银符考试题库-在线练习-考博英语模拟51

考博英语模拟51

Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension
(略)

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it with a pencil.

Passage 1
With the US economy slowing down, layoffs are everywhere. No industry is spared. If you end up having to start over, in addition to starting your job search, there are several things you should take care of to make your transition a smooth one.
First and foremost, clear up any misunderstanding about how and why you left your last job with your exb0ss. Whether you left voluntarily, were fired or were laid off due to budget cutbacks, make sure you both have the same explanation. Agree on job titles accordingly. Also ask for a reference if you think your ex-boss will offer one and you trust that he or she will speak honestly about your performance.
You should have a source of emergency cash that you can use in the interim. Don't panic and liquidate your stocks and bonds just yet, be optimistic in your prospects while also be more frugal than usual. You should save money on not having to dry clean work clothes so often and eating less take-out lunches. Save money by not eating out at restaurants and watch videos rather than going to the movies every weekend. Make a note of your job-hunting expenses, such as career counselor consulting fees and resume printing costs, and save the receipts. By next year's taxfIIing time, you could get deductions on your job-search expense (unless you left a job willingly or was a college graduate looking for your first job).
Most companies terminate your medical insurance coverage as soon as you stop working for them. But it doesn't mean you have to forgo medical coverage altogether. There is something called Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) in the United States that legally protects an ex-employee's right to stay in the company's health care plan. However, the company will stop paying your premiums, and you will have to pay out of your pocket the expenses-This is still a good option compared to no health insurance at all.
Another important thing to take care of when you change jobs is your 401 (k) account. A 401 (k) is the retirement fund that most companies offer. It's named after section 401 (k) in the Internal Revenue Service's policy documents. You put aside a percentage of your paycheck each pay period, and the money accumulated will be managed by the 401 (k) fund manager your employer has hired and is invested in the stock market. You cannot withdraw money from this account until you reach this age, or you will incur penalties. When you leave a job, the money can sometimes be kept with your ex-employer for a while. It's always a good idea to compare your new employer's 401 (k) plan with your old one. Every company offers different types of investment options, form over- seas stocks to high-tech stocks and everything in between. If you do want to transfer the account to your new employer, you need to go to the human resources department and ask for forms that help you make the transition.
Don't forget to ask for job leads form your ex-coworker. Even if you are leaving for a job in an- other industry, you never know what people they happen to know that can help with your job search. Keep in touch with the friends you have make at your old job. Remember to anchor yourself to people, not institutions, and you will find that any transition is made easier.

1. According to paragraph 1, in the United States, ______.

A.most industries stay unaffected by global economic recession
B.each and every company spares no effort to survive the fierce competition
C."compulsory redundancy" is going on in every industry
D.employees are laid off because they are not qualified for their jobs

A B C D

第一段说With the US economy slowing down，layoffs are everywhere．NO industry is spared，美国经济发展缓慢，到处都是失业者，所有行业无一幸免，可以判断正确答案为选项C，所有行业都在强制性裁员。

2. The word "interim" most probably means ______.

A.interval
B.hard time
C.transitional period
D.emergency

A B C D

该单词出现在第三段You should have a source of emergency cash that you can use in the interim，interim过渡时期，这里指的是失业后，重新找到工作之前那段时间。选项C过渡时期，意思符合。interval时间间隔，中场休息。emergency紧急情况，突发事件。

3. What's the point of saving the receipts of job-searching expense?

A.To get reductions at tax-filing time.
B.To keep a record of one's job-hunting experience.
C.To be aware of one's expenditure and be frugal.
D.Because one's ex-boss will reimburse the job-searching expense.

A B C D

从第三段By next year's tax-filing time，you could get deduction your job-search expense可以看出留下寻找工作的花销单据是为了get reductions at tax-filing time。

4. COBRA ensures an ex-employee stay in the health care plan ______.

A.as long as the ex-employer continues to pay the premium
B.as long as the ex-employee continues to pay the premium
C.as long as the ex-employee finds a new job
D.as soon as the ex-employee is called back to the company

A B C D

第四段说COBRA legally protects an ex-employee's right to stay in the company's health care plan但是you will have to pay out of your pocket the expenses，可以判断选项B正确。

5. Which statement is true according to this passage?

A.401 (k) account can be terminated by the employers anytime they want.
B.401 (k) account can be withdrawn by the unemployed staff before their retirement.
C.401 (k) fund is invested in international stock market only.
D.401 (k) account can be transferred from one's ex-employer to one's new employer.

A B C D

从文中第五段If you do want to transfer the account to your new employer...help you make the transition可以判断401(k)account可以从一家公司转移到另一家公司。

Passage 2
Why would any woman in her fight mind choose to walk on the balls of her feet with her heels propped up by spikes? The historical answer is that high heels reflect aristocratic tastes-specifically, the tastes of the seventeenth-century French court, which first popularized them in Europe. Not only did heels keep the wearer's feet relatively mud free, they also created a physical elevation to match the social elevation of the stylish, exaggerated the strutting gait of the noble classes, and they suggested, by their very precariousness, that their owners could afford not to worry about falling on their faces. Indeed, as Bernard Rudofsky points out, seventeenth-century wearers of high heels, men and women, frequently had to be transported in sedan chairs because they could not manage cobblestones on foot. Some "heels" in that era were actually full-soled platforms, and to walk on these things at all, one needed the constant elbow support of two Servants.
The helplessness associated with the raised-heel style encouraged the notion that heeled persons were above having to care for themselves. In view of this, it is not surprising that even today it is women, almost exclusively, who wear heels. High heels are the cobbler's contribution to what I have called the pedestal ploy. They link physical incapacity with the notion of woman as a "higher being"--too high to get along on her own.
Women have taken to high heels, of course, because they feel, correctly, that they increase their attractiveness to men. Part of that increased attractiveness has to do with male fantasies of female fragility. As fashion-iconoclast Elizabeth Hawes puts it, "The idea is that he, in his heavy shoes, should feel stronger and more capable than she on her fragile stilts. Never mind the realities." Another part of it may be biological. In his discussion of rump display among mammals, Dale Guthrie notes that the "lines of the buttocks, thigh, calf and ankle have a native sexual stimulation, but this can be increased with high-heeled shoes; the curves are exaggerated when the heel is lifted." Heels also exaggerate the lateral motion of buttocks the. ultimate function of high heels, therefore, may be to fuel the male belief that women are both impotent and seductive.

1. The passage is mainly about ______.

A.high heels
B.functions of high heels
C.history of high heels
D.women on high heels

A B C D

本文主要从historical和现今两个角度讲了high heels的作用，选项B正确。

2. From historical point of view, high heels ______.

A.were the exclusive passion of women
B.were worn by both men and women
C.symbolized the tastes of aristocracy
D.were the characteristics of noble classes

A B C D

文中第一段The historical answer is that high heels reflect aristocratic tastes，即用历史的观点来看high heels反映了贵族品位。

3. Women on high heels suggest that ______.

A.they are always helpless as high heels
B.they are dependable as well as fragile
C.they always have some superiority
D.high heels are still fashionable

A B C D

第二段说The helplessness associated with the raised-heel style，并指出heeled per- sons were above having to care for themselves，即穿高跟鞋既显得可靠又显得脆弱，选项B正确。

4. The most important reason for women's preference to high heels is that ______.

A.biological weak-points can be reduced
B.attractiveness to men is increased
C.social elevation can be shown
D.aristocratic tastes are reflected

A B C D

从文中第三段Women have taken to high heels．．．they increase their attractiveness to men可以判断女性喜欢穿高跟鞋的最重要原因是它能增加对男人的吸引力。

5. The men's attitudes towards women's wearing high heels are that ______.

A.they are considered weaker than men
B.they are regarded as biologically incapable
C.they are just in biological need
D.they are thought to be charming and feeble

A B C D

根据最后一段high heels，therefore，may be to fuel the male belief that women are both impotent and seductive，可知impotent和seductive分别与选项D中feeble，charming对应。

Passage 3
The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photography's fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art, as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.
Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves--anything but making works of art. In the nineteen century, photography' s association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art; late in the twentieth century, an ambivalent relation exists because of the Modernist heritage in art. That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.
Photographers' disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried slaws of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting.
Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity--in short, an art.

1. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______.

A.defining the Modernist attitude toward art
B.explaining the attitudes of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical context
C.explaining how photography emerged as a fine art after the controversies of the nineteenth century
D.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward the art and assessing the value of each of those approaches

A B C D

本文讲述了不同时期摄影家对photography是一门艺术的态度，并结合当时的历史背景进行阐述，选项B正确。

2. According to the author, the nineteenth-century defenders of photography mentioned in the passage stressed that photography was ______.

A.a technologically advanced activity
B.an art for observing the world impartially
C.an art comparable to painting
D.an art that would eventually replace the traditional arts

A B C D

从第一段photographers asserted that it was．．．no less worthy an art than painting可以看出摄影拥护者认为摄影是一项可与绘画媲美的艺术。

3. Which of the following adjectives best describes "the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism" as the author represents it in the last sentence of the second paragraph?

A.Objective.
B.Mechanical.
C.Dramatic.
D.Paradoxical.

A B C D

从作者的措辞imposed by被强加，可以看出作者认为这种观念是荒谬的，选项 D正确。

4. According to the passage, which of the following best explains tile reaction of serious con- temporary photographers to tile question of whether photography is an art?

A.The photographers' belief that their reliance on an impersonal machine to produce their art requires the surrender of the authority of their personal vision.
B.The photographers' fear that serious photography may not be accepted as an art by the con- temporary art public.
C.The photographers' belief that the best art is subversive of art as it has previously been de- fined.
D.The notorious difficulty of defining art in its relation to realistic representation.

A B C D

从第二段important photographers take for granted the better the art，the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art可以判断选项C正确。

5. The author introduces Abstract Expressionist painters in order to ______.

A.set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist painters
B.provide a contrast against serious contemporary photographers
C.provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other Contemporary visual forms, not and should not pretend to be an art
D.provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modem art

A B C D

第三段举Abstract Expressionist painters的例子进行类比，表明contemporary photographers不应该认为photography是一门艺术，选项B正确。

Passage 4
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, prohibits state governments from denying citizens the "equal protection of the laws". Although precisely what the framers of the amendment meant by this equal protection clause remains unclear, all interpreters agree that the framers' immediate objective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the United States and subject to United States jurisdiction. This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. The act was vetoed by President An- drew Johnson, who argued that the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, did not provide Congress with authority, to extend citizenship and equal protection the freed slaves. Although Congress promptly overrode Johnson's veto, supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. Yet for the first eight decades of the amendment's existence, the Supreme Court's interpretation of the amendment betrayed this ideal of equality. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, for example, the Court in- vented the "state action" limitation, which asserts that "private" decisions by owners of public accommodations and other commercial businesses to segregate their facilities are insulated from file reach of the Fourteenth Amendment' s guarantee of equal protection under the law. After the Second World War, a judicial climate more hospitable to equal protection claims culminated in the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown V. Broad of Education that racially segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

1. According to this passage, which of the following is correct?

A.By presenting a list of specific rights, framers of the Fourteenth Amendment were attempting to provide a constitutional basis for abroad judicial protection of the principle of equal citizenship.
B.Interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment have not reached consensus with regard to what its framers meant by the equal protection clause.
C.Not until after the Second World War did the Supreme Court begin to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment in a manner consistent with the principle of equal citizenship that it ex- presses.
D.The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment were aware that the phrase "equal protection of the laws" had broad implications.

A B C D

从文中第——段precisely what the framers of the amendment meant by this equal protection clause remains unclear可以判断interpreters并没有完全准确理解制定者的意思。

2. According to the passage, which of the following most accurately indicates the sequence of the events listed below?
Ⅰ. Civil Rights Act of 1866
Ⅱ. Dred Scott v. Sandford
Ⅲ. Fourteenth Amendment
Ⅳ. Veto by President Johnson

A.I-Il-IV-III
B.III-II-IV-I
C.II-11I-I-IV
D.Il-I-IV-III

A B C D

从文章第一段可知，由于存在Dred Scott v. Sandford，所以才提出了Civil Rights Act，但President Johnson否决了该项法案，随后才有Fourteenth Amendment的通过，选项D正确。

3. According to the passage, the original proponents of the Fourteenth Amendment were primarily concerned with ______.

A.detailing the fights afforded by the principle of equal citizenship
B.providing support in the Constitution for equal protection for all citizens of the United States
C.overturning the Civil Rights Act of 1866
D.asserting that the civil rights protected by the Constitution included nonracial discrimination as well as racial discrimination

A B C D

从第一段the framers' immediate objective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the Civil Rights Act可以看出最初的支持者认为Fourteenth Amendment是为了保障Civil Rights Act的实行，选项D符合。

4. The author implies that the Fourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if ______.

A.Congress' authority with regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged
B.the framers had anticipated the Supreme Court is ruling in Brown v. Board of Education
C.the framers had believed that it would be used in deciding cases of discrimination involving non-racial groups
D.most state governments had been willing to protect citizens' civil fights

A B C D

从文章第一段制定Fourteenth Amendment，prohibits state governments from denying citizens the“equal protection of the laws"可以推断如果地方政府能够保证公民合法权益得到保障的话，就不会有Fourteenth Amendment的产生。

5. The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to ______.

A.allow some discriminatory practices to continue unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment
B.influence the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education
C.provide expanded guidelines describing prohibited actions
D.prohibit states from enacting laws that violated the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

A B C D

见文中第二段which asserts that“private”decisions．．．arc insulated from the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment．．．，insulated from使隔离，不受影响，选项A中unimpeded不受阻止的，与之意思对应。

Part Ⅲ Translation
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

1. It is understandable that publishers are concerned that their journals are selected by ISI for inclusion in its database. Indeed, it is sometimes argued that the survival of a particular journal depends on ISI' s decision to cover it in Current Contents. A journal's ultimate success depends upon its quality, distribution, and many other competitive factors including cost and timeliness. Any one of these factors, including coverage by ISI, can make the difference between success and failure.
A journal's reputation may not tell the complete story about its impact on the scholarly community. In fact, a study on social science journals suggests quite the opposite. Their research showed that there is a nonlinear relationship between a journal's reputation and its impact, especially at the extremes of the prestige scale. They conclude that citation data "permit scholars to evaluate the importance of journals based not on Opinion but on the frequency of citations" and that "frequency of citation implies scholarly acceptance, or at least acknowledgment of importance through utilization of others' work." The researchers go on to mention that "journals have prestige, but their prestige is only derived from the usefulness of the articles they publish."

出版商们很关切自己的期刊是否能被国际统计协会纳入其数据库，这是可以理解的。实际上，有时人们会争论说一本特定的期刊是否能长存取决于印度学会国际统计协会是否将它纳入当前目录。一本期刊最终的成功取决于它的质量，销售以及诸如价钱，时宜之类的竞争性因素。这些因素中的任何一项，包括国际统计协会的报道等，都能够影响期刊的成败。
期刊的名声可能并不能完全反映出它在学术界的影响。实际上，关于社会科学期刊的一项研究结果恰恰与人们的想法(享誉程度越高，影响越大)相反。该研究表明，期刊的声誉与其影响间有着一种非线性关系，尤其是在影响力范围方面。他们认为资料引用允许学者估量一种期刊的重要性时不是根据期刊的观点而是根据期刊被引用的频率，引用的频率显示出期刊的学术接纳程度，或者他人的引用至少是对其重要性的一种认可。研究人员随后又进一步指出“期刊具有影响力，但它们的影响力仅仅源自他们所出版的文章的有用性。”

Part Ⅳ Writing

1. In the past few years, several plagiarism (抄袭，剽窃) cases have been exposed in China; some involve professors and famous scholars while some others involve graduate students who are working as researchers. Please write a composition of no less than 200 words on your attitude towards plagiarism. You may also illustrate your opinion on academic integrity (正直) and give suggestions on how to preserve it in the academic world.

Plagiarism is very common nowadays. People from professors and famous scholars, writers, singers to college students, average workers are involved in plagiarism. Plagiarism is mean quality, and has bad influence on society', especially the academic field.
People who make plagiarism will be lazy, and can't make real achievement in their career, and by plagiarism, gradually, the used-to-be famous scholars will lose their creativity: because their plagiarism is easier than carry out completely new ideas, why they have to bother with the trouble- some researches? People whose works are plagiarized will also be impacted, because to produce their works, they have devoted and sacrificed much, but finally it turned out that their hard work couldn't get protection, thus they will get frustrated and gradually give up doing further research. It's very urgent that academic integrity be strongly advocated. Only by doing this can the achievements be protected, can further research, inventions be realized, and can the academic field be prosperous.
To advocate academic integrity, the government should issue relevant laws or rules and set up institutions to deal with and punish the plagiarism behaviors. Besides, people should improve their own quality, show enough respect to other people and their works, and make original works them- selves.
By the joint efforts of the government and people, the plagiarism will finally be eliminated, and the academic integrity will be prevalent, thus the academic world will be prosperous.

Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

1 2 3 4 5

Passage 2

1 2 3 4 5

Passage 3

1 2 3 4 5

Passage 4

1 2 3 4 5

Part Ⅲ Translation

Part Ⅳ Writing

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