react

人们对文化差异所造成的反应往往是比较奇怪的，讲座一开始即提到这一点。
[听力原文]<1>-<10>
                            Culture Shock
   Good morning. The topic for today's lecture is culture shock.
   Culture shock is that ... experience, often a somewhat painful experience that we have when we go from our home country to another country, particularly for the first time that we've gone overseas. We grow up in our home culture, we are very, very familiar with it. Now suddenly as we get ready to go off to another country, we are going to encounter many new things. And we'll react in some very strange ways. This is what we call culture shock.
   Let's talk about some phases or stages of culture shock. I'm going to talk about five stages. The first one is sensory overload. When we first arrive in the new country, we are going to see many new things, new and different from what we are accustomed to. The landscape may look different, the building may look different, the people may look different, the, uh, the behaviour of people may look different, the vehicles that we see may be different, so many new things that kind of exciting to us, and we just take in a lot of new stimuli until we are just saturated with it after a couple of days. That's what we call sensory overload.
   Another phase is one of helplessness. Before long, we are going to find that there are more and more things that we cannot do very easily, whether it's, uh, uh, in shopping, or, are going to be areas where we're going to feel helpless much like a child that's learning about life, new things back in the home country, but need an adult to help him through it.
   We're going to feel isolated, thirdly, at times when we can't communicate effectively ... uh, we're just not getting through to people, or maybe people aren't caring enough about us or, we may think they aren't caring enough about us, and we will feel isolated.
   Fourthly, we may become depressed at times, particularly at the time of holidays. That's always a time that we want to feel good. We think about our family. We think about our friends. And here we are in a strange land. We don't have our family and friends. And get depressed.
   And fifthly, one of the things that happens is that as we run into more and more obstacles, more and more frustrations in the new country, we start thinking about the old country where we came from and how good things were there, how smoothly everything went. OK, those are five of the phases, then, of culture shock.
   Now we'll turn our attention to some areas of life that can cause culture shock. One of them is the arrival itself. When we arrive in the new country, we see so many new things. And that's shocking to us. We're not accustomed to it.
   Secondly, the greetings. We're accustomed to certain greetings in our home land. For example, we may have the expression that says something like "How much money do you make?" very common expression. But suddenly if you use the same expression for a greeting in the new country, we may get a very negative response, because a person may think we are prying into their personal business. And we're shocked by that. We don't expect it, don't understand it.
   Thirdly, we notice that physical contact in the new land may be quite different. We may be shocked to find that in the new country, women and men have much more physical contact with each other in public than we're accustomed to, and we're shocked by it. This adds more to our culture shock.
   Fourthly, we may find that people require more or less personal space between them than we're accustomed to. We may find that as we're talking with somebody that person will be backing away from us as we're talking. Or, a person may be moving in on you, towards you, and you don't understand why. That can be a shock to the system as well.
   Fifthly, the area of language. It's going to be a difficult one, if you are in a country that speaks a different language. You are struggling to learn more words to understand, particularly in the classroom, you're trying hard to get the information so you can pass the test and you have an instructor that just keeps, uh, speaking in a very rapid rate, so you have a particularly hard time, very frustrating, which adds again to the culture shock.
   Finally, the area of life that can cause culture shock is the area of foods. Food is a very emotional part of our life. We are familiar with certain goods that are our favorites and now we are in a new land, where our foods may be not available, or they're prepared differently. Again, very shocking to us.
   So, what we experience in a new country may be painful for the time being. But after we have gone through this process, we will find we have learned many things, and have achieved a kind of flexibility. Now, we can feel at home anywhere in the world. Thank you very much.

isolation

本题考查对讲座主题思想的理解；culture shock的五个表现之一就是 isolation。考生在听讲座时必须养成记要点的习惯。

arrival itself

根据上下文答题。考生可在讲座中听到When we first arrive in the new country，．．．；在答题时也可看到．—when we set foot on a new land．与此同时，所填之词必须在语法上通顺，需将arrive变成arrival。

negative response

对讲座总体理解和考生本身具有的文化背景知识叫帮助答题。

Physical / Body contact

考卷提供的上下文信息(如hug and kiss等词语)及题眼处的 contact都给考生提供了必要的信启、；同时，考生还应注意句首单词的第一个字母应当大写。

space  ． ．．a person will be backing away给考生有所提示。

再者，上题是有关 physical contact的信息，contact表示接触；而本题是有关人与人之间的距离问题。

moving

讲座和答题纸上都提到backing away，考生比较容易联想到与之相对的 moving closer。

Language

本题较容易，因为what people are saying已经说明了一切。

information

从instructor那里得到的往往是information。

flexibility

本题有关整个讲座的总结部分，而充分适应了culture shock的最高境界便是能够适应各种文化生活的flexibility。

B

对话一开始，顾客便问到leaving my car with you的有关事宜。本题考查领会细节的能力。
[听力原文]<1>-<5>
Clerk: Good morning, sir. Can I help you?
Customer: I want to make inquiries about leaving my car with you. You see, I'm going abroad, I don't want to take the car but I'll need it when I get back.
Clerk: I see, sir. Well, we can offer you full parking facilities for as long as you wish.
Customer: Good. I'm going to Athens for about a couple of weeks.
Clerk: Right, so how long do you want to leave the car with us?
Customer: Well, I'm flying to Athens on the 5th and coming back on the 19th -- that's fourteen days, isn't it?
Clerk: That works out at fifteen days parking, sir. Let me show you our scale of charges. We have a minimum fee of 6.50 pounds but for fifteen days it would only cost you 24.75 pounds.
Customer: It says 23.10 pounds here.
Clerk: No, sir, that's for fourteen days. If you're going to be away for fourteen nights, you wouldn't be picking up the car for fifteen days.
Customer: Hmm -- fifteen it is then.
Clerk: Now, if you'll just come this way, sir, we'll complete the booking form. Could I have your name?
Customer: Brown. Donald Brown ...
 Clerk: ... and the make of car, sir?
Customer: Just a Mini Metro.
Clerk: Mini Metro. And the colour? We get rather a lot of Mini Metros.
Customer: It's a sort of greenish-grey. I suppose you'd call it green really.
Clerk: Green. What's the registration number?
Customer: Oh, KTY630Y.
Clerk: And your car key number?
Customer: I say, is this all really necessary?
Clerk: Afraid so, sir. Security, you see.
Customer: Oh, all right. It's FL243.
Clerk: FL 243.
Customer: Look here, this isn't going to take longer, is it?
Clerk: Only another minute or so, sir. Your departure date is May'5th, I think you said.
Customer: Yes, yes, the 5th, that's a Friday.
Clerk: Friday, 5th May. Now what time is your flight, sir?
Customer: Ten to twelve, I think. But I'll have to check in about half an hour beforehand.
Clerk: Well, we like customers to check their cars in here at least twenty minutes before check-in time. We have a minibus to take you to the airport. It's only about ten minutes drive.
Customer: So, I ought to be here about ten past eleven.
Clerk: Well, it's safer before that. We do get very busy. And you're returning on the 19th?
Customer: Yes, that's right.
Clerk: And how would you like to pay, sir?
Customer: Oh, by cheque. Who do I make it out to?
Clerk:  Gatwick Parking Limited.
Customer: And it's 24.75 pounds.
Clerk: That's right, sir. I'll just give you a receipt.
Customer: Don't bother, I can't wait. There's a traffic warden coming down the street and I'm parked on a double yellow line.

C

对话有两处提到顾客应付24.75英镑，因为对方为其将车托管15天而非14天。

A

首先看懂问题问的是deliver his car的时间，然后从时间关系中推算出相应的时间。11：50为起飞时间；check-in时间是半小时前，即11：20；而顾客check their cars时间又是check-in的20分钟前，即11：00。

D

从顾客的语气中，我们听出不耐烦的情绪。

B

考查推理能力。对话结束时，顾客慌忙离去的原因是把车停在双黄线(double yellow line)内，那么，警察对其的处罚应是罚款。

C

考查细节的领悟分析能力。新闻一开始便谈到．．．they were promptly and politely asked by the Iraqis to turn back．
[听力原文]<7>-<8>
   The three American officials arrived at an airport to the west of Baghdad on the special UN flight from Bahrain. According to diplomats, they were promptly and politely asked by the Iraqis to turn back. So they boarded the same aircraft and returned to Bahrain. It was repetition of what happened last Thursday when two American arms inspectors were sent back from the same airport. That was the day after Baghdad gave all Americans working with the UN Inspection Team a week to leave the country. This latest incident makes it clear that Baghdad has turned a deaf ear to diplomatic appeals from sympathetic outside parties to back down from its current course and allow the UN Inspection Team to operate unimpeded. Russia, France, Egypt and others who are keen to avoid another crisis have been trying to persuade Iraq that they've made a mistake by challenging the Security Council in this way. The state-run Iraqi Press has continued to signal defiance on the part of the Baghdad leadership.

D

既考查重要细节也考查中心思想的理解。新闻的最后一句揭示了中心问题，也是整个事件的症结所在。

C

考查学生对新闻中Indian-born和试题中by origin的理解。
[听力原文]<9>-<10>
   President Clinton has met at the White House with British author Salman Rushdie, who has been under a death sentence issued by Iran for his book Satanic Verses.
   White House officials confirm the President met briefly with Mr Rushdie, Wednesday. It was their first such meeting. A White House official, who was asked not to be identified, said the Indian-born author spent just under an hour here. He said US officials assured Mr Rushdie the administration supports freedom of expression and he reiterated the US call for Iran to lift its death edict against Mr Rushdie. At the same time the US official pointed out the US call on Iran should not be misinterpreted as opposition to Islam but opposition to intolerance and state-supported murder. Mr Rushdie has been in hiding for four years but appeared unexpectedly at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to receive an honorary' post as visiting Professor of the Humanities. Iran has charged Satanic Verses is blasphemous.

D

考查理解和推理能力。四个选择项的内容都与Salman Rushdie到美国有关，但 Clinton作为美国总统接见Salman是出于美国的原则和立场，即反对state-run murder。

B

这是一道段落归纳题。第二、三段明确表明Harlem已经历了巨大变化。

D

作者在回忆过去岁月时带有怀旧的情感。答案可以在第三、四、五段内找到。比如：I miss Mr Michaux's bookstore．．．/I miss speaker like Carlos Cooks．．．

A

Harlem在上世纪20、30年代被称作黑人美国的首都，主要是因为其艺术与文化的氛围。本题的答案可在第六段中找到。

C

这是道隐含意义题，要求考生经过对相关细节的梳理，来推断作者对Harlem改建的态度。尽管作者没有直接表明态度，但从他在最后两段的叙述中我们可以感觉到他是欢迎这些变化的。比如，他提到的有关改建的细节：新的购物中心、有九个电影厅的影视剧中心、联邦、州和当地政府资金的投入等。

D

这是道相关细节梳理题。选项A、B、C所对应的细节都能在第三段和最后两段中找到，而选项D的内容则不正确。

A

试题问Parkfield项目至少在哪方面是成功的。B说它能使科学家提前几小时或几天预报即将发生的地震。这是该项目的初衷，实际上没有成功。C说1985年至1993年的确发生了一次中级地震，这不符合事实，文中说“Through November 1998， however，no earthquake had occurred in Parkfield”，直到1998年11月，该地方也未发生过地震。D说当地的人们对于地震已不再慌张，而且有充分的准备。这点在文章中没有专门讲到。A说由于这个项目的开展，现在一旦发生地震，科学家就会充分做好准备收集更多的地震数据，这与原文中的“If an earthquake does occur in Parkfield， scientists will be prepared with a dense network of scientific instruments to record the quake and improve knowledge about how and why earthquakes occur．”意思相同。

C

在Parkfield项目开始前，科学家对此很有信心。但是事实上，预报没有成功。因此，到了90年代，人们对于短期预报地震的准确率已有不同看法。原文用了“too ambitious”，相比而言，C(unrealistic)较准确地反映了这种态度。

D

90年代发展起来的预警系统通过监测地震开始后的活动，“to warn people farther from the epicenter．．．；to create early warning systems to notify people that a large earthquake has begun，from a few seconds to minutes in advance．”A说能提高地震长期预报的准确率，其内容不符事实。B说告诉在震中的人们地震何时来，这与上面的原文相矛盾。C说让人们从即将遭受地震袭击的地方撤出。这是不可能的，因为预报只能提前几秒钟或几分钟，撤出显然是来不及的。D说让人们提前几分钟准备地震的到来。这与上述原文较接近。

D

A说这个孩子是平静、沉着的，这与首句中的“as hyperactive as I was”不符。B说他沉湎于电视，这在文章中没有证据。C说他住在大城市里，这与“For me，and all the rest of the children from the hinterlands”所说的相矛盾。D说他是敏感又充满想像力。“．．．the air became slightly more rarefied with possibility”及“If I had had any idea at the time what an aura was，I would have recognized the one hovering around Carnegie Hall”充分表明了这点。

A

试题问作者对Bernstein的年轻人音乐会的看法。revelatory是“启示性的”， enervating是“使人感到衰弱的”，compulsory是“强制性的”，daunting是“使人感到胆怯的”，从全文看，作者认为这样的音乐会专场，对于像他那样的乡下孩子有十分重大的教育意义，使他们因此能了解交响乐，所以具有启示性。

D

作者在第三段和第四段里讲了自然因素给葡萄种植所带来的种种困难，在以后的段落里讲了人为因素所增添的麻烦。总之，开办葡萄园和酿酒厂是十分艰辛的。因此上下文告诉我们“cinched up our belts”意思是勒紧裤带，准备迎接挑战。

A

本题问葡萄收获的时间是怎样的。第二段里有一句：“．．．and when their sugar content is at the right level，they are harvested carefully by hand．．．”，意思是当葡萄所含的糖分达到一定的程度后，就用手将其采下来。可见收获的时间取决于葡萄的糖分是否充足。因此，每年的具体收获时间都不固定。

D

种植葡萄当然想要个好收成，但这受一定因素的制约。从作者所说的“From the start we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a winemaking family， connected to the land and the caprices of nature．”中我们能看出，自然条件对于葡萄的生长至关重要。四个选项中，B、D是自然因素，但气温的突然变化不是关键。关键是合适的季节以及其到来的时机。另外，葡萄糖分含量是好节气的结果，只要季节合适，糖分自然会足。美国烟酒枪支管理局制定的政策对葡萄园主有一定的影响，但不是影响他们生存的关键。

C

当作者问律师问题时，她说“The answer was，and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit!”，意思是她根本不能理解所给的答案。

B

这里的legal profession指的是律师行业。从最后一段，我们可以看出作者对于律师们的做法很不满意。她认为“It is an immense danger to the small businessman”，他们所做的一切都是为了钱，为了钱他们会置正义于不顾，他们是贪得无厌的。显然，A、 C、D都不正确，只有B比较接近原意。

A

从作者所使用的词汇来看，他将该岛描绘成好似人间仙境。“Tall，kingly spruces wore their regal crowns．．．”/“．．．lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine- girt，lonely shores of orr's Island”/“．．．feathery larches，turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts，lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens”/“．．．clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery”等描写惟妙惟肖，充满了感情色彩。相比四个选项， A最为准确。

C

从对“best room”的描写中：The best room was shut up and darkened，with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter．．, 我们知道房间很暗，因为百叶窗上只留有一心形小孔。这样A是不对的。从．．．for except on solemn visits，or prayer-meetings or weddings，or funerals，that room formed no part of the daily family scenery中我们可以知道，该房间只用于一些正式的活动，而不用于普通的家庭活动。所以C是正确的，而D是错误的。B说该房间里的家具被搬走了，文中没有提到。

C

从厨房里的摆设我们可以推断出主人生前的生活。A说主人从没有来客。这不正确，因为一些有困难的人会来这里寻求帮助。B说主人喜欢现代用具，这与“rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall”相矛盾。D说主人不喜欢干家务活。厨房中主要是一些日常工具，可见主人是勤于干活的。C说主人很可能信仰宗教，这可以从所摆设的圣经看出。

D

A说只有很少的人参加葬礼。但原文的“the tread of many feet”表明参加的人不少。B说打鱼是安全的职业。而从最后一段的叙述中我们知道有些人死于海中：“．．．a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale．．．”C说岛屿人口密集。文中没有证据表明岛上的人口众多，相反，第一句中的“lonely shores of Orr's Island”倒是让人觉得人口可能不太多。

D

A说Zephaniah是个很高大的人。文中的“．．．Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand”并不表示他很高大，而是表示他很慷慨大方，乐于助人。B说他喜欢海员的孤独生活，C说他总呆在家里，这在文章中都没有明显的证据，可是，“companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth”表明他曾经周游世界。D说他生活俭朴，节省下许多钱。最后一段中对房间内摆设的描述表明他生活俭朴，而他在别人有困难的时候仗义疏财，大把地施与银币，则说明他很有钱。

in — 改成to。

原意为“对于政府官员”。

however — 改成but。

however用在这里不妥。

received — 改成accepted。

这是一个用词错误。根据上下文，应为“接受”，不是“收到”。

counter ∧ the — 加入to。

这是一个固定搭配。

therefore — 改成however。

从上下文看，这里要表示的意思是转折，不是因果。

over — 删去over。

voice后不用加over。

out — 删去out。

这里的意思为“试图”，所以不用out。

is — 改成are。

这句的主语是efforts，不是minority。

its — 改成their，

因为所指代的名词是复数：Eskimos。

than ∧ — 加入 on，

因为rather than应连接两个以on开头的介词短语。