一、选择题 在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案。
Polyester (聚酯) is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass on the bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.
All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.
Since 1982 it has opened three new factories producing "Melinar", the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.
The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in giant two-liter containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made.
Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles and will continue to be so, unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.
Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be reused. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming. The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI's commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.
The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container. Anne Whitney, a sophomore at Colorado State University, first had a problem taking tests when she began college. "I was always well prepared for my tests. Sometimes I studied for weeks before a test. Yet I would go in to take the test, only to find I could not answer the questions correctly. I would blank out because of nervousness and fear. I couldn't think of the answer. My low grades on the tests did not show what I knew to the teacher." Another student in biology had similar experiences. He said, "My first chemistry test was very difficult. Then, on the second test, I sat down to take it, and I was so nervous that I was shaking. My hands were moving up and down so quickly that it was hard to hold my pencil. I knew the material and I knew the answers. Yet I couldn't even write them down!"
These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is uneasy about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness. Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits, sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades. Recently, test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem, not just an excuse or a false explanation of lazy students.
Special university advising courses try to help students. In these courses, advisors try to help students by teaching them how to manage test anxiety. At some universities, students take tests to measure their anxiety. If the tests show their anxiety is high, the students can take short courses to help them deal with their tensions. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. Students are trained to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work at ease. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.
An expert at the University of California explains: "With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking our program. Most of them experience better control during their tests. Almost all have some improvement. With some, the improvement is very great." 二、简答题 根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。
1. 一位教师在英语教学过程中，按照听、说、读、写顺序指导学生学习英语，强调模拟、重复、记忆和句型练习，极力避免学生出现语言错误。请问该教师采用了什么教学法?该教学法有哪些优缺点?
该教师采用了听说法。
(1)听说法的优点：
①重视听说训练，有利于培养学生的听力能力和自然的语音语调：
②通过句型操练，能够利用有限的语言材料使学生较快地学会口语表达：
③在加强听、说能力，提高学生外语实践水平上有一定作用。
(2)听说法的缺点：
①只注意句型本身意义，忽视物质意义和情景意义，从而造成学生往往并不了解句子的确切含义；
②一般不指明语法规则，使学生对语言体系没有一个清晰准确的概念，加上机械性重复练习，学生的语言创造生成的能力得不到培养和发挥：
③它是一个脱离语境，忽视意义的模式体系，所以不利于培养学生进行自然的语言交际的能力。
四、教学设计题 根据提供的信息和语言素材设计教学方案，用英文作答。
1. 设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计一节英语听说课的教学方案。教案没有固定格式，但须包含下列要点：
● teaching objectives
● teaching contents
● key and difficult points
● major steps and time allocation
● activities and justifications
教学时间：45分钟
学生概况：某城镇普通中学九年级(初中三年级)学生，班级人数40人，多数已经达到《义务教育英语课程标准(2011版)》四级水平，学生课堂参与积极性一般。
语言素材：
Girl 1: Welcome to the English club. Today we're going to talk about the best ways to learn English. Who has an idea?
Boy 1: Do you learn English by watching English videos?
Girl 2: No. It's too hard to understand the voices.
Boy 1: What about keeping a diary in English? Do you learn English that way?
Girl 2: Yes. It helps to learn English every day.
Girl 3: Have you ever studied with a group?
Girl 2: Yes, I have! I've learned a lot that way.
Girl 1: Do you ever practice conversations with friends?
Girl 2: Oh, yes. It improves my speaking skills.
Boy 1: What about reading aloud to practise pronunciation?
Girl 3: I do that sometimes. I think it helps.
Boy 2: I do too. And I always look up new words in a dictionary.
Girl 3: That's a great idea!
[参考设计]
Teaching Contents: It contains a dialogue about the best ways to learn English. It can help students to learn some important sentence patterns.
Teaching Objectives:
(1) Knowledge objective
Students can master the sentence patterns: What about...? Have you ever studied with a group? Yes, I have. I've learned a lot that way.
(2) Ability objective
Students can improve their listening and speaking abilities and communicative competence.
(3) Emotional objective
Students can cultivate the habit of joining English club in their school to improve their English skills.
Teaching Key and Difficult Points:
Communicate with others on the topic—"the best ways to learn English freely".
Teaching Methods:
1. Pair work
2. Teaching by explanation
Teaching Aid:
A tape recorder
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Revision (3 minutes)
Check homework. Invite different students to report their discovery of new ways of studying what haven't been introduced in the book or in class.
S1: My friend Peter likes to listen to music while he studies.
S2: My father used to go to the library where it was very quiet.
S3: ...
(Justification: The revision will examine students' learning effect and easily lead in the text.)
Step 2 Speaking Practice (12 minutes)
Activity 1 Question & Answer
Ask students some questions:
(1) How do you usually learn English?
(2) Have you ever studied with a group?
(3) How do you learn English?
Guide the students to say. (They are members of an English club that meet after school once a week. They are talking the ways to learn English.)
Activity 2 Pair work
Guide the students to use "What about..." to make a dialogue, and do the pair work like this:
Boy 1: What about watching English movies? Do you learn English that way?
Girl 2: Yes. I do that sometimes. I think it helps.
(Justification: This step can develop students' speaking ability and set a happy atmosphere for listening.)
Step 3 Listening (15 minutes)
Firstly, let them listen to the tape recorder and summarize the main idea. Then the teacher asks several students to summarize the main idea of the material.
Secondly, listen to the tape again. At this time, the students should do some exercises, and answer some detail questions.
Thirdly, ask them to listen to the tape for one more time to check whether they can get the right answers.
(Justification: At this step, not only their ability of listening and speaking but also their skills of listening for specific information will be well developed.)
Step 4 Practice (10 minutes)
Show the tape scripts on the PPT.
Activity 1: Invite a pair of students to read the sample conversation to the class. Correct some of the pronunciation.
Stress out the key vocabulary and sentence structure and ask students to pay attention to those key points.
Activity 2: Divide the class into 5 groups, with each group 10 people. Ask each group to act as the members of English club and discuss the best ways of learning English.
Ask two groups to act in front of the whole class. Give comments, especially appraisals.
(Justification: This activity can make all students participate in the teaching and learning. Through this group work, students can consolidate the usage of the key words and sentence structure.)
Step 5 Summary and Homework (5 minutes)
Summary: Do the summary together with the students. Let them know what they have learned in this lesson.
Homework: Ask students to introduce one of the effective ways of learning English to their partners and to write two sentences with "What about...?" and two sentences with "verb + by with gerund".
(Justification: Homework is the extension of class and helps them to enhance what they have learned in this class.)
Blackboard Design:
aloud, pronunciation
What about...?
Have you ever studied with a group?
Yes, I have. I've learned a lot that way.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题