Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. ______ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.
A.Semantics
B.Linguistics
C.Etymology
D.Stylistics
A B C D
C
2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as ______ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
A.functional
B.notional
C.empty
D.formal
A B C D
B
3. The introduction of ______ had a great impact on the English vocabulary.
A.Hinduism
B.Christianity
C.Buddhism
D.Islam
A B C D
B
4. The prefixes in the words "irresistible", "nonclassical" and "apolitical" are called ______.
6. ______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
A.Reference
B.Concept
C.Sense
D.Context
A B C D
B
概念(concept)超越了语言本身，它是人们认知的结果，是客观世界在人脑中的反映。
7. "Trumpet" is a(n) ______ motivated word.
A.morphologically
B.semantically
C.onomatopoeically
D.etymologically
A B C D
C
8. It is noticeable that ______ overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
10. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ______ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.
A.small
B.meaningful
C.vocal
D.large
A B C D
B
11. The meaning of the word "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mode of ______.
A.extension
B.narrowing
C.elevation
D.degradation
A B C D
C
词义的升华或者褒义化(elevation or amelioration)指的是词的地位从“卑微”到“重要”的变化。“fond”一词原意是“愚蠢的”，而后又变成了“挚爱的，亲爱的”的意思。因此，这个词的意义经历了升华的变化。
12. "The salt of the earth" is an example of ______.
A.simile
B.metaphor
C.metonymy
D.synecdoche
A B C D
B
暗喻(metaphor)指的是把一种事物比作另外一种具有类似特征的事物，而同时不使用“like”，“as”之类的词的一种比喻。在一些习语中，一些无生命的事物可以被用来指人。习语“the salt of the earth”意思是“社会中坚”，指的是少数非常优秀的人才。
13. A reference book alphabetically arranged along with information about the forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactical and idiomatic uses of words is called ______.
A.encyclopedia
B.dictionary
C.glossary
D.concordance
A B C D
B
词典是一种按照英文字母顺序排列词序，提供词语的拼写、发音、意义、用法、语法规则甚至是词源的书籍。
14. ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without being added to other morphemes.
Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
1. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as ______.
derivation
2. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, ______ and transfer.
elevation
3. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the ______ of words.
semantic change
4. The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called ______.
Old English
5. The relationship between sound and the meaning of a word is ______.
arbitrary
6. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and ______.
diachronic
7. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700) and ______ Modern English.
Late
8. A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called ______.
clipping
9. The same idiom may show ______ differences when it is assigned different meanings including affective meaning.
stylistic
10. Antonyms are classified on the basis of ______.
semantic opposition
Ⅲ. Define the following terms.
1. reference
Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about.
2. semantic field
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as one composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as "philosophy" or "emotions", others smaller, such as "kinship" or "color". Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.
3. acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.
4. native words
Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the Germanic tribes. They are neutral in style and frequent in use.
5. morphs
Morphs are discrete units which realize abstract morphemes in speech. Morphs are actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning.
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the, space given below.
1. What is the role of context?
Elimination of ambiguity, indication of referents, provision of clues for inferring word-meaning are the three main functions of context.
2. What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.
Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, "pretty" and "handsome" share the conceptual meaning of "good-looking", but they are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: "pretty girl", "handsome boy".
3. How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan-words?
Native words are those of Anglo-Saxon origin, which are small in number. Loan-words are borrowed from other languages. It is estimated that loan-words constitute about 80% of the modern English vocabulary. Native words cannot compare with loan-words in number, but they have a more important role in the language. Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock whereas only a limited number of borrowed words belong to the common core.
4. Why do we say "English is a heavy borrower"? Please justify it.
English owes 80% of its vocabulary to other languages. That is to say English has borrowed 80% of its vocabulary from other languages. In fact, the English vocabulary contains words from all the major languages of the world. No other language. of the world has borrowed so heavily. Therefore, the name "heavy borrower" is appropriate.
Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. The "pen" is mightier than the "sword". Explain what "pen" and "sword" mean respectively using the theory of motivation.
(1) Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. (2) Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal. sense and figurative sense of a word. In this sentence, "pen" reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; "sword" reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.
2. Analyze the morphological structure of following words and point out the types of the morphemes. Recollection, nationalist, unearthly.
(1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection(re+collect+ion), nationalist(nation+al+ist), unearthly(un+earth+ly). (2)Of the nine morphemes, only "collect", "nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves. (3)All the rest: "re-", "-ion", "-al", "-ist", "un-" and "-ly" are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.
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