unsustainable and becoming more so. "Precisely at the moment in history when we need to shift our system of food production into overdrive, our agricultural engine is breaking down," he says. The industry has taken cheap oil for granted. Oil fuels transportation and farm machinery, and natural gas is the basis of synthetic nitrogen production ( prices have tripled since 2002). Agriculture accounts for three- quarters of freshwater use, and water is becoming an increasingly scarce and expensive resource. Climate change makes some old assumptions about farming redundant. 47．A combination of these factors, he says, will ultimately force a complete rethinking of the way we make food. For years government subsidies held down grain prices, making food cheaper. 48．Water was also plentiful-it takes 1,000 tonnes of water to produce a tonne of grain-and an ingenious process known as Haber-Bosch makes synthetic nitrogen fertiliser easily available to grain farmers. Ruthless price-cutting at supermarkets means consumers have grown accustomed to eating too much. (In the late 19th century, Europeans already thought Americans ate three or four times more than was necessary. ) The most damaging consequence is that by 2000 31% of American adults were obese, with another 16% defined as overweight. American airlines spend $ 275 million a year more on fuel simply to lift the heavier passengers. Mr Roberts claims that every year obesity causes 400,000 premature deaths in America. Food has become as deadly as tobacco. A fruitful start would be to halve the size of portions in all American restaurants, but most consumers are reluctant rethinkers. 49．Eating organic product could be a partial solution,although one study suggests that the cost of avoiding intensive farm chemicals would mean a 31% increase in food prices. Government scientists believe that genetically modified crops might be the only way out of the crisis, but a majority of consumers are reluctant to listen. Is there a model for the future? 50．Fashionably, Mr. Roberts believes that a local system based on easily obtainable seasonal foods that do not need to be transported huge distances would form part of a solution. The economics and greenery of this are far from proven. Mr Roberts can find only one country that has made "serious efforts" in this direction: Cuba, hardly a comforting example. The coming food crisis, warns the author, is as intractable as global warming, and no less urgent.
[解析] 第一个that后面整个句子是一个宾语从句，即Mr．Roberts believes that…，这个宾语从句的主体结构是a local system would form…，based on…为system的定语，其中嵌套that引导的定语从句修饰seasonal foods。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. One of your pen friends, John, will be visiting your city. However, for some reasons, you cannot meet him at the airport on time. Write a letter asking him to wait for you at the airport and tell him how to recognize you. Your letter should be no less than 100 words. You don't need to write the address. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Roger instead.
Dear John, I am really happy that you can make this visit to our city. After all these years of correspondence, I cannot wait to see you, to hear your narration of your life in your city, and to discuss all those unfinished topics. However, I regret to inform you that I will not be able to meet you at the airport on time. The reason is that your flight will arrive early in the morning, and the most probable time I can make to the airport will be around an hour after your scheduled landing. So would you please wait for me in the arrival lounge after you pick up your luggage? You may have a cup of coffee in the car6 there. By the way, as we have never met I must tell you how to identify me in the crowd: I will wear a blue and white stripes polo shirt, blue jeans, and a white baseball hat. Moreover I will have a piece of China Daily at hands. Hope we can meet soon. Sincerely yours, Roger
Part B
1. Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the drawing ; 2) interpret its meaning; 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly.
Groups of bees work together to produce honey. Their great efforts are unselfish, as all the honey they have produced is for an entire group rather than a single individual. The drawing above suggests that people should selflessly dedicate themselves to their community as a whole. This spirit of dedication requires faith. Selfless hard work is the embodiment of responsibility and strength. The health of nations requires a spirit of devotion. Chinese teachers, doctors and athletes who all work for the benefit of their country, for example, are devoting themselves regardless of fame or fortune. They are dedicated to the society they live in. No matter what type of job one holds, one should work hard and earnestly to improve one's community. The results of dedication, however, depend not only on one's willingness to give but also on one's ability. If you are enthusiastic about devoting yourself to your country, but do not have the skills it takes to do so, you cannot effect many changes. The more competent one is, the greater one's contribution will be. Therefore, it is essential that students focus on their studies and enhance their skills in order to properly give back to society.
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