Part Ⅴ Translation1. 把食物给动物的时候,它会流涎。在给予食物之前不久,如果反复出示铃铛,动物听到铃声就开始流涎,即使不提供食物也是如此。只要铃声伴随着食物的试验反复进行,反应的时间就会减少。这一过程被称为条件反射作用,伴随着铃声的流涎叫做条件反射。如果多次出示铃铛却不让食物紧接着出现,条件反射要么自然而然地产生,要么就会失效。
When an animal is presented with food, it will salivate. If a bell is repeatedly presented shortly before the food is administered, the animal will begin to salivate soon after the sound of the bell, even if the food is not offered. With repeated trials of the bell followed by the food, the latency of the response decreases. This process is called conditioning, and salivation to the sound of the bell is termed the conditioned response. The conditioned response may be unlearned or extinguished if the bell is presented a number of times without being followed by food.
Part Ⅵ Writing1. Topic: What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21st century? State your reasons.
[参考范文一]
What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21st century?
In my opinion, the most urgent problem the world people facing is education. As society develops, the development of technology, the training of professionals in various fields depend on education. Without it, there would be no civilization and modernization at all.
The 21st century is an information age. New technology determines one's success or failure in the competitive world. If a country can't level itself up to the leading stage of technological advance, then it will not be able to compete effectively and may fall further behind its foreign competitors. This is a world trend; no one including individual can ignore.
Computer is the brightest star in technology. It allows vastly increasing production for those who arc able to master it. But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it with permanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. So in broad sense, we may say, to master computer means the mastery of the world. And computer is a combination of arts and technology. Only through education, can we train various talented persons required. They in turn develop newfangled computers and spur our society forward.
In order to catch up with the world level, a country must quicken the steps of educational reform, especially in universities—the cradle of knowledge, the base of science, the training center of qualified persons. A large sum of funds should be invested to modernized laboratories and libraries, to introduce talented professionals, thus laying the foundation for offering advanced courses. With strong basis of education, we can stand up to whatever difficulties.
[参考范文二]
The Most Urgent Issue Facing The World People In The 21st Century
More than one billion people in the world lack access to clean water, and things arc getting worse. Over the next two decades, the average supply of water per person will 'drop by a third, possibly condemning millions of people to an avoidable premature death. Therefore, in my opinion, the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21st century is water crisis.
Foremost, our need for water is constantly increasing due to the growth of population. As a result, water crisis threatens the world's development and security. As the world's population continues to expand, and climate change alters the hydrology of river basins, heightened hunger and disease will follow. Secondly, with the development of industry and agriculture, more and more water is polluted, which lead to the reduction in drinking water. Moreover, in our daily life, people waste a large quantity of water without any awareness. The deteriorating conditions of water resources may bring nations into conflicts that-although they may not lead to war-will test diplomats' skills to the limit.
It's not too late to mend the problem, however. To start with, the answer lies in the development and large-scale application of relatively simple technologies. Sophisticated solutions such as solar-powered desalination plants have a role to play, particularly in wealthy yet arid countries. In addition, water is a shared resource that requires global cooperation to manage appropriately. We should take every measure to prevent the extant water resources from being polluted and to make good use of water as possible as we can. How we respond to today's water crisis will determine whether we actually know how to survive and whether we can survive and develop in a sustainable way.