Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. The development of English vocabulary can be divided into the following particular historical periods EXCEPT ______.
A.Old English
B.Middle English
C.New English
D.Modern English
A B C D
C
2. The definition of a word comprises the following points ______. (1) a minimal free form of a language (2) a sound unity (3) a unit of meaning (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence
A.(1)and(2)
B.(1), (2)and(3)
C.(2), (3)and(4)
D.(1), (2), (3)and(4)
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据对词所总结的定义“A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.”可知，本题的正确答案为D。
3. Words of the basic word stock can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, e.g., foot is the father of football, footage and footprint. This demonstrates that one of the characteristics of the words of the basic stock is ______.
4. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and ______.
A.India
B.the Far East
C.the West Asia
D.America
A B C D
A
5. In the early period of' Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and ______ classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance.
A.India
B.German
C.Roman
D.Chinese
A B C D
C
[解析] 在现代英语初期，欧洲兴起了一场以学习古罗马和古希腊经典著作(ancient Greek and Roman classics)为中心的人文知识运动，这就是文艺复兴运动。
6. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.Old English was a. highly inflected language.
B.In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.
C.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.
D.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of word-formation.
17. Red, scarlet, mauve, violet, lavender, pansy, black, purple, etc., make up the ______ field of "colours".
A.stylistic
B.semantic
C.elliptic
D.syntactic
A B C D
B
[解析] 英语语言中的词汇可以看做是由若干个语义域组成的。德国语言学家Trier认为，“词汇是语义相关的综合系统”。因此，语言的词汇可以分成相关的集或场。题目中的红色、猩红色、淡紫色、紫色、黑色等共同组成了颜色(colours)这个语义场，即semantic field of“colours”。
18. What is applicable to contradictory terms of some antonyms may NOT be applicable to their ______ terms.
A.connotative
B.collocative
C.relative
D.negative
A B C D
C
[解析] 有些关系反义词和矛盾反义词很相似，但它们的实质不同。矛盾反义词的最大特点就是，如果肯定一方就否定了另一方，而在关系反义词中这种“非此即彼”的模式行不通。例如：lf an adult is not a husband, this person must be a wife. 一个成年人如果不是丈夫，就一定是妻子。显然，这种逻辑是不合情理的。
19. When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is ______ accordingly.
A.related
B.narrowed
C.created
D.suggested
A B C D
B
20. Which of the following words was used during the American Civil War to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South?
A.Rattlesnake.
B.Villain.
C.Informer.
D.Copperhead.
A B C D
D
21. People change word-meaning owing to various ______ motives: love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, pessimism, sarcasm, irony, contempt, hatred, etc.
22. In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and is known as ______ context.
A.non-linguistic
B.linguistic
C.grammatical
D.lexical
A B C D
B
[解析] 狭义的语境指的是语言语境(linguistic context)，而广义的语境则还包含非语言语境(extra-linguistic context or non-linguistic context)。
23. Which of the following is one of the main functions of verbal context?
A.Elimination of ambiguity.
B.Indication of referents.
C.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.
D.All the above.
A B C D
D
24. Which of the following is NOT true about extra-linguistic context?
A.It can be subdivided into grammatical context and non-linguistic context.
B.It refers to physical situation or environment relating to the use of words.
C.It embraces the people, time and place.
D.It may extend to embrace the entire cultural background.
A B C D
A
25. The idiom "fall into good hands" is a ______ as far as figures of speech are concerned.
A.synecdoche
B.metaphor
C.metonymy
D.personification
A B C D
A
[解析] 题目中的“fall into good hands”这个习语运用的是提喻(synecdoche)的修辞手法。提喻指的是用一种事物的一部分来指代其整体的修辞手法。虽然也涉及更换名称，但是换喻(metonymy)是用一种事物来指代另一个与其紧密相关的事物，而提喻则是用一种事物的部分来指代另外一种事物的整体。
26. "Flesh and blood" is an idiom ______ in nature.
A.verbal
B.nominal
C.adjectival
D.adverbial
A B C D
B
[解析] 习语“flesh and blood”具有名词性质，执行名词的功能。它的意思是“骨肉，血肉之躯”。
27. The change of idiom "velvet paws" from the original form is ______.
A.the slight difference between words of similar meanings
B.difficult points of grammar and style
C.important British and American differences
D.all the above
A B C D
D
Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
1. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one ______ words.
million
2. At the end of 6th century, Latin-speaking missionaries under St. Augustine came to spread Christianity in Britain. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many ______ terms, such as abbot, candle, altar, etc.
religious
3. The forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function are ______.
affixes
4. The process of changing the word "possible" into "impossible" is called ______.
prefixation
5. The synonymous pair "die-pass away" has the same ______ but different stylistic values.
concept
6. Semantically, all ______ are related in one way or another.
words
7. "Fortuitous" formerly denoted "happening by chance", "accidental" and later took on the meaning "fortunate" probably by ______ because the two words look similar.
analogy
8. The sentence "He is a hard businessman. " is ambiguous due to ______.
polysemy
9. The characteristic of idioms______ unity can be reflected by the understanding of such idiom as "rain cats and dogs".
semantic
10. Definition, extra-column and usage ______ are the unique features of' Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary(1987).
examples
Ⅲ. Define the following terms.
1. jargon
Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.
2. derivational affix
As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes.
3. grammatical meaning
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.
4. associated transfer
Associated transfer is the very kind of transfer in which the meaning of a word is transferred through association.
5. variations of idioms
Variations of idioms refer to the changes in constituents of the idioms when they are used in actual context. These changes include: addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting, dismembering, etc.
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. leorn-ian→lern-en→learn Above is the change of "learn" from Old English through Middle English to Modern English. What can you conclude from the viewpoint of the development of English vocabulary?
From the example, it can he concluded that in Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be said that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to Middle English which had fewer inflections to the present analytic language.
2. Both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them? Illustrate your point with examples.
Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, while acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. The difference lies in the pronunciation. For example, initialisms "VOA" and "p.c." are pronounced as "" and "/pi:si:/" respectively. Acronyms "NATO" and "laser" are pronounced as "" and "" respectively.
3. What is the appropriate antonym for "acute" in the following statement? She got an acute pain in her back.
In the sentence, "acute pain" means the pain that quickly becomes very severe. In this case, the word "dull" can be its antonym, and "dull pain" serves as a counterpart of "acute pain".
4. What are contextual clues? Guess the meaning of the word underlined in the following sentence and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning. (a) Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Birdwhistell. (b)It's just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessors-those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as "silicon chips".
Context clues are the hints the author manages to give to help readers grasp the concept or understand the idea of some new words. Context clues vary a great deal but can be summed as follows: definition, explanation, example, antonymy, hyponymy. relevant details and word structure. With the help of these context clues, the meaning of the word in sentence (a) can be guessed by means of definition; the meaning of the word in sentence (b) can be guessed by means of explanation.
Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. Comment on the following groups to illustrate the difference between partial and full conversion. Group 1: "white-a white, final-finals" Group 2: "rich-the rich, wounded-the wounded"
Conversion, also known as functional shift, is the formation of new words by converting words from one class to another. It is not unusual to have nouns converted from adjectives. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun status. Some are complete, known as full conversion; some are partially converted. known as partial conversion. In group one, the words "white" and "final" are completely converted to nouns. They can function as nouns wherever they are needed. But in group two, the words "rich" and "wounded" are only partially converted, therefore, they cannot function as nouns alone and should be connected with definite articles. These words still retain some of the adjective features, for example, "the poor", "the poorer", "the most corrupted. "
2. Analyze and comment on the meanings of the following sentences and then find out the right antonyms for each "fast" respectively. [A] My god, look, this clock is one hour fast, as if we were at Tokyo. [B] The colors aren't fast, so be careful when you wash this shirt. [C] The delegation paid a fast visit to the United Kingdom last month.
In sentence A, the word "fast" means "later(of time)". The sentence suggests that the clock the speaker mentions is later than the correct time. Its antonym is "slow". In sentence B, the word "fast" means "firm". The sentence suggests that the colors on the shirt are not firm. Its antonym is "loose". In sentence C, the word "fast" means "short". The sentence thus means that the delegation paid a short visit to the United Kingdom. Its antonym is "long".
" and "/pi:si:/" respectively. Acronyms "NATO" and "laser" are pronounced as "
" and "
" respectively.
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