第2部分：阅读判断 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 The Grass Is Greener at Harvard There is an underground revolution spreading across Harvard University this fall. It's occurring under the soil and involves fungi(真菌) ,bacteria, microbes(微生物) and roots, which are now fed with compost tea (混合肥料) rather than pesticides and synthetic nitrogen (合成氮). The results have so surprised university administrators that what started as a one - acre pilot project in Harvard Yard has spread organic practices through 25 acres on the campus. "Our goal is to be fully organic on the 80 acres that we maintain within the next two years. " said Wayne Carbone, Harvard's manager of landscape services. Harvard's president, Drew Gilpin Faust, who last year started a university effort to reduce greenhouse gases by 30 percent by 2016, has adopted the organic program at Elmwood, the Dresident's house on Brattle Street. Dr. Faust became interested by the effort last spring when she saw a display that the Harvard Yard Soils Restoration Project had set up outside her office. As the project proceeded, "I saw the impact, I was really excited," Dr. Faust said. "I think it's an integral part of the larger effort to advance sustainability at Harvard. " The organically grown grass on campus is now green from the microbes that feed the soil, eliminating the use of synthetic nitmgen, the base of most commercial fertilizers. No herbicides(除草剂)or pesticides are used, either. Roots reach eight inches into soil that was once so compacted the trees planted in it were dying. "At commencement(毕业典礼), rain or shine, we have 10,000 people here," Mr. Carbone said, gazing at the expanse where chairs are traditionally set in front of Memorial Church. "We get about 6,000 to 8,000 people here every day. " But the microbial activity beneath their feet has now aerated(使生气勃勃) the soil. Tree roots can breathe because they are absorbing nutrients and water. Newly planted oaks outside Mass Hall, a few steps from Harvard Square, are thriving. Soil tests show the Dresence not only of beneficial bacteria and fungi but also of the micro - organisms that feed on them, recycling nitrogen back into the soil. This dog- eat- dog(竞争激烈的) world underground also retains moisture. Thanks to these efforts, the university has reduced the use of irrigation(灌溉) by 30 percent, according to Mr. Carbone, thus saving two million gallons of water a year. And the 40 - year - old orchards at Elmwood, which have been treated with compost tea, are recovering from leaf spot(叶斑病) and apple scab(疮痂病).
1. The underground revolution refers to the organic practices through Harvard campus.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
前两段提到哈佛校园开展的使用混合肥料的有机活动。
2. According to Wayne Carbone, it is impossible to turn the whole campus fully organic in two years.
6. The organic program not only brings life back to trees and soil, but also saves much water in irrigation.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
题干为原文的同义替换。
7. An organic approach requires a radical change in thinking.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
C
文章并未提及有机项目对观念的挑战。
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Successful Language Learners 1 Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them ? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. 2 First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. 3 Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 4 Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 5 What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above. A. Talents to Learn a Language Successfully B. Learning a Language Purposefully C. Learning a Language Actively D. Learning a Language Independently E. Learning from Mistakes F. Learning to Think in the Target Language
1. Paragraph 1 ______.
A
本段为文章的开头段落，主题句一般出现在段尾。本段最后一句将重点落在the techniques which make language learning easier for them(指successful language learners)，所以选项A为正确答案。
2. Paragraph 2 ______.
D
段首出现：first of all，意味着本段作为第一分点出现，段首句为主题句，所以选项D为正确答案。而且还可预测，接下来的几个分段也很可能会在段首出现主题句。
3. Paragraph 3 ______.
C
与上段相同，段首句为主题句，所以选项C为正确答案。
4. Paragraph 4 ______.
B
与上段相同，段首句为主题句，所以选项B为正确答案。
A. to discover sentence patterns and grammatical rules B. to expand vocabulary C. to use the target language D. to encourage unsuccessful language learners to learn independently, actively and purposefully E. from clues F. to say strange things
5. Successful language learners derive conclusions ______.
E
题干中的Successful language learners提示我们快速定位到第二段第二句，题干中的derive与原文中的discover同义，所以选项E为正确答案。
6. Independent Language learners rely on themselves ______.
A
题干中的rely on themselves提示我们快速定位到第二段第三句，they try to find…for themselves，就是选项A。
7. Active language learners seize every opportunity ______.
C
题干中的Active language learners提示我们快速定位到第三段，题干中的seize every opportunity提示我们快速定位到第二句，原文中的such a chance在下文中有具体的介绍，概括起来就是选项C(使用目标语)。
8. The author wrote this text ______.
D
文章一般在篇尾会有作者提出的总结或倡议，本题题干提示我们可以到第五段寻找答案。作者问读者是哪类学习者，并在最后一句给出建议“you might as well…”，所以选项D(鼓励不很成功的语言学习者)就是正确答案。
第4部分：阅读理解 下面有3篇短文，文后有5道题。请根据短文内容为每题定一个最佳选项。
第一篇
Taking a Dim View of Solar Energy
Despite the bad economy, or maybe because of it, the rooftop - solar industry is booming, as Americans become increasingly intrigued by the idea of turning their roofs into mini power plants and cutting their electric bills. In 2008,33,500 rooftop solar systems were installed in the United States, a 63 percent increase over the amount of capacity installed in 2007. In California, the solar capital of country, the increase was 95 percent. Meanwhile ,the outlook for the other side of the solar industry—the large, centralized power plants—isn't so sunny. These megaprojects—acres of desert covered in thousands of solar panels sending electricity—controlled mostly by utility companies that have had a monopoly over the country's electricity grid, were supposed to be the key to the future of the solar industry. So far, they're getting vastly outpaced by the decentralized rooftop approach. According to the Interstate Renewable Energy Council's 2006—2008 count, consumers added 522 megawatts to the grid; whereas utility Companies added just 96 megawatts. The disparity has utilities worried about loosing their grip on the country's energy industry, and the $130 billion residential electricity market. In some cases, utilities are actually taking direct steps to thwart rooftop solar. "There is a tension between distributed solar generation and utilities," says Adam Browning, executive director of The Vote Solar Initiative, a solar advocacy group in San Francisco. "They've had the energy pie to themselves for a century, and now facing a future where clean distributed energy will play a large part, they're looking for ways to profit from it and maintain control. People want solar panels on their roofs, so utilities should be working to make that happen rather than getting in the way. "says Browning. It's not hard to understand why a big utility might not like the idea of homes and buildings being covered in solar panels. If every building in America is generating its own solar energy, that throws a big wrench into their business model. But as most states have passed renewable - energy standards recently, mandating that a certain percentage of their energy come from renewable sources, utilities have become reluctant players in the solar game because, frankly, they have no choice. However, thanks to state and federal government subsidies, private sector can seize this opportunity to grow.
1. According to the passage, which statement about the rooftop solar systems installment in the U. S. can NOT be inferred?
A.In 2008, the amount of rooftop solar system installment experienced an increase over 50 per- cent.
B.95 percent of Califorlia families have rooftop solar system installment.
C.More and note families installed rooftop solar system installment as a way to cut expense on electricity.
D.There is no positive connection between economical situation and the amount of rooftop solar system installment.
A B C D
B
考查特定条件下发生的具体事情由题干定位到文章原句In 2008…in the United States, a 63 percent increase over the amount of capacity installed in 2007，在2008年，美国的比2007年增加了63%，选项A认为2008年美国屋顶太阳能的装置率与比2007年相比，增长率超过了50%。选项A与文意相符。选项B认为加利福利亚95%的家庭都装有犀顶太阳能，定位到文章原句In California，the solar capital of country，the increase was 95 percent，在加利福利亚，太阳能之都，其增长率是95%，选项B与文意不符，故选择B。选项C认为越来越多的家庭选择使用太阳能作为节省用电的方法，定位到文章原句，as Americans become increasingly intrigued by the idea of turning their．roofs into mini power plants and cutting their electric bills，美国人越来越被这一想法吸引，即使用屋顶太阳能来减少用电开支，可见选项C与文意相符。选项D认为经济环境和安装太阳能没有正向联系，定位到文章原句Despite the bad economy，or maybe because of it，the rooftop-solar industry is booming，即使经济环境糟糕，或正是因为此，屋顶太阳能发展迅速，可见选项D是合文意的。
2. According to the passage, which of the following statements is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A.The total amount of electricity generated by the centralized solar power plants are more than that by the individual households.
B.The management of centralized solar power plants is key to the development of solar industry, though now it is not that good,
C.Large companies that have a monoply over an industry can lead to the inefficience in production.
D.It's a great advancement in technology to make use of desert to generate solar power.
A B C D
B
考查段落大意由题干定位到文章第二段第一句Meanwhile，the outlook for the other side of the solar industry—the large，centralized power plants—isn't so sunny．太阳能产业的另一半，大型的集中的电力厂却表现平平。可见第二段的大意主要是说明大型电力企业在太阳能发电领域的表现一般。选项A认为大型电厂的太阳能发电量超过普通家庭的太阳能发电量，定位到consumers added 522 megawatts to the grid；whereas utility companies added just 96 megawatts，可见普通家庭提供的太阳能发电量高于大型电力企业。选项B认为虽然目前大型电力企业的太阳能集中发电项目的现状不理想，但这个部分的发展是太阳能产业的关键，此表述与文章原意相符，故B是正确答案。
3. What is the meaning of the word "thwart" in the third paragraph?
A.build
B.facilitate
C.encourage
D.oppose
A B C D
D
考查特定词汇理解由题干定位到文章原句utilities worried about loosing their grip on the country's energy industry, and the $130 billion residential electricity market．In sonic eases，utilities are actually taking direct steps to thwart rooftop solar．大型企业担心失去对国家能源产业的控制，还有居民用电市场。在很多时候，这些大型企业会反对建立屋顶太阳能没施。选项A意为修建，B意为协助、促进，C意为鼓励，D意为反对。可见D项正确。
4. According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT agree able to Adam Browning's ideas?
A.Now the reality is that the utilities and distributed solar generation can not cooperate very well.
B.The utilities don't want to share their business with the distributed solar generation.
C.The utilities should help people to set up rooftop solar system when needed.
D.People should pay to the utilities for the power generated from their rooftop solar systems.
A B C D
D
考查文中人物对具体事物的观点由题干定位到文章原句“There is a tension between distributed solar generation and utilities”，分散的太阳能发电和大型电力企业之间的关系紧张，可见选项A认为大型企业和分散的太阳能发电不能很好合作，选项A是合文意的。选项B认为大型企业不想和别的太阳能发电单位分享市场，定位到文章原句，They've had the energy pie to themselves for a century, they're looking for ways to profit from it and maintain control．大型企业已经享有一个世纪的产业垄断了，他们现在寻找盈利和保持对产业控制的方法。可见B是合文意的。选项C认为大型企业应该在需要时，帮助人们建立屋顶太阳能系统，定位到文章原句，People want solar panels on their roofs，so utilities should he working to make that happen，可见C是合文意的。选项D认为居民应该向电力企业为其享用的太阳能电力付费，文章中关于Adam Browning的表述并没有此项，故D不是Adam Browning的想法，应选择D。
5. According to the passage, which one of the following statements can not be inferred from the passage?
A.Now, there is a good environment for the private sector to grow in producing solar power generated energy.
B.There are encouraging measures that the government takes to propel the solar industry development.
C.There are some reasons why the utilities are not interested in rooftop solar system.
D.The advantages and disadvantages of making use of rooftop solar system.
A B C D
D
考查全篇大意文章原句Private sector can seize this opportunity to grow，私人企业也抓住这个机会，大力发展，选项A认为现在对于私营企业来说，有很好的发展环境，可见A是合文意的。选项B认为文章讲述了政府在发展太阳能产业方面的鼓励措施，是合文意的。选项C认为文章讲述了大型企业对屋顶太阳能系统不感兴趣的原因，是合文意的。选项D认为文章讲述了使用屋顶太阳能系统的优缺点，这并没有在文章中提到，故D是不合文意的，应选择D。
第二篇
Is the Internet Broken?
Google's Gmail system, which serves millions of customers around the world, shut down yesterday. Twitter, the micro - blogging service used by tens of millions of people, went off - line last month. It blamed the trouble on a malicious programmer in Russia who was trying to shut down the account of a user in neighboring Georgia. It is astonishing the local actions of a small number of programmers can bring an entire Interact service to its knees, but that have been the case. The Internet as it is set up now operates at three levels. The first is the servers that store data and content for use by customers. Google and other large companies keep massive server farms. These are well -protected from outside programmers by sophisticated software, but clearly that does not always work. The protection devices may fail more and more often as hackers get more skillful. The second part of the Internet is the" pipes" that carry data, video, e - mail messages, and text of websites from companies such as Google, Yahoo !, and Twitter, that make up Internet content and services to customers. Some of these" pipe" providers, specifically telecom and cable companies, are already complaining that the amount of data that they have to move is rising too rapidly for them to accommodate. Video files, which aye particularly large, have posed significant problems to cable companies. The last piece of the Internet is the end user, the companies and consumers who have the PCs. Perversely, these PCs are also the tools by which hackers build malicious code that they send out to compromise the effectiveness of the servers to destroy the data transport system which is at the core of the worldwide web's operations. The problem of online outages is as old as the internet itself, AOL's dial - up 56k service would go down regularly in the mid - 1990s. The company did not have enough modems to keep up with demand. The Internet for the last decade may not be the Internet for the future. The prophylactic software that was meant to protect the web is less effective. Like anything else that is used regularly whether it is a car, a light bulb, or a PC, the Internet is going to have to be upgraded more often now. It won't work every hour of every day anymore.
1. What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?
A.To critize that Google and Twitter provide poor service.
B.To remind people of the danger in Using emails.
C.To present a fact that the internet is not stable all the time.
D.To display the hacker's skills in damaging the internet.
2. According to the passage, which description about internet is fight?
A.The internet operates at three levels, all of which are servers kept by internet operators.
B.The servers are so well protected that they are seldom hit by hackers.
C.The demand for improving protection devices is urgent as hackers get more and more skillful.
D.Google and Twitter keep large farms for customers.
A B C D
C
考查关于特定事物的理解定位到文章原句The first is the servers that store data and content for use by customers；The second part of the Internet is the "pipes"．Some of these "pipe" providers，specifically telecom and cable companies；The last piece of the Internet is the end user．第一层是储存数据的服务器，第二层是数据通道，第三层是终端用户，选项A认为三层都是由网络公司拥有的服务器，是不正确的。选项C认为随着黑客技术的发展，要升级网络保护技术的要求越来越迫切，定位到文章原句The protection devices may fail more and more often as hackers get more skillful．由于黑客的技术越来越高，网路保护失效的可能性越来越大，可见选项C是符合文意的，故选择C。
3. According to the passage, what is main problem that cable companies face now7
A.There are more and more cable companies to compete in the internet cooperation market.
B.The amount of data they kave to move is rising while their accomadation is not increased so quickly.
C.The videos files damage the pipes that are used to transporting the information.
D.Telecom and cable companies have too much content to provide that they need to enlarge there pipes.
A B C D
B
考查特定条件下发生的事情定位到文章原句Some of these "pipe" providers，are al ready complaining that the amount of data that they have to move is rising too rapidly for them to accommodate．一些数据通道提供商已经在抱怨数据的流量太大，而通道太小。选项B认为数据流量增长速度超过通道增长的速度，与文意是符合的。D项认为通道运营商有太多的数据要传输，从文章原句Some of these "pipe" providers，specifically telecom and cable companies，电信公司是数据通道的提供者，不是内容的提供者，故D不正确。
4. According to the passage, why the PCs can be the tools to destroy the internet system?
A.Because there are too many PCs while the interact system resources are limited.
B.Because the PCs are weak in receiving data which makes the internet is overcrowded with data.
C.Because hackers can use the PCs to send harmful code to reduce the effectiveness of servers.
D.Because the worldwide web's transportation can be broken down by PCs.
A B C D
C
考查具体事情发生的原因定位到文章原句these PCs are also the tools by which hackers build malicious code that they send out to compromise the effectiveness of the servers，个人电脑有时也会被黑客当作传输恶意代码的工具，而影响服务器的正常工作。选项C认为黑客可以利用个人电脑发出有破坏性的代码而降低服务器的功效，与文意相符，故选择C。
5. What can NOT be inferred from the passage?
A.Usually, the demand for internet is greater than that can be provided.
B.Internet, like a ear, needs to be upgraded to meet the higher demand on it.
C.It is common that the internet won't work properly now and then.
D.There is no great demand of internet acess in 1950s in the U. S.
A B C D
D
考查全篇大意选项A认为通常情况下对互联网的需求都大于能提供的互联网服务，定位到文章原句The problem of online outages is as old as the internet itself．可见互联网的老化问题一直伴随着互联网，故A是合文意的。选项B认为互联网和汽车一样，需要升级以满足对他更高的要求，Like anything else that is used regularly whether it is a car，the Internet is going to have to be upgraded more often now，故B是合文意的。选项C认为互联网偶尔会出现故障是正常的，定位到文章原句It won't work every hour of every day anymore，可见C是合文意的。选项D认为在50年代，美国对互联网的需求不大，定位到文章原句in the mid-1990s…The company did not have enough modems to keep up with demand．可见上世纪90年代中期，对互联网的需要是大于供应能力的。
第三篇
Policing Skills
In many ways, though, definition of such skills is quite unnecessary for an analysis of policing. It is really most unlikely that the average police officer will ever in his career perform or even witness those detective skills that he has enjoyed in countless TV products. The reason for this is simply that the vast majority of crimes are usually either very likely to be solved by routine investigation or they are very unlikely to be solved at all. Fortunately, the clear - up rate for serious crimes tends to be very high. Zanderhas shown why. In his study of Old bailey cases ,the identity of the defendant(被告) seems to have been reasonably clear in 87% of cases. Morgan (1980 and ongoing)has shown that well over 92% of crimes known to the police are discovered by the public who provide the majority of decisive information. In Morgan's study, crimes that were" solved" contained in their crime files over twice the amount of qualitative information as crimes that were not" solved". The various bits of information in value in terms of probability of detection, "solving" of the crime. In this, where information was provided by the public during a police interview, the information was believed to the police" since it was felt that in an interview genuine police skills are involved in the collection of information. "Evidently this method can be justified thus, but will necessarily overestimate the police role. Nevertheless, in this analysis of crime files it was shown that in cases where crimes were solves, the public still provided nearly twice the amount of information as the police.
1. It is very likely that the part previous to this passage is about
A.police skills.
B.the role of informants.
C.TV products.
D.studies of crime files.
A B C D
A
文中的首句就说In many ways, though，definition of such skills is quite unnecessary for an analysis of policing(such skills的定义对于分析policing时不重要)，因此可判断such skills应该是police skills，而前面一段应该是关于police skills的，A为正确答案。
2. It can be learned from this passage that
A.excellent detective skills are highly necessary for the police to solve crimes.
B.police officer's experience in detection forms the basis for detective series on TV.
C.actual solving of a crime case is more demanding than the TV series show us.
D.the average police in practice rarely demonstrate or need the sophisticated detective skill shown on TV.
3. According to the passage, the vast majority of crimes
A.are very likely solve by routine investigation.
B.can not be solved simply through routine investigation.
C.are unlikely to be cleared up at all.
D.can not be solved because the defendants are unknown.
A B C D
A
文章第三句提到…the vast majority of crimes are usually either very likely to be solved by routine investigation(通过日常调查，绝大多数罪案可以被解决掉)，所以A正确。B项过于绝对，文中说的是very unlikely to be solved，而不是cannot be solved，故排除；C项solve,与clear up并不同义，因此C也不正确；D项仍然犯了B项相同的错误。
4. According to Morgan, the solving of the overwhelming majority of crimes depends largely on
A.the police's collecting evidences on the site of the crime.
B.experienced police investigators'rating information in the crime files.
C.information collected by the police in police interviews.
D.information provided by the public who discovered the crime.
A B C D
D
答案在第七句Morgan has shown that well over 92% of crimes known to the police are discovered by the public who provide the majority of decisive information，D项与之相符，为正确答案。A项是读者的主观判断，文中并没有提到警察在现场收集证据，故排除；B项颠倒了主次关系，只有在收集到足够的破案信息之后，有经验的警察才能对其进行评估，故排除；C项不够确切，因为在police interviews中，信息也是由公众来提供的，故排除。
5. We can learn from the passage that the collection of information in police interviews
A.requires genuine police skills.
B.cannot be justified.
C.is crucial for the solving of a crime.
D.over - estimates the informant's role but ignores the police's role.
A B C D
A
文章倒数第三句说，in an interview genuine police skills are involved in the collection of information，因此A正确。B项与倒数第二句中的Evidently this method can be justified相悖，故排除；C在文中并未提及，故排除；D与倒数第二句中的but it will necessarily overestimate the police role相悖，故排除。
With Genetic Gift,2 Monkeys Are Viewing a More Colorful World
Dahon and Sam are male squirrel monkeys, about a foot tall. 1 Dalton and Sam lead a more protected life in the laboratory of Jay and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington, Seattle. Recently. the Neitzes endowed them with a new genetic girl: the ability to see the world with full color vision. Male squirrel monkeys have only two of the color pigments(色素)known as opsins(视蛋白), unlike people who have three. The Neitzes, with Katherine Mancuso and other colleagues, used the technique of gene therapy to introduce the gene for the missing red pigment into the cone cells of the monkeys'retinas (视网膜). 2 It was somewhat surprising that the monkeys'brains could take advantage of a third opsin. The retina, however, seems to work by recording the difference between the signals from neighboring cones, the cells that detect color. 3 New World male monkeys like Dalton and Sam are chromatically challenged because their ancestors split off from Old World primates before full color vision evolved. At the time of the split, Drimates had only two visual pigments, one that is particularly sensitive to blue light and another that responds best to either green or red, depending on which variant of the gene is inherited. 4 The gene for the red or green opsin was duplicated, allowing individuals to see red and green instead of just one or the other. New World monkeys never developed the duplicated gene, but many females have full color vision. The reason is that the red/green opsin gene lies on the X chromosome, so females who inhetit a different version from each parent have both red and green opsins along with the blue opsin on another chromosome (染色体). 5 A. But males, with only one X chromosome, inherit just one variant of the red, green opsin—the green in the case of Dalton and Sam. B. Several months after the therapy, Dalton and Sam were able to see a world in which red hues (颜色) were visible and oranges no longer looked like lemons, the researchers say in the current issue of Nature. C. Their ancestors lived by eating fruit and insects in the forest canopy(树荫)of Central and South America. D. After the split, which began with the opening of the Atlantic between Africa and South America some 150 million years ago, the Old World primates benefited from a genetic accident. E. So the extra opsin gene giren to Dalton and Sam would have changed the signal from affected cones and hence the message forwarded from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain. F. The monkey experiment would help researchers understand the circuitry used by the primate brain to analyze color.
第6部分：完形填空 下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。 Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed 1 over the centuries. During the 1950's and 1960's especially, increased attention has been devoted to defining and describing the reading process. 2 specialists agree that reading 3 a complex organization of higher mental 4 , they disagree 5 the exact nature of the process. Some expels, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, view reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand 6 . These authorities 7 that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is 8 related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 9 their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, according to some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 10 reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 11 . By some expert they would not be classified as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most 12 and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 13 the sound -symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 14 , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do so widely and enthusiastically. 15 reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.
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