A

[解析] A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. 词是表示世界上别的事物的符号。答案为A。

C

[解析] The basic words stock have five obvious characteristics: all national character, stability, productivity, polysemy and collocability. 可见有五大特征。答案为C。

D

[解析] 本族词汇具有基本词汇的五大特征——全民性(all national character)、稳定性(stability)、能产性(productivity)、多义性(polysemy)、搭配性(collocability)。除此之外本族词汇还有两个特征——文体上中性(neutral in style)和使用频繁(frequent in use)。答案为D。

D

[解析] In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany. 印度—伊朗语族包括波斯语、孟加拉语、印地语和吉普赛语。答案为D。

B

[解析] Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. 虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还是日耳曼语。答案为B。

C

[解析] Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing. 现代英语词汇的发展主要通过3个渠道：创词、旧词新义和借词。答案为C。

A

[解析] bird, earth, nation这三个词本身具有完整的意义，在句子中可以用作自由语法单位，因此是自由词素，也就是自由词根。答案为A。

B

[解析] The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. 现代英语中的词汇扩展主要依靠构词法。答案为B。

C

[解析] 前缀sub-表示下级的，下层的，因此subcutaneous infection指的是皮下感染。答案为C。

C

[解析] courageous(勇敢的)是在名词courage后加了形容词后缀-ous而变成形容词。答案为C。

B

[解析] Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. 通过转类法产生的词大多是名词、形容词和动词。答案为B。

C

[解析] Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 所指是语言与周围世界的关系。答案为C。

A

[解析] miaow(喵喵地叫)，是通过模仿猫叫的声音创造的。ping-pong(乒乓声)，是通过模仿打乒乓球的声音创造的。因此这两个词都是拟声理据，即onomatopoeic motivation。答案为A。

B

[解析] Lexieal meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning. 词汇意义本身只有两个成分：概念意义和联想意义。答案为B。

B

[解析] Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. 多义关系是所有自然语言都具有的共同特征。答案为B。

A

[解析] 同音异形异义词是读音相同但拼写和词义不同的词。答案为A。

A

[解析] Antonyms can be classified into three major groups. One group is contradictory terms: these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 反义词主要分为3大类。其中一类就是互为矛盾的反义词。这类反义词是真正意义上的反义词。答案为A。

D

[解析] Of these word-meaning changes, extension and narrowing are by far the most common. 在词义变化类型中，词义的扩大和词义的缩小是最为常见的。答案为D。

C

[解析] Wife originally means "woman" and now means a married woman. 妻子原义是“女人”现义为“已婚女人”。答案为C。

B

[解析] Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. 词义的降格与词义的升格相反。答案为B。

D

[解析] In a broad sense，it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. 广义上讲，语境还可以包括物理环境，这称为非语言环境，包括人物、时间、地点，甚至包括整个文化背景。答案为D。

B

[解析] In some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. 答案为B。

C

[解析] 单词的形态结构，特别是复合词和派生词为未知意义的推断提供了大量线索。由geo-这一形式以及它在句中用于与helio-相对，因此就不难猜出geocentric表示的是“地心的”。这种猜测是通过分析单词的结构得出的。答案为C。

A

[解析] we prefer the criterion of "grammatical functions". This is because such classification will be more helpful in the actual use of idioms. 我们倾向于“语法功能”的标准。这是因为此种分类在习语的实际使用中将更为有益。答案为A。

B

[解析] take the helm意为“掌权”，首先是由水手们所使用。答案为B。

B

[解析] The pot calls the cattle black意为“责人严而律己宽”，pot(壶)在这里用了拟人手法，即personification。答案为B。

B

[解析] Dictionary for English-speaker people is a book which presents in alphabetical order the word...vocabulary units. 答案为B。

B

[解析] 袖珍词典大约有50000个词条或不足50000条。它仅仅提供每个词的拼写和发音，及少许最为常见的意义。答案为B。

D

[解析] The three features of LDCE include clear grammar codes, usage notes and language notes. LDCE的三大特征是明确的语法代码，用法注释和语言注释。答案为D。

A

[解析] The CED has a collection of 80,000 entries. 答案为A。

denizens

[解析] There are four types of borrowed words: denizens, aliens, translation-loans and semantic-loans. 外来语可分为4类：同化词、非同化词、译借词和借义词。答案为denizens。

virtually

[解析] 到11世纪末，怎么样所有握有政治和社会权柄的人以及众多教堂职员都出身于诺曼血统?By the end of the eleventh century, virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. 答案为virtually。

component

[解析] 不管是自由词根还是粘附词根，在词中都是意义的主要什么?The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. 答案为component。

Blending

[解析] 通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的一部分相加来构成新词的方法叫什么?Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. 答案为Blending。

identical

[解析] 意义和概念有紧密的联系，但并不怎么样?Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. 答案为identical。

gradable

[解析] 相对反义词是什么样的反义词?Contrary terms are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes．They are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other. 答案为gradable。

widening

[解析] 词义的缩小是什么的相反?Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of widening meaning. 答案为widening。

forcible

[解析] 习语丰富多彩、怎么样而且发人深省?Idioms are colorful, forcible and thought-provoking. 答案为forcible。

antonyms

[解析] 邻接的意思是用什么构成习语?Juxtaposition means antonyms are used in forming idioms. 答案为antonyms。

Unabridged

[解析] 什么词典是对我们所能接触到的单词的最为完整的描写?Unabridged dictionaries are the complete description of words available to us. 答案为Unabridged。

It was a language in which the various forms of a given word showed its relationship to other words in a sentence. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language.

Word-formation is the process of creating new words from the material available in the language according to certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. The three major types of word-formation are affixation, compounding and conversion.

The appreciative are words which have positive overtones to show one's appreciation or the attitude of approval.

words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.

Linguistic dictionaries aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language. They usually cover such areas as spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical function, usage and etymology, etc. These dictionaries can be monolingual and bilingual.

(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements;
   (2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words，thus enriching the vocabulary.
   (3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times.

I agree to this comment. Shakespeare is more difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different senses from what they have now in contemporary daily life. Take his well-known play Hamlet as an example. Rival means "partner" as in "The rivals of my watch，bid them make hasten"; jump means "just" as in "Thus twice before, and jump at this dead hour"; vulgar means "common" as in "as common as any the most vulgar thing to sense"; censure means "opinion" as in "Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgement".

There are five types in word-meaning changes:
   (1)extension of meaning;
   (2)narrowing of meaning;
   (3)elevation;
   (4)degradation;
   (5)transfer.
   Of these, extension and narrowing are by far the most common.

Generally speaking, we should consider whether the dictionary is monolingual or bilingual, general or specialized, British or American, early edition or late edition as well as their content in accordance with our own needs.

Antecedent: ante-=before, ced=to go, -ent is an adjective suffix: "going before"
   Predict: pre-=before, -dict=say; "say beforehand (or before something happens)"
   Mishap: mis-=bad, hap=luck; "bad luck"
   Suicide: su-=self, cide=to cut or kill; "to kill (or cut) oneself"
   Transfuse: trans-=across, fuse=to pour; "pour (or flow) across (from one place to another)"
   Erupt: e-=out, rupt=to break; "to break out"
   Exhume: ex-=out, hume=ground; "(to dig) out of ground"

(1)The idiom is "as poor as a church mouse".
   (2)Its structure is: as+adj. +as+n.
   (3)Its grammatical function: adjective idiom as predicative in this sentence.
   (4)Simile.