One of the difficulties in building an SQL-like query language for the Web is the absence of a database 1 for this huge, heterogeneous repository of information. However, if we are interested in HTML documents only, we can construct a virtual schema from the implicit structure of these files. Thus, at the highest level of 2 , every such document is identified by its Uniform Resource Locator (URL), and a 3 and a text. Also, Web severs provide some additional information such as the type, length, and the last modification date of a document. So for data mining purposes, we can consider the set of all HTML documents as a relation: Document (url, rifle, text, type, length, modif) Where all the 4 are character strings. In this framework, an individual document is identified with a 5 in this relation. Of course, if some optional information is missing from the HTML document, the associate fields will be left blank, but this is not uncommon in any database.
VRML is a 6 for 3D multimedia and shared virtual worlds on the WWW. In comparison to HTML, VRML adds the next level of interaction, structured graphics, and extra 7 (z and time) to the presentation of documents. The applications of VRML are 8 , ranging from simple business graphics to entertaining WWW page graphics, manufacturing, scientific, entertainment, and educational applications, and 3D shared virtual worlds and communities. X3D is the name under which the development of VRML is continued. X3D is based on XML and is backwards 9 with VRML. Furthermore, it is componentized, profiled, and extensible, which makes it possible to use X3D in very different 10 , from high-end visualizations to lightweight applications.
Developing reliable software on time and within 11 represents a difficult endeavor for many organizations. Usually business solutions have three main aspects: people, 12 , and technology. The main reason for failing software projects has little to do with .technology and tools, and much to do with lack of process 13 . Experience has shown that introducing new technology and tools in an immature or undisciplined environment is likely to increase the chaos. CASE tools are not enough. "A fool with a tool is still a fool!" Structured method was the first wave of the software industry. This was the beginning of transforming software development from a" 14 industry to mass production. Software process movement if the second wave in the software industry. The process maturity movement prepares the way for the third wave of the software industry: "software industrialization". Software development will become like an assembly and manufacturing process. A critical enabling factor is a disciplined software engineering process with predictable quality, 15 and functionality.
11.
A.forecast
B.preparation
C.budget
D.economy
A B C D
C
12.
A.process
B.skill
C.organization
D.interface
A B C D
A
13.
A.law
B.discipline
C.plan
D.evaluation
A B C D
B
14.
A.college
B.family
C.workshop
D.cottage
A B C D
D
15.
A.plan
B.schedule
C.effort
D.product
A B C D
B
[解析] 对很多组织来说，在给定的时间和预算范围内开发可靠的软件，意味着艰难的努力。 业务解决方案通常有三个方面，分别是人员、过程和技术，软件项目失败的主要原因与技术和工具几乎没有关系，大部分是因为缺乏过程定义。经验表明，在一个不成熟或者没有定义的环境引进新技术和工具，只能是乱上加乱。 CASE工具并不意味着一切，正如：“A fool with a tool is still a fool!”。 结构化方法掀起了软件产业的第一次浪潮，是从作坊式工业(cottage industry，家庭手工业)到大规模生产的转变的开端。软件过程改进是软件产业的第二次浪潮，且过程成熟为软件产业的第三次浪潮(软件工业化)铺平了道路。软件开发将如装配和制造过程一般，而要做到这一点，一个重要的因素就是需要一个具有可预测的质量、进度和功能的，已定义的软件工程过程。
You want to use the Web to let 16 users or your customers look 17 corporate information. But you want to keep installation at the user end 18 and you don't want just. 19 to get 20 your databases. That may be where an application server enters the picture. For more user machine independent, these software packages, typically written in the 21 programming language for use on Windows 22 -based systems, act as go-betweens 23 browser-equipped end users to the databases that 24 the information they need to 25 .
The heat generated by the operating system war between rivals IBM Corp. and Microsoft Corp. is 26 . Windows 95 and OS/2 introduce a new 27 . Both systems claim to multitask legacy DOS and 16-bit Windows applications. However, only OS/2 can provide full memory (crash) protection for these legacy applications because it is capable of running each DOS and Windows application within its full-protected memory address space. Windows 95 will run all current Windows applications in the same shared- memory address space, affording full memory protection only to the 28 32-bit Windows 95 applications. In other word, Windows 95 users will have to 29 their current Windows applications to Windows 95 version to match the memory protection OS/2 now delivers. While OS/2 does afford superior memory protection and multitasking for legacy DOS and Windows applications, it will not be able to run any Windows 95 applications. IBM may address this 30 in an update of the OS but has no present plans to do so.
26.
A.intensify
B.intensified
C.intensifying
D.intensifies
A B C D
C
27.
A.place
B.environment
C.condition
D.action
A B C D
B
28.
A.old
B.big
C.new
D.original
A B C D
C
29.
A.upgrade
B.upstair
C.downstair
D.downgrade
A B C D
A
30.
A.mistake
B.advantage
C.benefit
D.shortcoming
A B C D
D
[解析] IBM公司和微软公司这两个竞争对手之间的操作系统大战正在加剧。 Windows 95和OS/2都引进了新的环境。两个系统都声称能使老的DOS和 16位 Windows应用程序实现多任务。然而，只有OS/2可以提供对这些老的应用程序的全内存(崩溃)保护，因为它能在其整个保护内存地址空间中运行每个DOS和Windows应用程序。 Windows 95将在同样的共享内存地址空间中运行所有现有的Windows应用程序，仅对新的32位Windows 95应用程序提供全内存保护。换句话说， Windows 95的用户必须把他们目前的Windows应用程序升级到Windows 95版本以与OS/2现在就能提供的内存保护相匹配。 尽管OS/2对老的DOS和Windows应用程序提供了优异的内存保护和多任务功能，它将不能运行任何Windows 95的应用程序。IBM也许能更新其OS来克服这个缺点，但还没有计划这样做。 [分析] 这是关于IBM的OS/2和Microsoft的Windows 95操作系统的比较，这两个操作系统都是多任务系统，能使用户程序并行运行。 OS/2系统是一个通用的性能较高的操作系统，OS/2最初是作为IBM和微软合作开发的GUI操作系统面世的，历史比Windows还要悠久一些。OS/2系统的操作界面直观、丰富，可用鼠标双击调用应用程序，可用鼠标右键调出可选项菜单，还有与DOS相似的命令行界面。 OS/2系统才是真正的多任务通用操作系统，用户确实可以同时执行多项任务，如打印文件的同时可以玩游戏。OS/2系统在内存的保护模式下运行多个应用程序，并具有“系统崩溃保护”能力。 Merlin是IBM OS/2操作系统新产品，增加了语音控制及输入的辨认功能，同时提供了更强大的多媒体、3D绘图及新的OpenDoc、Open32、Win32 API Extension、TrueDos等支持，系统与Internet 紧密整合，内建Java功能，全新的硬件管理员、软件的兼容性与美观的使用者接口，都将更能满足使用者的应用需求。 本题的A小题考察的是常见的动词词态的使用。因为前面有系动词is，能够搭配的只有intensified(被动语态)和intensifying(进行时态)，因为当时 Windows 95刚诞生，所以，他们之间的竞争应该是正在进行。 E 小题的mistake是指事务本身的错误，shortcoming一般是指某事务与其他事务相比，存在的不足。
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) service providers offer organizations fully integrated PKI-managed services designed to secure Intranet, Extranet, Virtual Private Network (VPN), and e-commerce applications. PKI solutions can enable a number of security services, including strong authentication and non-repudiation of transactions. eToken enables the users of PKI systems to generate and store 31 and digital certificates inside the token, creating a secure environment and allowing full portability and maximum ease of use. eToken Pro can also perform sensitive on-chip 32 operations, ensuring that users' keys axe never exposed to the PC environment, eToken eliminates the need to store 33 and keys on a hard disk or browser file, or to transmit them across the Internet/Extranet; assuring peace-of-mind and confidence during online communications. A digital signature is created using the private key of an individual to ensure the Validity of his request. This technology can be used to guarantee 34 of various transactions. The strength of either the authentication level or the digital signature relies on the level of protection offered to the private key. eToken Pro offers the maximum level of security, since it enables the use of the private key for signing and authenticating inside the eToken. The most secure use of authentication involves enclosing at least one certificate with every signed message. The message 35 verifies the certificate using the CA's public key. If the sender's public key is legitimate, the recipient verifies the message's signature. Digital signatures created with a private key are verified with the digital certificate containing the public key.
When the system upon which a transport entity is running fails and subsequently restarts, the 36 information of all active connections is lost. The affected connections become half-open, as the side that did not fail does not yet realize the problem. The still active side of a half-open connections can close the connection using a 37 timer. This timer measures the time the transport machine will continue to await an 38 of a transmitted segment after the segment has been retransmitted the maximum number of times. When the timer 39 , the transport entity assumes that either the other transport entity or the intervening network has failed. As a result, the timer closes the connection, and signals an abnormal close to the TS user. In the event that a transport entity fails and quickly restarts, half-open connections can be terminated more quickly by the use of the RST segment, the failed side returns an RST i to every segment i that it receives, when the RST i reaches the other side, it must be checked for validity based on the 40 number i, as the RST could be in response to an old segment, if the reset is valid, the transport entity performs an abnormal termination.
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