1. She eventually married the most persistent one of her admirers.
A.in a way
B.in due course
C.in the end
D.in any case
A B C D
C
[解析] 划线词的意思是“最后”，C项意为“最后，最终”，例：Everything will be all right in the end．最终一切都会好的。A项意为“在某种程度上，从某一点上看”，例：The work is well done in a way．从某种程度上说，这工作做得不错。B项意为“到时候，在今后适当时候”，例：He appeared in due course．他在适当的时候出现了。D项意为“无论如何，不管怎样”，例：In any case，you must arrive there on time．无论如何你必须按时到达那里。
2. Five minutes left, the outcome of the match was still in doubt.
A.result
B.judgment
C.decision
D.event
A B C D
A
[解析] 划线词的意思是“结果”，A项意为“结果；成绩；答案”，例：They worked without result．他们徒劳无功。B项意为“评价；判断(力)”，例：Her decision seems to show a lack of political judgment．她的决定似乎显示出缺乏政治判断力。C项意为“决定”，I wasn't informed of the decision until too late．等到我得知这项决定时，已经太迟了。D项意为“事件，大事；比赛项目”，例：This article discussed the events that led to her suicide．这篇文章讨论了导致她自杀的一系列事件。
3. The reporter was accused of unprofessional conduct.
A.movement
B.words
C.principle
D.behavior
A B C D
D
[解析] 划线词的意思是“行为”，D项意为“行为，举止”，例：His behavior showed he was an evil person．他的行为表明他是一个邪恶的人。A项意为“运动，活动”，例：He lay there without movement．他躺在那里，一动也不动。B项意为“言语”，例：In other words, experts want shortcuts to everything．换句话说，专家需要所有的快捷方式。C项意为“原则”，例：I take this seriously. It's a matter of principle．我对此很认真。这是原则问题。
4. He made a considerable sum of money in real estate.
A.large
B.positive
C.powerful
D.realistic
A B C D
A
[解析] 划线词的意思是“相当大(或多)的”，“a sum of”只能用“大”、“小”修饰。A项意为“大的”，例：I want a large box; this is too small．我要一个大盒子；这个太小了。B项意为“确定的；积极的；正面的”，例：He has a positive attitude towards life．他对生活持有积极的态度。C项意为“强大的，有力的”，例：He had broad shoulders and powerful arms．他肩膀宽大，YN．臂有力。D项意为“现实的”，例：Stop daydreaming and be realistic．别空想了，还是从实际出发吧。
5. A crowd gathered to see what had happened.
A.collected
B.fixed
C.divided
D.assist
A B C D
A
[解析] 划线词的意思是“聚集”，A项意为“聚集，堆积，收集”，例：I tried to collect my thoughts but I was too excited．我试图使思想集中起来，但是我太激动了。B项意为“修理；安装；安排；整理；准备”，例：My watch has stopped it needs fixing．我的表停了——需要修理了。C项意为“除，分割，划分，隔开”，例：The class is divided in opinion．整个班级意见有分歧。D项意为“帮助，协助”，例：A team of nurses assisted the doctor in performing the operation．一组护士协助医生施行手术。
6. If I made a mistake, I will try to remedy it.
A.clarify
B.diagnose
C.evaporate
D.correct
A B C D
D
[解析] 划线词的意思是“改正”，D项意为“正确的；改正”，例：Would you help me correct my pronunciation?你能帮我矫正发音吗?A项意为“澄清，阐明，使……明晰”，例：I hope that what I say will clarify the situation．我希望我说的话能澄清这一情况。B项意为“诊断，判断”，例：The doctor diagnosed measles．医生诊断出麻疹。C项意为“蒸发．挥发；消失”，例：The water soon evaporated in the sunshine．水在阳光下不久就蒸发了。
7. We derive information mainly from the Internet.
A.deprive
B.obtain
C.descend
D.trace
A B C D
B
[解析] 划线词的意思是“得自，起源，引申于”，B项意为“获得”，例：I haven't been able to obtain that book anywhere．我到处都没买到那本书。A项意为“剥夺”，常和“of”连用，例：The new laws deprived many people of the most elementary freedoms．新法律剥夺了许多人最基本的自由。C项意为“下降”，例：The sun descended behind the hills．太阳下山了。D项意为“痕迹；追踪，回溯”．例：The book traces the development of philosophy．该书追溯了哲学的发展过程。
8. His sole motive was to make her happy.
A.aim
B.argument
C.capability
D.pursuit
A B C D
A
[解析] 划线词的意思是“动机；目的”，A项意为“目标，目的”，例：What is your aim in lire?你的生活目标是什么?B项意为“争论”，例：We accepted the agreement without argument．我们毫无异议地接受了这一协议。C项意为“才能；性能”．例：As a scientist，he has the capability of doing important research．作为一个科学家，他具有从事重要科学研究的能力。D项意为“追求”，例：we work hard in pursuit of happy life．我们为追求幸福生活而努力工作。
9. He could not tolerate the extremes of heat in the desert.
A.bear
B.hate
C.like
D.criticize
A B C D
A
[解析] 划线词的意思是“容忍”，A项意为“忍受”，例：He's bearing up well against all his misfortunes．他以坚强的意志对待他所有的不幸。B项意为“憎恨”，例：She hates to be late for work．她不喜欢上班迟到。C项意为“喜欢；像”，例：If you like, we could go out this evening．你要是愿意的话，咱们今天晚上出去。D项意为“批评，责怪”，例：They criticize their opponents under the cover of patriotism．他们借口爱国来抨击反对者。
10. These factors interact intimately and cannot be separated.
A.tensely
B.nearly
C.carefully
D.closely
A B C D
D
[解析] 划线词的意思是“密切地；熟悉地”，D项意为“紧密地；准确地”，例：Taste and smell are closely connected．味觉与嗅觉是密切相关的。A项意为“紧张地，拉紧”，例：I tensely watched him．我紧张地瞧着他。B项意为“几乎”，例：The sea covers nearly three-fourths of the world's surface．海洋几乎占地球表面的3/4。C项意为“小心地”，例：As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe．如果你开车小心，你就会很安全。
11. She exhibited great powers of endurance during the climb.
A.play
B.send
C.show
D.tell
A B C D
C
[解析] 划线词的意思是“展示，展览”，C项意为“展示，表明”，例：Her laziness showed in her exam results．她平时懒惰从她的考试成绩可以看得出来。A项意为“玩；播放”，例：I could hear music playing on the radio．我听到收音机里演奏着音乐。B项意为“发送”，例：She sent me a Christmas card．她给我寄来一张圣诞贺卡。D项意为“讲(述)，告诉；吩咐；认出；显示；生效”，例：I always tell my daughter a story before she goes to sleep．女儿睡觉之前，我总讲故事给她听。
12. The eternal motion of the stars fascinated him.
A.long
B.never ending
C.boring
D.extensive
A B C D
B
[解析] 划线词的意思是“永恒的，永久的”，B项意为“不停的，无限的”，例：I'm tired of your never-ending complaints．我听腻了你那没完没了的抱怨。A项意为“长(期)的(地)；渴望”，例：We have, however, a rather long way to go．我们仍然还有好多路要走。C项意为“令人厌烦的，无聊的”，例：He's likeable enough, but a bit boring．他挺讨人喜欢，就是有点无聊。D项意为“广大的，广阔的；广泛的”，例：The teacher had both extensive knowledge and profound scholarship．先生的学问博大精深。
13. She could not answer, it was an immense load off her heart.
A.natural
B.fatal
C.tiny
D.enormous
A B C D
D
[解析] 划线词的意思是“广大的，巨大的”，D项意为“巨大的，庞大的”，例：Their sitting room was enormous．他们的起居室很大。A项意为“自然的，正常的”，例：It is natural that such a hardworking student should pass the exam．这么用功的学生考试及格是很自然的事。B项意为“致命的，灾难性的；重大的，决定性的”，例：Fatal accidents have decreased in frequency over recent years．近年来死亡事故发生的频率已经下降。C项意为“微小的”，例：A tiny fishing boat was drifting slowly along．一只小小的渔船在缓缓地漂去。
14. The book made a great impact on its readers.
A.force
B.influence
C.surprise
D.power
A B C D
B
[解析] 划线词的意思是“影响”，B项意为“影响”，例：Listening to the music has a calming influence on her．听音乐对她起了一种镇静的作用。A项意为“军队；暴力；强迫；用力推动”，例：The moral force is on our side．道义的力量在我们一边。C项意为“惊奇”，例：What a surprise!真是出人意外的事!D项意为“力量，能力”，例：She lost her power of speech．她失去了说话的能力。
15. Accompanied by cheerful music, we began to dance.
A.pleasant
B.colorful
C.fashionable
D.different
A B C D
A
[解析] 划线词的意思是“高兴的；使人感到愉快的”，A项意为“令人愉快的”，例：The walk was very pleasant．那次散步很愉快。B项意为“多姿多彩的”，例：He gave a colorful account of lire in Samoa．他生动地叙述了萨摩亚群岛上的生活。C项意为“时尚的”，例：It became fashionable for the rich to winter in the sun．在阳光充足的地方过冬成了富人的时尚。D项意为“不同的”，例：My husband has several shirts of different colors．我丈夫有好几件颜色不同的衬衫。
Irradiating fruits, vegetables, pork and chicken to kill insects and bacteria has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration over the past decade. Irradiation of other meats, such as beef and lamb, is being reviewed. Federal approval does not require that industry adopt the process, and few food processors presently offer irradiated products. Market studies have shown that many consumers are afraid that eating irradiated foods may cause cancer, despite scientific studies that prove the safety of treated foods. Some people argue that more severe government inspection, higher food-safety standard and more careful-preparation practices by consumers are all that is needed to ensure that food is safe. Consequently, companies currently see no need to spend millions of dollars outfitting processing plants with the equipment necessary for a process that very few shoppers are in favor of. All supermarkets that sell irradiated food must label the food either directly on the packaging, or, in the case of bulk items like fruits and vegetables, by placing a sign nearby. There is no requirement for the labeling of irradiated food served by chain restaurants or hospitals that buy directly from distributors, nor any regulations for products that contain irradiated ingredients. Presently, the FDA allows food to be treated with three types of radiation -- gamma rays (伽马射线), high-energy electrons, and X rays -- and sets limits on doses, depending on the type of food. The principle is that the dose to be used for a certain type of food should not exceed the amount that is sufficient to kill most harmful insects and bacteria present in it. Different types of food, because of their molecular compositions, may require different doses of radiation.
1. Killing insects and bacteria present in foods by irradiating is completely approved by the US government.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
B
[解析] 关键词是approve和US government。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段找到相关叙述：Irradiating fruits, vegetables, pork and chicken to kill insects and bacteria has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration over the past decade. Irradiation of other meats, such as beef and lamb, is being reviewed.由being reviewed可推测出，通过辐照去除食物中的害虫和细菌并没有完全通过批准，故此题为“错误”的。
2. A great many food processors produce irritated foods.
3. Many consumers suspect the safety of irradiated foods and suggest the government inspect them severely.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
[解析] 关键词是safety和government inspect。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段找到相关叙述：Some people argue that more severe government inspection, ...are all that is needed to ensure that food is safe，故此题为“正确”的。
4. Some companies foresee the bankruptcy of food processing factories.
5. Irradiated fruits and vegetables do not need to be labelled.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
B
[解析] 关键词是Irradiated fruits and vegetables和labelled。依据此关键词，可在文中第三段找到相关叙述：in the case of bulk items like fruits and vegetables, by placing a sign nearby，由此可知像蔬菜和水果这样的散装食品也应在旁边标注出辐照食品的字样，故此题为“错误”的。
6. Restaurants can serve irradiated food bought directly from distributors without labeling it.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
[解析] 关键词是Restaurants、distributors和without labeling，依据这些关键词，可在文中第三段找到相关叙述：There is no requirement for the labeling of irradiated food served by chain restaurants or hospitals that buy directly from distributors，故此题为“正确”的。
7. According to the passage, FDA approves irradiating food to some extent but irradiated food is not widely accepted.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
[解析] 这道题是有关文章主题的题，借助文章的结尾：Presently, the FDA allows food to be treated with three types of radiation(与approves irradiating food to some extent呼应)，而文章开头的句意也与该问题句的说法一致。第二段第一句提到many consumers are afraid that eating irradiated foods may cause cancer，由此可见辐照食品还没有被广泛接受，故此题的答案为“正确”的。
1. White light seems to be a combination of all colors. The energy that comes from a source of light is not limited to the kind of energy you can see. Heat is given off by a flame or an electric light. On a cloudy day it is possible to get a sunburn even though you feel cool. Visible light and the kind of energy that produce warmth and sunburn are examples of electromagnetic energy. 2. The sun is 93 million miles from the earth. Yet we can use energy from the sun because electromagnetic energy travels through space. 3. Many other kinds of energy are also types of electromagnetic energy. Radio, television, and radar signals travel from transmitters to receivers as low-energy electromagnetic waves. Infrared (红外线的) radiation is an electromagnetic wave. When it is absorbed by matter, heat is produced. Waves of infrared and visible light have more energy than waves of radio, television, or radar. Ultraviolet rays (紫外线) and X-rays are electromagnetic waves with even greater amounts of energy. Infrared radiation is used in cooking food and heating buildings. Sunlight and electric lights are part of our requirements for normal living. Ultraviolet radiation is useful in killing certain disease organisms. X-rays and gamma rays have so mush energy that they travel right through solid objects. They can be used to detect and treat cancer. X-rays are used in industry to find hidden cracks in metal, and in medicine to reveal broken bones. 4. Usually we use electricity to generate electromagnetic energy. The source of most of our energy is the sun. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate. When the water falls to the earth as rain, some of it is trapped behind dams and then used to operate electric generators. Other generators are powered by coal, but the energy stored in coal came from the sun, too. 5. Until recently, the source of the tremendous amount of energy given off by the sun was a puzzle. If the sun depended on chemical reactions, it would have used up all its energy long ago. Experiments with electromagnetic radiation led to the theory that mass can be converted into energy. About forty years after the theory was proposed, nuclear energy was harnessed (利用) by man. Chemical energy comes from electron (电子) rearrangement. Nuclear energy comes from a change in the nucleus of an atom. Compared with chemical reactions, nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per pound of fuel. We now believe that the sun's energy comes from the nuclear reactions in which hydrogen is changed into helium (氦). 6. Nuclear energy is beginning to compete with coal as an economical source of power to generate electricity. It is also being used to operate engines in large ships. Scientists continue to seek new and better methods of obtaining and using energy. A. Nuclear Reactions as the Lasting Source of the Sun's Energy B. The Most Important Source of Energy C. Types of Electromagnetic Energy D. X-rays Are Used to Detect and Treat Cancer. E. Seeking New Sources of Energy F. Nuclear Energy is Beginning to Compete with Coal
1. Paragraph 3 ______
C
[解析] 第三段的第一句为主题句，意为：许多其他种类的能量也是不同类型的电磁能。该段列举了电磁能的具体例子，C项Types of Electromagnetic Energy(电磁能的类型)与主题句意思吻合，故选C。
2. Paragraph 4 ______
B
[解析] 第四段的第二句为主题句，意为：我们大多数的能量都来自太阳。B项The Most Important Source of Energy(最重要的能量来源)与主题句意思吻合，故选B。
3. Paragraph 5 ______
A
[解析] 第五段的倒数第一句为主题句，意为：我们现在相信太阳的能量来自核反应，在此过程中，氢气转变为氦气。A项Nuclear Reactions As the Lasting Source of the Sun's Energy(核反应是太阳能最持续的来源)与主题句意思吻合，故选A。
4. Paragraph 6 ______
E
[解析] 第六段的倒数第一句为主题句，意为：科学家仍在继续寻找获取和使用能量的新的，更好的方法。E项Seeking New Sources of Energy(寻找新的能源)与主题句意思吻合，故选E。
A. electromagnetic energy B. electromagnetic energy travels through space C. came from the sun D. when a change in the nucleus of an atom takes place E. when the sunrays are fierce F. chemical energy is generated
5. Visible light that produce warmth is an example of ______.
[解析] 第二段的第二句指出，“我们能使用太阳能因为电磁能在太空中穿梭”。B项中的“electromagnetic energy travels through space(电磁能在太空中穿梭)”与原句意思相符，故选B。
7. The energy stored in coal ______.
C
[解析] 第四段的最后一句指出，“其他的发电机靠煤炭的燃烧驱动．但是．煤炭中的能量也来自于太阳”。C项中的“came from the sun(来自太阳)”与原句意思相符，故选C。
8. ______ when electron rearrangement takes place.
F
[解析] 第五段的第五句指出，化学能来自于电子重组。F项中的“Chemical energy is generated(化学能生成)”与原句意思相符，故选F。
第4部分：阅读理解 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇
Electronic Teaching
The potential of closed-circuit television and other new electronic teaching tools is so great that it is fascinating to visualize "the school of tomorrow" Televised lessons will originate from a central building having perhaps four or five master studios. The lessons will be carried into classrooms all over a city, or even an entire country. After a televised lesson has been given, the classroom teacher will take over for the all-important "follow-up" period. The students will ask any troublesome questions, and difficult points will be cleared up through discussion. The teacher in the classroom will have additional electronic tools. On the teacher's desk, the traditional chalk and erasers will have been replaced by a multiple-control panel and magnetic tape player. The tape machines will run pre-recorded lessons which pupils will follow by headphones. The lessons will be specifically geared to the students' levels of ability. For instance, while the class as a whole studies history, each student will receive an individual history lesson, directed to his particular level of ability. Should question arise, the students will be able to talk directly to the teacher on individual "intercoms" without disturbing the rest of the class. In this way, the teacher will be able to conduct as many as three classes at the same time. With the rapid development of computer science, students will be aided with specially prepared multimedia software to study their subjects better. Homework will possibly be assigned and handed in via electronic mail system. Students can even take examinations on their computer linked with the teacher's and get the score instantly. They will get certificates or diplomas if they pass all the required examinations. Experts believe that this type of education will be very popular in the years ahead.
1. In paragraph one, what does "the school of tomorrow" mean?
A.The school with a central building.
B.The school with four or five master studios.
C.The school with television.
D.The school with televised lessons and electronic teaching tools.
A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations (振动)in soil is being tested by UK researchers. The device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated(疏散，撤走), the scientists say. Such natural disasters are common in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall(降雨，降雨量), and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion(腐蚀，侵蚀). Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. Following this initial movement, "slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or minutes, " says Nell Dixon at Southborough University, UK. He says a warning system that monitors this movement "might be enough to evacuate a block of fiats or clear a road, and save lives. " The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent (即将发生的) landslide is to watch for changes in its shape. Surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors(传感器) sunk into boreholes(钻孔，井眼)or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. Slopes can, however, change shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. Now Dixon's team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations' caused when particles begin moving within a slope. The device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. The borehole is filled in with gravel(砾，沙砾，砾石)around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. Software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent. The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment(堤岸)in Newcastle, UK. Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous slopes. "Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this, " says Adam Poulter, an expert at the British Red Cross. "As long as it doesn't cost too much, " But, Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not he enough on its own. "You need to have the human communication, " he says. "Making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. "
1. What does "Such natural disasters" in the first paragraph refer to?
A.Sudden, heavy rainfall.
B.Earthquakes.
C.Water erosion.
D.Landslides.
A B C D
D
[解析] 短文第一段第一句提到了山体滑坡，此处的自然灾害指的是上文的山体滑坡，故选D。
2. Which of the following statements is true of landslides?
A.The initial movement is hard to spot.
B.They start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock.
C.They can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes.
Even ancient Egypts mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilian around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned(搜集) from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometers to the south was ultimately to blem -- and the same or worse could happen today. The ancient Egyptians depended on the Niles annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons(季风)southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods. Dwindling(逐渐变少；使变少)rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to establish the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment(沉积；沉积物)from the White Nile. The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature(签名；特征) from that of the White Nile. So by analyzing isotope(同位素；核素)differences in mud deposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river. Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago, immediately predates the fall of the Egypts Old Kingdom. The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. Changes that affect food supply dont have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies, says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory(天文台)in New York. "Similar events today could be even more devastating, " says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist(地质考古学家) from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. "Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system because the populations have increased dramatically. "
1. Why does the author mention "pyramid builders"?
A.Because they once worked miracles.
B.Because they were well-built.
C.Because they were actually very weak.
D.Because even they were unable to rescue their civilization.
In shopping malls, the assistants try to push you into buying "a gift to thank her for her unselfish love". When you log onto(登录到])website, a small pop-up(弹出式菜单) invites you to book a bouquet(花束) for her. 1 The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood. The popularity of Mother's Day around the world suggests that Jarvis got all she wanted. In fact, she got more -- enough to make her horrified. 2 They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the No. 1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother's Day. One protest against the commercialization(商品化) Mother's Day even got her arrested for disturbing the peace, interestingly. 3 As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian, observes, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's right. " But in the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better. In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desire. So they work hard and play hard. 4 5 According to The Guardian, there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives. So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated : "It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people." A. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May. B. But what's more, commercialism changes young people's attitude towards motherhood. C. Obviously, the best girl will be a phone call or a visit. D. According to a research by the US card company Hallmark, 96 percent of American consumers celebrate the holiday. E. As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status since the 1950s. F. Becoming a mother, however, inevitably handicaps career anticipation.
China is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by European nations. The Galileo satellite system 1 a more accurate civilian alternative to the Global Positioning System(GPS), operated by the US military. China will provided 230m Euros (USD 259m) in 2 and will cooperate with technical, manufacturing and market development. "China will help Galileo to 3 the major world infrastructure for the growing market for location services, " said Loyola de Palacio, EU transport commissioner. A new center that will coordinate co-operation was also announced 4 ) the European Commission, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology not long 5 . The China-Europe Global Navigation Satellite System Technical Training and Cooperation Center will be 6 at Beijing University. China has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help the Galileo satellites. The US has claimed that Galileo could interfere 7 the US ability to downgrade the GPS service during military conflicts. European officials say this is unfounded and counter that US opposition 8 the commercial challenge Galileo would present to GPS. Galileo will be precise to within a meter, while civilian GPS service is accurate to around 10 meters. The Galileo satellite constellation will 9 27 operational and three reserve satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 23,600 km. The satellites will be strung along three medium-Earth orbits at 56 degrees inclination to the equator and will provide global coverage. The system should be operational by 2008 and the entire project is expected to 10 around 3.2 billion Euros(USD 3.6 billion). The European Commission has said Galileo will primarily be used for transportation technology, scientific research, land management and disaster monitoring. Galileo will provide two signals: a standard civilian one and an encrypted, wide-band signal 11 the Public Regulated Service (PRS). This second signal is designed to withstand localized jamming and will be used by police and military services in Europe. European Commission 12 have said China will not be given access to the PRS. The first Galileo satellite is scheduled to launch late in 2004, Clocks on board the 13 Will be synchronized through 20 ground sensors stations, two command centers and 15 uplink stations. Receivers on the ground will use time signals from the satellites to precisely calculate their 14 . A "search and rescue" function will also 15 distress signals be relayed through the constellation of satellites.
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