Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Section ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. A World Without Books Or Music
If books had never been discovered, man would have found some other way of recording his communication: But then, for our consideration, we should include as books everything that is a written record. This would include tablets, papyrus and anything else--including computer diskettes. In the case of music, it would be impossible to think that man can live without it. Looking at primitive cultures, it appears that music is actually a part of the human psyche. When two things are knocked together, music is produced. So for the sake of our discussion, it is intended to restrict the meaning of music to the popularly accepted concept. Music is the pleasing combination of sounds that we like to listen to.
Though it is difficult to, we can pretend that these things never existed. In this case we would not miss them today. To compare with recent inventions, let us look at radio and television Though we cannot think of life without them today, this is so only from comparatively recent times. There are many of us living today who had seen a time when there was no television. They will tell us that life was not that much different. The same is probably true of radio. But books are a different thing because they, or something akin to them, began thousands of years ago. In the case of music, it goes back even further--perhaps to millions of years. We may be able to imagine a world which never saw books, because books are a human invention. However, in the case of music this does not seem possible. Pleasing sounds are all around us; like the singing of the birds and the whistling of the wind. Music just seems to be inborn in us and in the world around us.
If books did not exist, the world will be a poorer place indeed. Great philosophies like Plato's would become unknown and all the pleasures and lessons we could get from them will be lost forever. Then there is literature like the works of the great masters like Shakespeare, Dickens and Jane Austen. What a so sombre, miserable world it will be without the pleasures of reading. Since there are so many other things which depend on reading--like plays, songs and movies--we can expect them to disappear also. It would be a dark and unsatisfying world where knowledge is not propagated; where there are no books to derive pleasure from.
In the case of music: Without it the world will be bleak and cold indeed. It would be a terrible world with no cheery tunes, no songs to sing and no great music to lose ourselves in. A world which does not listen to the music of the great masters like Chopin and Beethoven would be a very sorry world. There will not be so many smiles on faces anymore. When we lose music, an expression of a deep part of ourselves-- from the soul-- is lost. With music, connected activities like dancing will be lost too. A world without music and dancing will bring us back to the Stone Age.
Unlike radio, television, telephones and computers, reading and music are not mere conveniences that we can live without. Reading is crucial for self-expression and for passing on records and knowledge to future generations. Music is part of our very soul. A world without these will not be the world as we know it. In fact, many of us would not want to live in such a world. The high unemployment rates of the early 1960s occasioned a spirited debate with, in the economics profession. One group found the primary cause of unemployment in slow growth and the solution in economic expansion. The other found the major explanation in changes that had occurred in the supply, and demand for labor and stressed measures for matching demand with supply.
The expansionist school of thought, with the Council of Economic Advisers as its leading advocates, attributed the persistently high unemployment level to a slow rate of economic growth resulting from a deficiency of aggregate demand for goods and services. The majority of this school endorsed the position of the Council that tax reduction would eventually reduce the unemployment level to 4% of the labor force with no other assistance. At 4%, bottlenecks in skilled labor, middle-level manpower, and professional personnel were expected to retard growth and generate wage-price pressures. To go beyond 4%, the interim goal of the Council, it was recognized that improved education, training and retraining, and other structural measures would be required. Some expansionists insisted that the demand for goods and services was nearly satiated and that it was impossible for the private sector to absorb a significant increase in output. In their estimate, only the lower-income fifth of the population and the public sector offered sufficient outlets for the productive efforts of the potential labor force. The fact that the needs of the poor and the many unmet demands for public services held higher priority than the demands of the marketplace in the value structure of this group no doubt influenced their economic judgments.
Those who found the major cause of unemployment in structural features were primarily labor economists, concerned professionally with efficient functioning of labor markets through programs to develop skills and place individual workers. They maintained that increased aggregate demand was a necessary but not sufficient condition for reaching either the CENs 4% target or their own preferred 3%. This pessimism was based in part on the conclusion that unemployment among the young, the unskilled, minority groups, and depressed geographical areas is not easily attacked by increasing general demand. Further, their estimate of the numbers of potential members of the labor force who had withdrawn or not entered because of lack of employment opportunity was substantially higher than that of the CEA. They also projected that increased demand would put added pressure on skills already in short supply rather than employ the unemployed, and that because of technological change, which was replacing manpower, much higher levels of demand would be necessary to create the same number of jobs.
The structural school, too, had its hyperenthusiasts: Fiscal conservatives who, as an alternative to expansionary policies, argued the not very plausible position that a job was available for every person, provided only that he or she had the requisite skills or would relocate. Such extremist positions aside, there was actually considerable agreement between two main groups, though this was not recognized at the time. Both realized the advisability of a tax cut to increase demand and both needed to reduce unemployment below a point around 4%. In either case, the policy implications differed in emphasis and not in content. Poseidon sat at his desk, doing figures. The administration of all the waters gave him endless work. He could have had assistants, as many--and he did have very many--but since he took his job very seriously, he would in the end go over all the figures and calculations himself, and thus his assistants were of little help to him. It cannot be said that he enjoyed his work: he did it only because it had been assigned to him; in fact, he had already filed many petitions foras he put it--more cheerful work, but every time the offer of something different was made to him it would turn out that nothing suited him quite as well as his present position. And anyhow it was quite difficult to find something different for him. After all, it was impossible to assign him to a particular sea; aside from the fact that even then the work with figures would not become less but only pettier, the great Poseidon could in any case occupy only an executive position. And when a job away from the water was offered to him he would get sick at the very prospect, his divine breathing would become troubled and his brazen chest began to tremble. Besides, his complaints were not really taken seriously; when one of the mighty is vexatious the appearance of an effort must be made to placate him, even when the case is most hopeless. In actuality a shift of posts was unthinkable for Poseidon--he had been appointed God of the Sea in the beginning, and that he had to remain.
What irritated him most-- and it was this that was chiefly responsible for his dissatisfaction with his job--was to hear of the conceptions formed about him: how he was always riding about through the tides with his trident. When all the while he sat here in the depths of the world--ocean, doing figures uninterruptedly, with now and then a trip to Jupiter as the only break in the monotony--a trip, moreover, from which he usually returned in a rage. Thus he had hardly seen the sea--had seen it but quickly in the course of hurried trips to Olympus, and he had never actually traveled around it. He was in the habit of saying that what he was waiting for was the fall of the world; then, probably, a quiet moment would be granted in which, just before the end and having checked the last row of figures, he would be able to make a quick little tour.
Poseidon became bored with the sea. He let fall his trident. Silently he sat on the rocky coast and a gull, dazed by his presence, described wavering circles around his head. Part Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer sheet.1. I was deeply shocked by a Recent survey that suggested 30 per cent of job applicants embellished the truth or lied on a curriculum vitae. Can the figure really be that low? (1).
I had always assumed CVs were filled with evasions, half-truths and downright untruths. But the news that merely 70 per cent of workers are honest has shaken my lack of faith in my fellow humans. The only consolation is that people often fib in anonymous surveys, just as they do on resumes, which means the real proportion may be higher.
One prediction rang true from the research by the Chartered Institute of Educational Assessors. (2).
It was that the incentive for falsehood is growing, as unemplogment balloons and competition for iobs rises. In coming months recruiters will therefore be bombarded with CVs making extremely misleading claims. It was the same during the downturn of the early 1990s. Then, one acquaintance obtained a graduate traineeship at a large bank by bumping his third-class degree up to a 2:1. A journalist colleague meanwhile admitted to me that his degree from a top university was entirely fictional. (3).
Another contemporary explained away a gear lost to bone idleness by telling prospective employers that he had been writing a field guide to the wild flowers of the Pyrenees (比利斯山脉). I might have lied on my own CV, if an east coast Scottish upbringing had not lumbered me with the subliminal conviction that I would burn for eternity in hell if I did.
(4).
A company whose services include background checks on job applicants, sags that inaccuracies on CVs divide into three main groups. First, there are honest mistakes, typically made when candidates muddle dates. Second, there is deliberate fibbing about qualifications. Mr Thomas says:"A lie told 20 years ago to get a job can become part of the liar's reality. So he tells it again when he switches jobs, even though he has become a successful finance director." Third, applicants close up suspicious gaps in their employment history. In one case investigated by Kroll, a candidate turned out to have spent a three-month gap in prison for fraud.
About 65 per cent of businesses take up references for shortlisted job applicants, according to research by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Fewer than half said they found out anything useful. (5).
This is hardly surprising now that the fear of litigation prevents past employers from saying anything more revealing than: "Yes. Derek worked for us. He has a beard and knows a bit about databases." Less than 40 per cent of businesses bother to check academic and professional qualifications.
[参考译文]
最近的一份调查让我感到非常震惊，那上面说30%的求职者需要将他们的简历加以润色 或作假。这个数字真有这么低吗?(1)我一直认为简历史中充斥着借口、半真半假和彻头彻尾 的谎言。但那则只有70%的工人是诚实的新闻让我对自己的想法感到疑惑。唯一的结论就是， 人们经常在匿名调查中撒一些小谎，就像他们在写简历中所做的那样，因此，我觉得实际数 字可能要高很多。
教育评估员学会所做的此项研究的真正用意是：随着失业和竞争的逐渐加剧，(2)虚假 动机正在逐渐增加。因此，在未来几个月中，招聘人员会见到更多的足以误导其决策的简历。
这与20世纪90年代早期的衰退时期是一样的。当时，我的一个熟人从一个大银行工作 的毕业实习生那里了解到，他将自己的三级荣誉学位提升到了2:1。同时，一个记者同事也 向我承认曾将自己在一所著名大学的学位完全是虚构的。(3)同时期的另外一个人也曾向雇 主谎称自己曾花一年时间编纂过有关比利牛斯山野花的一本野外工作指南，而其实那东西是 临时抱佛脚的产物。的我在苏格兰东海岸的成长的经历告诉我，如果在自己的简历中作假，我 将在地狱里永远受煎熬。
(4)一个对求职者作背景调查的服务公司说，简历的不准确分为三组。第一，诚实 的错误，确实是候选人搞错了日期。第二，对资质的故意伪造。托马斯先生曾说：“一个讲了 20年的谎话会成为一个事实的一部分。所以即使是一个成功的财务主管，在他换工作的时候 也要再次重复这个谎言。”第三，求职者将自己有问题的区间予以掩盖。克罗尔在调查一宗个 案时，曾发现一个候选人将自己曾在监狱中服刑3个月的经历予以掩盖。
根据人事发展特许协会的研究发现，大约有65%的企业会根据入选求职者的简历来获取参 考信息。不到一半的人说他们找不到任何有用的信息。(5)对诉讼案的恐惧导致以往的雇主不 敢说除了“是的，德里克曾为我们工作。他留着胡子，对我们的数据有所了解。”以外的话， 这些在当今都不足为奇。不到40%的企业懒得对候选人的学历及专业资格进行核对。
Part Ⅴ WritingDirections: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic:1. High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail, telephone and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
You should write at least 250 words.
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
[参考范文]
Nowadays no one would doubt that electronic communication media reach a much bigger audience at a speed that pales even forerunners a few decades ago．However,whether such high speed means as television and email have handicapped meaningful and thoughtful communication has been called into doubt．In fact，one needs not to go far to find that these doubts are groundless．
Far from being an impediment，high speed electronic media step up the communication of meaningful and insightful ideas．In previous times，most of communication was carried out by mail delivered by postmen hurrying in carts pulled by horses．This was undoubtedly slow and full of mistakes in addressing and delivery．Things became worse if weather was inclement．In 1 9th century,great writers，such as Tolstoy,Balzac and Moiposson，spent months waiting for important responses from their publishers and peer friends．However，what is need in the era of email is a click to send an insightful review,a brilliant idea or an enlightening paper to the other hemisphere．
Besides，it involved prohibitive costs of money and time to get thoughtful works，whether a play,a novel or musical composition，to a large audience that the greatness of the works ought to reach．Best sellers by scintillating names，for example，Dickens，Dumas，Hugo，hardly approached the threshold of a million．Today TVs and internet can place novels．drama or thoughts at the focus of national attention within minutes．Never has it been more convenient to conduct thoughtrill and meaningful communication with high speed electronic media as today．
Not only do high speed electronic media contribute much to quickly communicating thoughtful and meaningful ideas or works，they also enhance their production．TVs and Internet open up new fields of perception and broaden our horizon，bringing myriads of new knowledge before our inquiring minds．With the richness and completeness of information available，we are more ready to come up with meaningful and holistic ideas since insularity hampers perception and yields bigotry．What’S more．the vividness of TVs and highly interactive nature of email help draw closer the minds of people of different skin colors and nationalities，fostering curiosity and a sense of unity．This in turn promotes the readiness to a higher stage of meaningful and in—depth communication．In the Hollywood classic You’ve Got Mail，Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan demonstrates what a amazing altitude communication through email can reach．Meaningfulness and insight always result from the same things--perception and love of truth，candor and trust，and readiness to share ideas and skillin self-expression．The ease and richness of high speed electronic media add new strength to these things in bringing forth insights in communication．
Admittedly,there are lots of trash ads and unwholesome contents in TV shows and emails， which constitute real threats to meaningful communication．But we should not balk at promoting the usage of email or watching TV programs．We should see the tremendous joint efforts by email service providers，TV program producers and legislation to get rid of trash information that stands in the way of customer rights and meaningful communication．The hope for a clean and clear space both in TV and cyberspace is growing bigger．
High speed electronic media are blessing for meaningful and thoughtful communication， though there are spots that may mar their perfection．We should embrace them and help them grow wholesomely．
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