C

词缀“tr-”是表示数字的前缀，它表示的意思是“三……”。例如，a triangle指的是三角形。

D

缩短法(shortening)偶尔出现在部分格言或者谚语中，这些格言或谚语以一部分指代整个句子所代表的含义。习语“jack of all trades”的完整形式是“jack of all trades and master of none”。

C

B

内涵意义(connotative meaning)指的是词的语法意义所包含的暗示意思和相关联想。词语的内涵意义是不稳定的，根据不同的文化、历史时期和个人的经历而呈现出差异性。

D

一般来说，词的“意义”的意义就是指的“语义”(sense)，它和所指(reference)不同。“sense”指的是语言内部的关系。一个表达的语义就是其在一门语言中，在它和其他表达所形成的语义关系系统中所处的位置。

A

在句子中，词的意思直接受到其语言环境(linguistic context)的影响。语言环境包括词汇语境(lexical context)和语法语境(grammatical context)，在前者中，词的意思受到其临近的词的影响；在后者中，词的意思受到其所在的结构的影响。

C

从共时性的角度来看，一词多义现象是指某一个词所具有的不同的意思在一定的历史时期共存的现象。在这种情况下，一个词的基本意思(basic meaning)就构成了词义的核心，被称为“中心意思”(central meaning)。

B

B

B

头韵(alliteration)指两个或两个以上的单词首字母相同，从而形成悦耳的读音。常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost(首先)，(with)might and main(尽全力地)，chop and change(变化无常)等。脚韵或尾韵(rhyme)指的是不同的词结尾音相同。例如，fair and square(光明正大，诚实)。反复(repetition)指的是同一个词的重复。例如，out and out(完完全全)。因此，本题应选择B。

B

“所指”表示的是语言和客观世界的关系。“意义”的意义也就是所说的语义，即sense，而sense表示的是语言内部的关系。每一个有意义(meaning)的词都有语义(sense)，但是并不是每一个词都有“所指”。例如if，but，yes等词在客观世界中没有任何指代的对象。

D

B

截短法(clipping)是指把一个词的一部分截去，而只用剩余的部分的方法。例如 dorm(dormitory)，gent(gentleman)，zoo(zoological garden)等。题目中的“motel”是从两个词中各取一部分拼缀在一起构成的词，使用的方法是拼缀法(blending)，即“motel=motor+hotel”。

C

A

C

复合词主要有三类：名词性复合词，形容词性复合词和动词性复合词。

D

在罗马人之后，Angles，Saxons和Jutes几个日耳曼的部落入侵英国，他们的语言Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-萨克逊语)占据了优势地位，而Celtic(凯尔特语)几乎被湮没。

A

A

A

C

题目中的“mackintosh”，“bloomers”和“cherub”三个词来自于早期的人名，这些人主要是科学家和发明家等。“mackintosh”来自于苏格兰发明家Mackintosh，现在表示“防水胶布，雨衣”；“bloomers”源自于纽约的Bloomers女士，意思是“灯笼裤”；“cherub”一词来自于古时神话中的一个人物Cherub，其现在的意思是“漂亮的小男孩”。

C

“-ly”，“-ward”，“-wise”等词缀是副词词缀。题目中“clockwise”的意思是“顺时针地”；“homeward”的意思是“向家；在归途上”。

D

A

复合词和派生词都是多词素词，而且它们中许多词的意思都是各自词素意思的联合，也就是说在很多情况下，如果我们知道每一个词素的意思，即词缀或词根的意思，就可以猜出词的意思。例如，“hopeless”的意思就是“hope”和“-less”两部分的意思的联合，即“没有希望”。

B

B

词义的缩小(narrowing)指的是一个含义宽泛的词获得了更为具体的意思。题目中的“meat”一词原意是“食物”，而现在指“(动物的)肉”，词义缩小。

C

词义的降格(degradation)指的是具有褒义的词获得了贬义或者不含感情色彩的词变成了贬义词。题目中的“silly”原意是“快乐的”，现在的意思是“愚蠢的”。

D

转喻(metonymy)是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替代的修辞方法。习语“in the cradle”指的是“童年时光”，“the grave”指“死亡”。

B

如果两个词或者两行诗句押脚韵，则其结尾有相同的发音。本题中“by hook and crook”就是一例。

A

meaning

leveled endings

Conversion

associative meaning

headword

grammatical

linguistic dictionaries

free

non-linguistic

monolingual

Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.

Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.

A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.

Concatenation, meaning "linking together", is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had in the beginning.

Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:
   (1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.
   (2) Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.
   (3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.

By the criterion of grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups:
   (1) Idioms nominal in nature.
   (2) Idioms adjectival in nature.
   (3) Idioms verbal in nature.
   (4) Idioms adverbial in nature.
   (5) Sentence idioms.

It is noted for the following features:
   (1) On the basis of the first edition, the new edition has an addition of 800 single character entries and of 18,000 multi-character entries including catchphrases, sayings and proverbs.
   (2) The new edition revises some old entries.
   (3) The new edition keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries, which makes the dictionary easy to use.
   (4) The dictionary boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items.

Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.

(1)This statement is not true.
   (2) Characterized by semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule. But structural stability is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes, such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns, number and so on.
   (3) Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms: addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting, dismembering, etc.

(1) Internal factors: Such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole. For example, "gold" is used for "gold medal" and "bulb" for "light bulb".
   (2)The influx of borrowings: Such change occurs when the borrowings are introduced into English vocabulary. For instance, "deer" formerly meant animal, and later "animal" from Latin and "beast" from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, "animal" retained the original meaning, the meaning of "deer" was narrowed and "beast" changed in colour.
   (3) Analogy: Such change occurs when analogy is used. For instance, "fortuitous" formerly denoted "happening by chance", "accidental" and later took on the meaning "fortunate" probably by analogy because the two words look similar. It is the same with "fruition", the original meaning being "a pleasure obtained from using or possessing something", which had nothing to do with "fruit". Its meaning of "the bearing of fruit" was due to the later association with the word "fruit".