Brazil
[解析] Questions<1>-<10>
Today I'm going to consider very briefly a problem concerned with the competition for land use. That is, that is, whether crops should be used to produce food, or to, should be used to produce fuel. And um in considering this problem, I will look at three main areas. Tile historical background to the problem, the nature of the problems involved in, in the competition for land use, and some examples.
In considering file historical background, mn, we should look at the oil crisis of the 1970s. Um due to the rapidly increase in, in, or the rapid, due to the rapid trend in increasing oil prices leading to an energy crisis, many countries have looked for alternative, er, energy sources to make them independent of other countries' fossil fuels. Examples of alternative energy sources include such things as solar power, the harnessing of wind, and wi, the wind and waves, tides, and also the production of biogas. Biogas is methane which is pro duced from human and animal waste.
A particularly interesting possibility for ina~ developing countries has been the conversion of plant mate rial to alcohol. This, this is interesting because in many developing countries there is a large agricultural sector, and at the same time a small industrial sector, and thus the, the possibility of using the agricultural sector to, to produce fuel, urn, is of interest to those countries.
Scientific research is going on in the production of alcohol, for example, from sugar. And there are two, um, two economic reasons for tiffs. Fast of all the world price of sugar has fallen dramatically, or the world price of sugar has fallen in very real terms in the last decade, which, this has caused a problem for those economies which are dependent on their sugar production as it gives them an alternative, er, possibility for using their sugar. And secondly, sugar is the most efficient source of alcohol. Therefore it is relatively economical to make fuel by distilling alcohol from it.
In addition to sugar there are other starchy plants that can be used to make alcohol. For example in tropical countries, such plants as the cassava plant and the sweet potato are good sources from which alcohol can be made, and in, in non-tropical countries you have such things as com and sugar beet.
Now there is a problem arising from the fact that alcohol can be distilled from starchy plants, and that is, that many poor countries use precisely these starchy plants, or these starch-rich crops, er, for their food as a staple diet. So in, in many such countries there's, there's a conflict ff you like, between the choice of whether to produce these crops for fuel, or to to produce these crops, er, for, for food and for their use as their staple diet.
It is in fact an economic problem rather than a technical problem as the poor farmers will tend to choose that which is most profitable. Indeed it is an economic problem, not, not necessarily a technologic, al problem. The technology for the conversion of alcohol from starchy plants has been in existence for over 40 years. And there are two ways of um using alcohol as car fuel. One such way, um, is in the form of pure alcohol. An ex ample of this is in Brazil in a project called the Pro-Alcohol Project, and in Brazil cars are being produced to nm on pure alcohol. A second use of alcohol as a car fuel is in a mixture called "gasohol”. In Germany, for example, they have an experiment in which there, there's such a mixture of 85 per cent petrol, or 85 per cent gas, 85 per cent gasoline and 15 per cent methanol.
So ff technology and the conversion of engines are not a problem, then really it is a question of economies, and there are three main factors which would affect the production...
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