1. The Association of University Teachers claims that taxpayers'money, ______ for basic research, is being used to prop up industrial and other applied research projects.
2. In winter drivers have trouble stopping their cars from ______ on icy roads.
A.skating
B.skidding
C.sliding
D.slipping
A B C D
B
[解析] 句中用到了stop sb．/sth．from doing sth．(阻止某人/某物做某事)这一固定结构。此题要注意区别词义的不同。skate(滑冰，溜冰)和slip(滑动，滑倒，失足)一般以人作主语；skid侧重指车或车轮打滑，失控滑向一侧(如：The car skidded on a pool of oil and ran into the fence．)；slide一般表示在平面上滑动、滑行。所以，B项正确。
3. Any time ______, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.
6. The diversity of tropical plants in the region represents a seemingly ______ source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.
A.exploited
B.controversial
C.inexhaustible
D.remarkable
A B C D
C
[解析] 从句意尤其是后半句，可知此题应选C(用不完的，用之不竭的。如：an inexhaustible supply of coal用之不竭的煤炭供应)。A(被开采的，被开发的)、B(争论的，争议的)和D(不平常的，非凡的，显著的)均错误。
7. The burst of growth and prosperity in America after 1945 had social consequences that were ______ anywhere in the world.
A.unprecedented
B.unidentified
C.unaccountable
D.unremarkable
A B C D
A
[解析] A选项：unprecedented的意思为“前所未有的”，如：The air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths．(这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。)句意：1945年以后，美国的急剧发展和繁荣产生了全世界前所未有的社会效果。故选A。 其他三项意思分别是：unidentified不能辨认的，身份不明的；unaccountable不负责任的，不能理解的；unremarkable寻常的，不值得注意的。
8. Dreams are ______ in themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer.
13. At the moment she is ______ the netball match between the Japanese team and the Cuban team over at the playing field.
A.arbitrating
B.intervening
C.refereeing
D.deciding
A B C D
C
考查同义词的辨析。netball是无板篮球，一种类似篮球的球赛；arbitrate是“进行仲裁”，一般指仲裁双方的纠纷等；intervene是“干涉，斡旋”，指来到……中间以阻碍或改变某一行动，如：intervene to prevent a fight(调停以防止打架)；referee是“担任裁判”；decide是“决定，判决”。符合句子意思的是 referee。
14. The market for non-food GE products could exceed the market for GE food products by a wide______within the next few years.
A.variety
B.margin
C.range
D.spectrum
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据句中“接下来数年内会大幅度超过”可知，只有B项符合题意。margin意 为“边缘，极限”；by a wide margin意为“大幅度地”，与题意相符，因此B项为正确答案。
15. A knowledge of history ______ us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.
A.equips
B.provides
C.offers
D.satisfies
A B C D
A
16. The team's efforts to score were ______ by the opposing goalkeeper.
20. We are a peaceful community but we cannot ______ and allow the people responsible to destroy the fabric of our society.
A.start up
B.start off
C.stand by
D.stick out
A B C D
C
[解析] C选项：stand by的意思为“袖手旁观，支持”，如：There were several people standing by when the accident happened．(事故发生的时候有好几个人在场。)句意：我们的社会爱好和平，但我们不能袖手旁观，纵容那些破坏我们社会结构的人。故选C。 其他三项意思分别是：start up开始，开始运转；start off迅速跑开，以……开始；stick out坚持，伸出来，突出，竖起。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Section A
Passage 1 States are considering major changes in prepaid college tuition programs - raising prices, restricting participation of canceling them - as they grapple with financial woes. Nationwide, families will likely have to pay more to participate, or accept that they might not cover tuition when children go to college. Colorado has closed its prepaid plan to new investors and told existing ones that it may not cover future tuition increases. Wisconsin stopped selling its plan Dec. 20. Maryland and Illinois are among states hiking prices by 20% or more. Prepaid plans let parents lock in tuition by paying for it now, protecting them against rising costs. But the hear market has hurt investment returns, leaving the plans unable to keep up with big increases in tuition. So far, Colorado is the only state that has told participants their investments may not cover tuition, and no plan has missed a payment. Other states have said they will fulfill obligations, even if it requires a legislative bailout. Still, the financial problems have forced thousands to grapple with uncertainty - something prepaid plans were designed to avoid. More than 1 million families have an estimated $ 8 billion invested in the plans, says ＜ Saving for College. com ＞. Some states, including Colorado, may replace the prepaid plan with a guaranteed investment contract, a CD-like investment that's backed by an insurance company. Investors get a minimum rate of return, but no guarantee that it will cover tuition. Wisconsin's EdVest program is encouraging investment in a stable value fund, which is similar to a guaranteed investment contract, in its investment plan. Wisconsin's prepaid plan never guaranteed to cover tuition inflation. It also never got a lot of investors, possibly because it lacked that guarantee. In Florida, a task force is considering limiting the state's prepaid program to low-income families. Ohio officials are also looking at limiting participation, but it's a measure they hope to avoid. "Program administrators are looking for alternatives," says Andrea Feirstein, a state-plan consultant. Maryland recently boosted its prices by up to 30%; Illinois by up to 23%. The increases have made some prepaid plans uneconomical for parents of older children. In Ohio, the price of one year's tuition for a child over 12 months old is $ 8, 000, more than 40% above current tuition at Ohio State. SO it may not be a good deal for children starting college in three or four years because tuition may not jump that much that fast.
1. Prepaid college tuition is generally designed on the principle that ______.
A.it is easy to pay at the present time
B.it is economical in the long run
C.it saves pains to pass the entrance exam
D.it ensures the admission to the college
A B C D
B
2. Many states plan to modify their prepaid college tuition programs ______.
A.under the mounting financial pressures
B.because of deficient college facilities
C.to ease overcrowding problems in college
D.to limit the participation of low-income families
A B C D
A
3. The word "investors" (in boldface in Paragraph 2) most exactly refers to those who ______.
A.serve as the main source of finance to the state
B.invest money in developing local colleges
C.sponsor colleges and their educational programs
D.join the plan and pay the tuition in advance
A B C D
D
4. Colorado now has told participants in the prepaid tuition plan that ______.
A.they would not have to make any other payment later
B.they would not be guaranteed against further payment
C.the plan would cover further tuition increases
D.the plan would be replaced by a guaranteed investment contract
A B C D
B
5. The expression "a CD-like investment" (in boldface in Paragraph 5) most probably refers to an investment ______.
A.to support civil defense
B.put in producing compact disc
C.to promote show industry
D.like certificate deposit
A B C D
D
6. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that in Ohio ______.
A.prepaid plans require a participation at most 3 or 4 years before starting college
B.children may start college 3 or 4 years earlier than at a normal age if they prepay tuition
C.college tuition 3 or 4 years later may not be so high as today's price of prepaid tuition
D.the younger a child to join the plan, the greater loss he/she will suffer at the age for college
A B C D
C
Passage 2 All art booms are different. The previous one ended in 1989, when Japanese buyers withdrew from the Impressionist market. Interest rates rose in the slump that followed; there were plenty of sellers but no buyers. Today the reverse is true. Buyers are looking to diversify into alternative assets. The only problem is the sellers. There is plenty of money, but little to buy. It should follow, then, that buyers will snap up anything. But that is not quite the case, as the Old Master sales at Christie's in London on December 8th showed only too well. In the recent sales the best pieces sold brilliantly, and the rest hardly at all. The best included a rare Raphael drawing, and an elegant self-portrait by Sir Anthony van Dyck. Many of the leading dealers were present, including Philip Mould, known as the BBC's "art detective;" Alfred Bader, a rich American art-market broker; and the heirs to two important art-dealing businesses, William Noortman and Simon Green. Van Dyck's oval shaped self-portrait, painted in 1640, the year before he died, had been in the same family for almost 300 years. Mr. Mould joined forces with Mr. Bader to try and win the painting. Young Mr. Noortman, the under bidder who was trying to buy the picture for stock, did not stand a chance. The winning bid was ￡7.4m, nearly three times van Dyck's previous auction record. The last lot in Christie's sale was a black chalk drawing, less than a foot square, by Raphael, an early 16th-century Italian master. It is the study of a head for one of the Greek muses. Its beauty, rarity and the sense that the study may well have been used by the artist himself when working on a larger painting drew collectors from far and wide. Christie's had estimated the study would fetch ￡12m-16m. Bidding opened at ￡8.5m, with three buyers on the telephone. Jennifer Wright, Christie's New York-based drawings specialist, made a final bid for the Raphael of if 26m—a world record for a work on paper. After the sale, Christie's international co-head, Richard Knight, was quick to point out that, at ￡ 68.4m, theirs had been the biggest Old Master sale ever. "This result shows what a very solid market this is," he said. But that took no account of the failures, which were considerable. 15 of the 43 lots in Christie's auction failed to sell at all.
1. Unlike 1989, today, the art market is characterized by an increase of ______.
A.sales
B.prices
C.buyers
D.supplies
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中第一段的“The previous one ended in 1989，when Japanese buyers withdrew…alternative assets．”可知，上一次艺术繁荣于1989年结束，当时日本的购买者从印象派艺术市场撤出。在随后的经济衰退中，利率开始上升；卖家很多，但没有买家。如今，实际情况正相反。买方正将注意力转向替代性资产，以求多样化。据此可知，如今艺术品市场的特征是买方数量正在增加。C项正确。
2. Christie's sale showed that ______.
A.many of the paintings were left on the shelf
B.portraits were in greater demand than others
C.buyers all found their favorite pieces
D.sellers worried little about selling their lots
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据文中第二段的“It should follow，then，that buyers will snap up anything．But that is not quite the case，as the Old Master sales at Christie's in London on December 8th showed only too well．In the recent sales the best pieces sold brilliantly，and the rest hardly at all．”可知，随之而来就应该是买方抢购任何东西，但是实际情况并非完全如此。尽管在伦敦佳士得拍卖行12月8日的拍卖会上，早期绘画大师的作品销售情况非常好，但在不久之前的拍卖中，那些佳作的销售非常成功，而其余作品则几乎没有售出。佳士得的拍卖结果表明，许多画都未售出。A项正确。
3. The self-portrait of Sir Anthony van Dyck was ______.
A.kept in one home for three centuries
B.once sold for about 2.5 million pounds
C.put up for auction for the first time
D.won by two American art dealers
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据文中第三段的“Van Dyck's oval shaped self-portrait，painted in 1640，the gear before he died，had been in the same family for almost 300 years.”可知，范·戴克椭圆形的自画像画于1640年，即他去世的前一年。该画在同一家族中保存了近300年。据此可知，A项正确。
4. Raphael's drawing at the sale was undoubtedly ______.
A.the portrait of the artist himself
B.the part of a larger painting
C.the copy of a Greek sculpture
D.the only one in the world
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据文中第四段的“The last lot in Christie's sale Was a black chalk drawing，less than a fool square，by Raphael，an early 16th-century Italian master．It is the study of a head for one of the Greek muses．Its beauty，rarity and the sense that the study may well have been used by the artist himself when working on a larger painting drew collectors from far and wide．”可知，佳士得最后拍卖的作品是一幅黑色粉笔画。这幅画不到一平方英尺，由十六世纪早期意大利的绘画大师拉斐尔绘制而成。这是一幅有关希腊缪斯之一的头部习作。该作品的美丽、罕有以及艺术家本人在绘制另一幅巨作时充分参考了这幅习作的可能性吸引了各地的收藏家不远千里而来。据此可知，在佳士得的拍卖会上，拉斐尔的绘画是世界上唯一的一幅。D项正确。
5. According to the passage, the ￡ 26m for the Raphael was most probably unexpected by ______.
Passage 3 On the outside, Betsy Lueth's school looks like any other in this arty neighborhood of Minneapolis: a sprawling, boxy red brick building with plain steel doors. Yet inside, the blond, friendly Minnesotan presides over an institution unique in the heartland: Yinghua Academy, a chartered public school where elementary students of every ethnicity study subjects ranging from math to American history in Mandarin. The idea behind Yinghua, as with many immersion programs, is to introduce kids to the language and culture as early as possible—ideally, before age 12, while they're still absorbing information like sponges. Kindergartners and first-graders are taught exclusively in Mandarin, and a single period of English is introduced in the second grade. By the sixth grade, kids are learning half in English and half in Mandarin, with the expectation of proficiency in both. The challenges at Yinghua are numerous. Most teachers come from Taiwan or mainland of China, and cultural misunderstandings prevail. Lueth's instructors are learning to be tolerant of local norms like nontraditional families and boys who cry—as well as a lot more parental input than they're used to. "In China, teachers are revered. They are not questioned," says Luyi Lien, Yinghua's Taiwan-born academic director. "In America, parents are more expressive of their opinions. " Yinghua's student body, once 70% Asian, is now 50% white, black or Hispanic. The school has more than tripled its enrollment, to 300 kids, many of whom commute an hour each day. Research has shown that in the long run, immersion programs can provide cognitive benefits, including more flexible, creative thinking. Though students from the programs lag for a few years in English, by the fifth grade they perform as well as or better than their monolingual peers on standardized reading and math tests. For multicultural families, the psychological boost can also be important. Lueth's adopted daughter, Lucy, used to squirm when cousins asked why her skin color was different from theirs. Now, Lucy proudly answers them, "Yeah, I was born in China. " Lueth recently won an $800,000 grant from the Department of Education to develop a teaching model for immersion middle schools, and she advises educators around the country who are starting their own programs. If Yinghua can make Mandarin a success in Minnesota, so can they. "This is a glorious culture and an increasingly important language that we are meaningfully teaching to our children. And we're in the middle of nowhere. "
1. According to the passage, Yinghua Academy is ______.
A.an English language school for immigrants
B.a high rise sticking out in the neighborhood
C.a grade school with students of different races
D.a unique institution with an Asian owner
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中第一段的“Yinghua Academy，a chartered public school where elementary students of every ethnicity study subjects ranging from math to American history in Mandarin．”可知，英华学院是一所特许公立学校，来自不同种族的小学生在这里用汉语学习从数学到美国历史等各种科目。据此可知，C项“一所培养不同种族学生的小学”正确。
2. In comparison with their counterparts in other schools around, Yinghua's twelve-year-old Asian children would most probably be ______.
3. Most instructors at Yinghua are trying to adapt themselves to the local parents who are ______.
A.soft with their children
B.unafraid to be critical
C.as stubborn as mule
D.respectful of nobody
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文中第三段的“The challenges at Yinghua are numerous…‘In America，parents are more expressive of their opinions．’”可知，英华面临着众多的挑战。大多数的教师来自中国台湾或大陆，文化差异导致的误解普遍存在。卢思的教师们正在学习容忍当地的行为模式，比如不符合传统的家庭和哭闹的孩子，以及父母给孩子灌输的更多的思想。“在中国，老师很受尊敬，没有人质疑他们。”在台湾出生的英华教务处主任连路一说道，“在美国，父母更喜欢表达他们的意见。”据此可以推知，英华的大多教师努力适应当地敢于批判的父母。B项正确。
4. According to the research, students from Yinghua will be more creative in thinking because ______.
A.they are taught there not only in English
B.they are not only learning languages there
C.they were not only born to White parents
D.they were raised not only nearby the school
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据文中第四段的“Research has shown that in the long run，immersion programs can provide cognitive benefits，including more flexible，creative thinking．”可知，研究表明，从长远来看，浸入型双语教学可以使学生在认知方面有所获益，包括更灵活的、富有创造力的思维。据此可知，英华学生的思维更有创造力，因为他们不仅学习英语。A项正确。
5. Which word can best describe Lucy?
A.Self-conscious.
B.Self-assertive.
C.Self-confident.
D.Self-important.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中第四段的“For multicultural families，the psychological boost can also be important．Lueth's adopted daughter，Lucy，used to squirm when cousins asked why her skin color was different from theirs．Now，Lucy proudly answers them，‘Yeah，I was born in China．’”可知，对于多元文化的家庭来说，改善心理状态可能也非常重要。过去，每当卢思的养女露西被堂兄妹们问到为什么她的肤色与他们不同时，她都会局促不安。但是现在露西会自豪地回答他们：“是啊，因为我出生在中国。”根据文中的proudly“自豪地，骄傲地”可知，描述露西最适宜的词语是“Self-confident自信”，C项正确。
6. In regard to the teaching of Mandarin, Lueth believes that Yinghua ______.
A.has still a long way to go
B.deserves financial rewards
C.plays a leading role in the US
D.shows what can be done anywhere
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据文中最后一段的“Lueth recently won an $800，000 grant from the Department of Education to develop a teaching model for immersion middle schools，and she advises educators around the country who are starting their own programs．If Yinghua can make Mandarin a success in Minnesota，80 can they．”可知，卢思最近从教育部获得了80万美元的教育基金，以帮助中学发展浸入型教学模式，并且她还为全国各地自主开展浸入型教学计划的教育工作者提供建议。如果英华在明尼苏达州的汉语教学能获得成功，那么他们也可以。据此可知，在汉语教学方面，卢思认为英华表明了这种方法在任何学校都可以做到。D项正确。
Section B
Passage 4 Advertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 1 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such a wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 2 The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 3 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 4 Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function , that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 5 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function. A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale, this is the information function. B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver. C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product. D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes. E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates. F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.
根据最后一段内容可知，本段分别介绍了广告的三个功能，用the important function，another function和the third function分别表达这三个功能。结合选项可知，本题应该选A。
Passage 5 No single element has tantalized and tormented the human imagination more than the shimmering metal known by the chemical symbol Au. For thousands of years the desire to possess gold has driven people to extremes, fueling wars and conquests, girding empires and currencies, leveling mountains and forests. 1 Yet its chief virtues—its unusual density and malleability along with its imperishable shine—have made it one of the world's most coveted commodities, a transcendent symbol of beauty, wealth, and immortality. From pharaohs (who insisted on being buried in what they called the "flesh of the golds") to the forty-niners (whose mad rush for the mother lode built the American West) to the financiers (who, following Sir Isaac Newton's advice, made it the bedrock of the global economy); 2 Humankind's feverish attachment to gold shouldn't have survived the modern world. Few cultures still believe that gold can give eternal life, and every country in the world—the United States was last, in 1971—has done away with the gold standard. 3 The price of gold, which stood at $ 271 an ounce on September 10, 2001, hit $1,023in March 2008, and it may surpass that threshold again. Aside from extravagance, gold is still continuing to play its role as a safe haven in perilous times. 4 In 2007 demand outstripped mine production by 59 percent. "Gold has always had this kind of magic," says Peter L. Bernstein, author of The Power of Gold. "But it's never been clear if we have gold or gold has us. " While investors flock to new gold-backed funds, jewelry still accounts for two-thirds of the demand, generating a record $53.5 billion in worldwide sales in 2007. 5 However, such concerns don't ruffle the biggest consumer nations, namely India, where a gold obsession is woven into the culture, and China, which leaped past the U.S. in 2007 to become the world's second largest buyer of gold jewelry. A. But gold's luster (光泽) not only endures; fueled by global uncertainty, it grows stronger. B. Gold is not vital to human existence; it has, in fact, relatively few practical uses. C. In the U. S. an activist-driven "No Dirty Gold" campaign has persuaded many top jewelry retailers to stop selling gold from mines that cause severe social or environmental damage. D. Nearly every society through the ages has invested gold with an almost mythological power. E. For all of its allure, gold's human and environmental toll has never been so steep. Part of the challenge, as well as the fascination, is that there is so little of it. F. Gold's recent surge, sparked in part by the terrorist attack on 9/11, has been amplified by the slide of the U. S. dollar and jitters over a looming global recession.
Part Ⅲ Cloze There are so many new books about dying that there are now special shelves set aside for them in bookshops, along with the health-diet and home-repair paperbacks. Some of them are so 21 with detailed information and step-by-step instructions for performing the function, that you'd think this was a new sort of 22 which all of us are now required to learn. The strongest impression the casual reader gets is that proper dying has become an extraordinary, 23 an exotic experience, something only the specially trained can do. 24 , you could be led to believe that we are the only 25 capable of being aware of death, and that when the rest of nature is experiencing the life cycle and dying, one generation after 26 , it is a different kind of process, done automatically and trivially, or more "natural", as we say. An elm in our backyard 27 the blight (枯萎病) this summer and dropped stone dead, leafless, almost overnight. One weekend 28 was a normal-looking elm, maybe a little bare in spots but 29 alarming, and the next weekend it was gone, passed over, departed, taken. Taken is right, for the tree surgeon came by yesterday with his 30 of young helpers and their cherry picker, and took it down branch by branch and carted it off in the back of a red truck, everyone 31 . The dying 32 a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat, is a spectacle I have beheld many times. It 33 to make me wince. However, early in life I gave up throwing sticks 34 the cat to make him drop the mouse, 35 the dropped mouse regularly went ahead and died anyway.
[解析] 此句意为“你会认为这是一个要求大家都要学会的新……”。根据下文中“only the specially trained can do(只有经过专门培训方可做到)’’内容可以判断，书中的内容让人 觉得死是人们要按部就班学习的一门技术一样。A项意为“能力，才能，天资”；B项意为 “专门的技术，技能，技艺”；C项为“品质，才能”；D项意为“工艺，技术”。B为最合 适的选项。
Part Ⅳ Translation An important variable affecting communication across cultures is fate and personal responsibility. 1. This refers to the degree to which we feel ourselves the masters of our lives, versus the degree to which we see ourselves as subject to things outside our control. Another way to look at this is to ask how much see ourselves able to change and maneuver, to choose the course of our lives and relationships. Some have drawn a parallel between the emphasis on personal responsibility in North American settings and the landscape itself. The North American Landscape is vast, with large spaces of unpopulated territory. 2. The frontier mentality of "conquering" the wilderness, and the expansiveness of the land stretching huge distances, may relate to generally high levels of confidence in the ability to shape and choose our destinies. In this expansive landscape, many children grow up with an epic sense of life, where ideas are big, and hope springs eternal. When they experience setbacks, they are encouraged to redouble their efforts, to "try, try again." 3. Action, efficacy, and achievement are emphasized and expected. Free will is enshrined in laws and enforced by courts. Now consider places in the world with much smaller territory, whose history reflects repeated conquest and harsh straggles: Northern Ireland, Mexico, Israel, Palestine. In these places, there is more emphasis on destiny's role in human life. In Mexico, there is a legacy of poverty, invasion, and territorial mutilation. Mexicans are more likely to see struggles as invasion, and territorial mutilation. Mexicans are more likely to see struggles as inevitable or unavoidable. 4. Their fatalistic attitude is expressed in their way of responding to failure or accident by saying "ni modo" ("no way" or "tough luck", meaning that the setback was destined. This variable is important to understanding cultural conflict. If someone invested in free will crosses paths with someone more fatalistic in orientation, miscommunication is likely. The first person may expect action and accountability. Failing to see it, they may conclude that the second is lazy, obstructionist, or dishonest. 5. The second person will expect respect for the natural order of things. Failing to see it, they may conclude that the first is coercive or irreverent inflated in his ideas of what can be accomplished or changed.
1. China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of research workers, yet it has not produced a single Nobel prize winner so far. What has caused this situation in your opinion?
Nobel prize, an international award given for achievements in various academic fields, has been a great honor to people from different countries. However, China, with the greatest population and a large number of research workers, has not produced a single Nobel prize winner so far. In my opinion, various contributing factors can be identified as follows. First of all, though the educational system in China has fostered many researchers, it somehow hinders individuals' creativity. Children are usually not valued by their unique way of thinking, but are encouraged to be obedient. Especially in the traditional cramming method of teaching, schools 1ay particular stress on memorization at the expense of comprehension, which has a very bad influence on students' ability to solve difficult problems. Furthemore, for a long period in Chinese history, China had been isolated from the outside world. In ancient times, we were self-contained for self-pride, believing that China was at the center of the whole universe. In modern times, we were self-fettered for self-protection, afraid of the invasion of other countries. As a consequence, China has lagged behind in many fields including science development. Researchers in China have little idea about the research interests of their own areas. At the same time. discoveries by Chinese researchers cannot be made known to foreign countries. For instance, the clone technology was first explored by Scientists from Chinese Academy of Sciences decades ago, but their research did not arouse international concern simply due to lack of communication. Fortunately, the situation mentioned above has been changing. Our educational system has impr6ved a great deal and more and more opportunities to communicate with the external world have been offered. Therefore, I am sure that in the near future China will have one or more Nobel prize winners.
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