Part Ⅰ VocabularyDirections: In each item of the following, choose one word that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.
Part Ⅲ ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in tile following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE that best fits the pas sage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
The first man who cooked his food, instead of eating it raw, lived so long ago that we have no idea who he was or where he lived. We do know, however, that 1 thousands of years food was always eaten cold and 2 . Perhaps the cooked food was heated accidentally by a 3 fire or by the melted lava from an erupting 4 . When people first tasted food that had been cooked, they found it tasted better. However, 5 after this discover, cooked food must have remained a rarity 6 man learned how to make and light 7 .
Primitive men who lived in hot regions could depend on the heat of the sun 8 their food. For example, in the desert 9 of the southwestern. United States, the Indians cooked their food by 10 it on a flat 11 in the hot sun. They cooked piece of meat and thin cakes of corn meal in this 12 . We surmise that the earliest kitchen 13 was stick 14 which a piece of meat could be attached and held over a fire. Later this stick was 15 by an iron rod or spit which could be turned frequently to cook the meat 16 all sides.
Cooking food in water was 17 before man learned to make water containers that could not be 18 by fire. The 19 cooking pots were reed or grass baskets in which soups, and stews could be cooked. As early as 166 B. C, the Egyptians had learned to make 20 permanent cooking pots out of sand stone. Many years later, the Eskimos learned to make similar pans. Part Ⅳ TranslationDirections: Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.
Instead of trying to reduce the discontent felt, try to raise the level or quality of the discontent. Perhaps the most that can be hoped for is to have high-order discontent in today' s society, discontent about things that really matter. (76) Rather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy they make people, how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the discontent they engender. For example, if consultant wants to assess, whether or not an organization is healthy, he doesn' t ask, "Is there an absence of complaints?" but rather, "What kinds of complaints are there?"
(77) Instead of trying to make gradual changes in small increments, make big changes. After all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones. Some people assume that the way to bring about improvement is to make the change small enough so that nobody will notice it. This approach has never worked, and one can' t help but wonder why such thinking continues. Everyone knows how to resist small changes; they do it all the time. If, however, the change is big enough, resistance can' t be mobilized against it. (78) Management can make a sweeping organizational change, but just let a manager, try to change someone' s desk from here to there, and see the great difficulty he encounters. All change is resisted, so the question is how can the changes be made big enough so that they have a chance of succeeding?
Buck Minster Fuller has said that instead of reforms society needs new forms; e. g. , in order to reduce traffic accidents, improve automobiles and highways instead of trying to improve drivers. The same concept should be applied to human relations. There' s a need to think in terms of social architecture, and to provide arrangements among people that evoke what they really want to see in them selves. (79) Mankind takes great pains with physical architecture, and is beginning to concern it self with the design of systems in which the human being is a component. But most of these designs are only for safety, efficiency, or productivity. System designs are not made to affect those aspects of life people care most about such as family life, romance, and esthetic experiences. (80) Social technology as well as physical technology need to be applied in making human arrangements that will transcend anything mankind has yet experienced. People need not be victimized by their environments; they can be fulfilled by them.1.
在评估一个方案的时候,不是看它们会令人们多么高兴,不是看人们会变得多么满足。而要看这些方案引起什么样的不满。
2.
不要试图缓慢地一点点地变革,而要大变革。毕竟,大的变革比小的变革相对来说容易进行。
3.
管理部门能够大刀阔斧地进行全面的组织变动,但是你让一个经理把某个人的办公桌从这儿挪到那儿,看他会遇到多么大的困难。一切变革都会遇到抵制,问题是如何使变革尽量大一些,以使它们有获得成功的机会。
4.
人类一贯精心于有形的建筑,而现在开始关心起人作为其中组成部分的系统设计了。但是这些设计中的大部分,只是为了安全、效率和生产力。
5.
我们需要运用社会科学和自然科学的技术做出人际安排,这种安排将超越人类迄今为止的一切经验。人不应该成为其环境的牺牲品,人可以通过自身的环境实现其价值。
Part Ⅴ WritingDirections: Write around 200' words on ONE of the three given topics below within half an hour. Be sure that your writing should include at least three well-developed paragraphs.
1. 1. People say we are now in a very competitive society. Do you agree with it or not? Why?
2. What will we do as talented people to make our country powerful and prosperous in the new century?
3. A country' s economic prosperity can be reflected in people' s daily life. Do you agree or disagree? Give your reasons in detail.
Economic Prosperity and People's Daily Life
As Chinese citizens, we have seen that Chinese people' s living conditions have improved significantly with the miraculous economic take-off brought about by the 20 years' reform and opening up. There is no doubt that a country' s economic prosperity can mainly be reflected in people' s daily life.
Economic conditions are the chief factors that have great influence on a country' s overall circumstance, especially on people' s daily life. Therefore, the upgrading of living standards acts as an active role in representing the economic prosperity in a specific country. A vivid example is the abundance of Chinese people' s daily life since reform and opening-up. With more and more multinational corporations investing in China, we Chinese can consume various products from almost all over the world. Fast-food restaurants like McDonald' s and KFC provide children and young people not only with delicious food but also with a lot of fun. At the same time, we are no longer falling behind the leading tide in the world nowadays--high-tech manufactures are just a case in point. You can see Apple computers and Nokia cell-phones in your life. Besides that, much more entertainment establishments are built for people to relax in their spare time. However, all these improvements were unimaginable in the past before we began reform and opening-up.
Two decades are but a blink of an eye in the long history of mankind, but during this period of time, Chinese people' s life has indeed improved significantly. This is surely owing to the rapid economic development. So it is not difficult for us to reach the conclusion that a country' s economic prosperity is reflected in people's daily life.