Part Ⅰ VocabularyDirections: There are forth incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with single line through the center. Part Ⅳ TranslationDirections: There is an English Passage below. Translate it into Chinese. And put it on the ANSWER SHEET.1. For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side. Inadequacy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits to human beings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970's, then, represented an turning point. Energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.
The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990's is whether the trend that began in the 1970's will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of population growth and industrial demand.
Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today's scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed.
译文:
人类历史发展的绝大多数时间里,人们主要关心的是能源有利的一面。开采、加工和分 配这些能源资源所需技术的不足意味着带给人类的能源好处会不足,进而导致它的不便并制 约它的发展。20世纪70年代是一个转折点。能源的多方成本均显著增长。人们自然有理由 认为,高昂的能源成本所带来的威胁,已同能源供应不足所产生的危险不相上下。同时,也 有人可能担心,扩大一些能源的供应所需付出的代价也许大于其所带来的利益。
在20世纪90年代初期关键的、口]题是这个始于20世纪70年代的能源发展的趋势是暂时 的还是长远的。廉价能源时代是真的一去不复返了,还是通过新能源、新技术和不断变革的 地缘政治的结合能助其重登历史舞台?回答这个问题的一个决定性因素是,过去100年以来 因人口空前增长和工业需求带来对能源的巨大需求。
除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源以外,地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在。即使 偶尔找到几个大油田,同当今巨大的能源消耗相比,也是杯水车薪。对于绝大多数国家来说, 油气资源越来越多地依赖于深层埋藏,越来越多地依赖于进口,且不说进口油气资源的可靠 性无法得到保障,其对进口国的购买力也是一个考验。
Part Ⅴ WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 50 minutes to write a composition of no less that 300 words under the title of "Advantages and Disadvantages of Doing Research Online". Your composition should be based on the following outline.1. Present situation about doing research online
2) Advantages for online research
3) Disadvantages for online research
[参考范文]
Advantages and Disadvantages of Doing Research Online
With the development of technology and the popularization of:Internet.more and more researchers take the advantage of Internet to do research online.However,every coin has two sides. Doing research online have both advantages and disadvantages.
Internet makes our 1ife and study easier and faster.Firstly,doing research online is more convenient.It spends less time for researchers to form a bloc online,and do their project together or communicate anytime no matter where they are. Secondly,doing research online is easier for esearchers to find the sources and information they need.They have more time to do research instead of checking information in the libraries.Thirdly,doing research online helps researchers save more money.The top advantage of Internet is that you can get anything you want in a short time with less money.Researchers could spend less money and time to get anything they want, including books,machines,and help-online sometimes.
However,doing research online has some disadvantages either.On the one hand,it is hard to stimulate the researchers' innovation.As we know that there are too many already-found results on the Internet.Sometimes the researchers prefer to use them to complete their research,or choose them as the basis of their research.They would not like to spend more time on reading and thinking, so it iS hard for them to innovate.On the other hand,doing the research online will cause more plagiarism.With the convenient of Internet.more and more people would not like to check information in libraries or from other sources,but rely on the internet.As a result when they cannot find enough information or their deadline is coming,they plagiarize directly from the Internet with a fluky mind that they wouldn't be found.But how many of them are so lucky?
In conclusion,doing research online has both advantages and disadvantages.It will help people to do research easier,faster with less money and less time.However,if people rely on it directly,they will sometimes become less innovative.People should learn how to take the advantage of Internet,and how to avid its disadvantages.