银符考试题库-在线练习-华中科技大学考博英语2011年真题

华中科技大学考博英语2011年真题

Part Ⅰ Cloze
Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Tourism develops culture. It broadens the thinking of the traveler and leads to culture 1 between the hosts and guests from far-off places. This can benefit the locals, since tourists bring culture 2 them.
Tourism may help to preserve indigenous customs, 3 traditional shows, parades, celebrations and festivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theatres and other kinds of nightlife are 4 supported by tourists. Such events might disappear without the stimulus of tourism to 5 them.
On the other hand, tourism often contributes to the disappearance of local traditions and folklore. Churches, temples and similar places of worship are 6 as tourist attractions. This can be 7 the expense of their original function: how many believers want to worship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders? Who would want to pray 8 curious onlookers shuffle to and fro with guide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands?
Tourism may bring other indirect cultural consequences in its 9 . Tensions which already exist between ancient and more modern ways may be deepened by tourists' ignorance of 10 customs and beliefs. Tourists, if not actually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former may therefore feel superior, 11 the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles. The result maybe an inferior feeling which 12 helps the sense of identity which is so important to regional culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worse when 13 with the comfortable hotel environment inhabited by tourists. Prosperous retired or elderly tourists from Britain, where the average life expectancy is 75 years, may well 14 resentment in Sierra Leone, where the local population can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperity of tourists may 15 crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer to act as
"professional friends"—guides, companions or sexual partners in return for money. When the tourism season is over, they can no longer get wages that way so they 16 to petty stealing from the local populace. All this affects the local social life and culture 17 .
Cultural erosion can also take place at more 18 levels. Greek villagers traditionally 19 themselves on their hospitality. They would 20 travelers for free, feeding them and listening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. That has changed now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprising if the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teacher's monthly salary.

A.conflict
B.contact
C.concern
D.constraint

A B C D

[解析] 名词词义辨析。根据句中between the hosts and guests判断，此处是指“引导客人和主人之间的文化联系”。故答案为B。

A.with
B.to
C.over
D.by

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。bring sth. with sb. 为固定搭配，意为“随身携带某物”。空格所在句意为：旅游者带来的文化使当地居民受益。故答案为A。bring to“(使)恢复知觉，(使)复苏”；bring over“把……带来”；bring by不是吲定搭配。

A.like that
B.if when
C.as if
D.as when

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。as when可以表示举例，意为“比如……的时候”，句意为：正如传统展示的阅兵、庆祝仪式和节日会演都是给旅行者看的。故答案为D。

A.largely
B.extremely
C.positively
D.totally

A B C D

[解析] 副词词义辨析。largely“大量地；主要地”；extremely“极端地；非常”；positively“断然地；肯定地”；totally“完全地，全部地”。句意：伦敦剧场的音乐剧、戏剧以及其他各种夜生活“主要”被旅行人士所支持。故答案为A。

A.entertain
B.retain
C.maintain
D.pertain

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。根据句意和without，空格应填入与disappear意思相对的词。选项中，maintain意为“维持，保持联系”，符合句意。故答案为C。

A.considered
B.taken
C.treated
D.made

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。be treated as为固定搭配，意为“被作为……，视为……”。故答案为C。

A.for
B.at
C.in
D.to

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。at the expense of为固定搭配，意为“在损失(损坏)某事物的情况下，以……为代价，付费”。故答案为B。

A.how
B.that
C.while
D.when

A B C D

[解析] 连词辨析。while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态，而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态。故答案为D。

A.sake
B.wake
C.sense
D.cost

A B C D

[解析] 形容词词义辨析。in sake“为了……”；in wake“醒来”；in sense“在某种意义上”；in cost“在成本上”。根据句意，间接的文化后果的觉醒和复苏。这里用its wake是指一个经过的东西遗留下来的痕迹、轨迹或者状况。故答案为B。

10.

A.regional
B.native
C.territorial
D.local

A B C D

[解析] 名词词义辨析。根据上下文语境，这里强调的是对“当地的”风俗和信仰的忽视，原文多处提到local(本地的，本地居民)。故答案为D。

11.

A.making
B.allowing
C.ignoring
D.leaving

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。根据句意“前者可能因此感到优越，而他们的生活方式留给后者的却是尴尬。选项中，leaving(留下)与原文语义相符”可知答案为D。

12.

A.hardly
B.seldom
C.usually
D.sometimes

A B C D

[解析] 副词词义辨析。根据句意，空格应填入表示否定的副词。hardly意为“几乎不”或者“刚刚”，表程度；seldom意为“很少”，表频率。故答案为A。

13.

A.compared
B.contrasted
C.related
D.associated

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。contrast with为固定搭配，意为“把(一方)与(另一方)对比；形成鲜明的对照”。故答案为B。

14.

A.generate
B.produce
C.make
D.leave

A B C D

[解析] 近义词辨析。句意：平均寿命75的英国游客可能会对Sierra Leone“产生”憎恨。make指通过把现有的材料有机结合或组合在一起生成某东西，造成某物存在或发生；produce指生产出售的东西，利用技能创造某东西；generate指利用能量、金钱或思想生产或创造某东西。憎恨应该是指“思想”。故答案为A。

15.

A.increase
B.enhance
C.encourage
D.ascend

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。句意：旅游的相对繁荣可能会鼓励犯罪。选项A、B、D均有“增加”之意，放在文中不合适。只有encourage“鼓励”符合文义。故答案为C。

16.

A.go
B.turn
C.alter
D.change

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。turn to是固定搭配，意为“转向……”。句意：当旅游季节结束，他们不能再得到工资，所以他们转向偷窃当地民众。故答案为B。

17.

A.hostilely
B.reciprocally
C.conversely
D.adversely

A B C D

[解析] 副词词义辨析。hostilely“敌对地”；reciprocally“相互地，相反地”；conversely“相反地，颠倒地”；adversely“逆地，不利地”。根据句意“对当地的社会生活和文化产生“不利”影响”可知答案为D。

18.

A.minor
B.small
C.subtle
D.micro

A B C D

[解析] 形容词词义辨析。根据句中Cultural erosion提供的信息，能与levels搭配的形容词只能是subtle(微妙的，细微的)，意为“更精细的水平”。故答案为C。

19.

A.prided
B.famed
C.sang
D.claimed

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。pride on意为“为……自豪，得意于……”，为固定搭配。故答案为A。

20.

A.put on
B.put up
C.put down
D.put off

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。根据句中travelers判定，空格填入的词应与feeding them，listening to their stories同类。选项中，put up意为“提供食宿”，符合句意。故答案为B。

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One
Globalization is a phenomenon that has been affecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework.
The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore. The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness.
Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.
With the demand for global trade to go hand in hand with global responsibility international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development, including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations have also been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have an impact. Transparency in the operations of such companies is becoming increasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of "shareholder value" means that there is score to ensure that the investor—citizen has a say in the way that companies conduct themselves.
The task for those promoting free expression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they not only take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocal advocates for such rights.

1. All of the following is not true according to the first paragraph except ______.

A.globalization has been developing systematically for several decades
B.protection of human rights hasn't increased enough to be correspondent with the present situation
C.democracy has been fully developed in the world
D.many countries has constructed a democratic and constitutional framework

A B C D

[解析] 细节判断题。注意题干要求，not true...except也就是选出正确的。根据首段第二句中的protection of human rights与选项B重现，原句中的not so far been matched by和a corresponding分别与选项B中的hasn't increased enough to和be correspondent with对应。故答案为B。

2. The underlined word "which" in the third paragraph refers to ______.

A.human rights organizations
B.the prevention of corruption
C.sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption
D.freedom of expression and access to official information

A B C D

[解析] 语义题。原文第三段尾句为一个并列句，present为动词，而the case为宾语，that freedom of expression...economic growth为that引导的同位语从句。在此从句中，freedom of...official information为主语，which引导的定语从句修饰sustainable human...prevention of corruption，这一点从support也可看出，这表明这一定语从句修饰的并非单数名词。故答案为C。

3. Multinational corporations have not to ______.

A.recognize its social responsibility
B.be responsible to their shareholders
C.be transparent in operation
D.be responsible in other communities in the same area

A B C D

[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干关键词Multinational corporations定位到原文第四段。选项A与第四段第二句中的recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility对应；选项B与原文第四段第四句中的more and more accountable to shareholders；选项C与原文第四段第三句中的Transparency in the operations对应。选项D的表述不对，因为文中对需负责任的团体的限定是on which they have an impact。故答案为D。

4. Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true?

A.They are becoming more and more influential.
B.Sometimes they can influence the decision of a country.
C.They are not so effective as the international political organization.
D.WTO and IMF are included.

A B C D

[解析] 考查细节判断能力。由第二段第一句“The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors...”可知A正确；由第二段第二句可知选项B正确；D很显然也是正确的。而通过最后一句“The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness. ”说明，国际政治组织没有经济组织有效力。因此C是不对的，符合题目要求。

5. What is not the purpose of writing this passage?

A.To point out the negative effects of globalization.
B.To bridle the power and influence of global actors.
C.To call the global actors awareness of human rights.
D.To harness new technologies to challenge examination.

A B C D

[解析] 写作意图题。原文并未提全球化的负面影响。故答案为A。

Passage Two
Patients tend to feel indignant and insulted of the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term "psychogenic" to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of "conversion hysteria".
Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works; so that more people be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill-popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.
Of all forms of pain, none is important for the individual to understand than the "threshold" variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the lower back or even in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesn't panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension. Then, if the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.

1. Which of the following is TRUE?

A.A pain can only be caused by physical harm.
B.Some people are complaining of a pain which does not exist.
C.A pain can be caused by psychogenic factors.
D.Educated people do not complain of nonexistent pain.

A B C D

[解析] 细节判断题。根据原文首段第二句中的psychogenic(心理性的)与选项C中的psychogenic对应。故答案为C。

2. Some people suffering from a pain do not go to hospital because ______.

A.they are horrified to get the bad news
B.they think no medicine is effective
C.they think the pain will disappear as soon as you forget it
D.they are too busy

A B C D

[解析] 细节判断题。根据题干关键词do not go to hospital与原文第二段首句ignore symptoms对应，据此定位原文。接着在第二句提到了原因。原句中的so terrified of getting和news...worsen分别与选项A中的horrified to get和bad news对应。故答案为A。

3. According to the passage, the proper way towards a pain is ______.

A.taking different medicines
B.visiting famous physicians
C.paying no attention to it
D.none of the above

A B C D

[解析] 细节推理题。根据原文第三段首句提到，没有比知道这些疼痛种类的下限更重要的事情了。可知选项A、B和C的表述都不对。故答案为D。

4. As soon as a person gets "threshold pains", he should ______.

A.telephone the doctor immediately
B.first relieve the stress and tension which cause the pains
C.wait to let the pains reach a certain point
D.take pain-killer

A B C D

[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干关键词threshold pains定位到原文尾段第四句。原句中的relieving the stress and tension与选项B对应。故答案为B。

Passage Three
Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in the creation and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted in mid-Victorian women's writing, contends that the creative mind is sexless, but from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderless, mind, finding that the imagination cannot evade conscious or unconscious structures of gender which is part of culture-determination where separating imagination from the self is impossible.
The Female Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in literature, spoke of the "female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but neglected women's culture." Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself "the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber," inevitably colliding against her own sexuality to confront "something about the body, about the passions." Accessible to men and women alike, but representing female sexual morphology, this method sought a way of writing which literally embodied the female, thereby fighting the subordinating, linear style of classification or distinction.
It must be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic that feminist critics themselves recognized. For instance; they avoided defining exactly what constituted their writing style, as any definition would then categorize it and safely subsume it as a genre under the linear patriarchal structure—its very restlessness and ambiguity defied identification as part of its identity. Some feminists and women writers could feel excluded by the surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on the biological forms of female experience, which also bear close resemblance to essentialism. Men may try their hand at writing woman's bodies, but according to the feminist critique, only a woman whose very biology gave her an edge could read these texts successfully—a position which, worst of all, risked marginalization of women's literature and theory.
Later, Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems, by agreeing that women's literature lay as the central concern for feminist criticism but rejecting the concept of an essential female identity and style, while simultaneously seeking to revise. Freudian structures by emphasizing a Pre-Oedipal phase wherein the daughter's bond to her mother inscribes the key factor in gender identity. Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerational conflicts and build upon a female tradition of literature rather than the struggle of Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads. Lastly and most promising in its achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an over-arching gender theory, which considers gender, both male and female, as a social construction built on biological differences. Gender theory proposes to explore ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex/gender system, opening up the literary theory stage and bringing in questions of masculinity into feminist theory. Taking gender as a
fundamental analytic category brings feminist criticism from the margin to the center, though it risks depoliticizing the study of women.

1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage?

A.A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism
B.Establishing New Feminist Concepts of Gender
C.The Precarious Feminist Compromise in Politics and Art
D.A New Theory of Literary Criticism

A B C D

[解析] 主旨题。原文首段是说“女权主义评论者在性别对创造力和演绎能力的作用上存在争议”；原文第二段是说“女性审美在文学上表达出一种独特的女性意识”；原文第三段是说“女权主义评论者认识到并且承认女性审美存在一些问题”；原文第四段是说“女性评论者试着解决其中的一些问题”。可见，全文应为“女性文学评论的历史概述”。故答案为A。

2. The author specifically mentions all of the following issues that have been considered in the evolution of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT ______.

A.the place of women in the literary canon
B.the question of culture in determining gender
C.the role of Freud in theorizing gender identity
D.the effect of biological differences on textual style

A B C D

[解析] 细节判断题。根据第二段首句可知选项A正确；根据第三段可知选项B正确；根据第四段可知选项C正确，只有选项D文中没有提到。故答案为D。故答案为D。

3. The author refers to the "largest fish" (Paragraph 2) primarily in order to ______.

A.suggest a refuge from the long history of sexist literary criticism
B.offer a sense of political purpose that can only be awakened through literature
C.articulate the possibility for escape from the confines of gendered identity
D.reference a unique feminist identity that must be extracted somehow from the body

A B C D

[解析] 语义题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段第二句。由句中own sexuality，the body，the passions等信息判定“最大的鱼”指的是选项D。

4. According to the passage, the greatest risk posed by the feminist theories, like the Female Aesthetic, which posit the existence of an " essential" or non-constructed gender is in ______.

A.creating a dead-end for feminist literary criticism by attacking the notion of an androgynist poetics
B.reinforcing sexist notions that women cannot emulate the literary style of men
C.pushing feminist writing out of the mainstream by arguing that men are unable to fully comprehend women's writing
D.relying too heavily on the theories of Freud, under which identity is the product of biology

A B C D

[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干关键词the greatest risk posed by the feminist theories，与原文第三段尾句中的feminist critique，risked对应，据此定位答案。原句中的marginalization of women's literature and theory与选项B对应。故答案为B。

5. It can be inferred that the author would define the "delicate balance" mentioned in the last paragraph as the equilibrium between ______.

A.establishing ties between generations of women writers and fighting patriarchal influence
B.assigning the proper weight to the concept of gender as socially constructed and biologically inherited
C.actively fighting and passively documenting the literary effects of the sex/gender system
D.avoiding marginalization on the political fringes and de-politicization in the political mainstream

A B C D

[解析] 语义题。根据题干关键词delicate balance定位到原文尾段第三句。原句中的considers gender与选项B中的the concept of gender对应，原句中的social construction built on biological differences与选项B中的socially constructed and biologically inherited对应。故答案为B。

6. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely describe the evolution of feminist literary theory as ______.

A.a gradual movement from the idea of genderless writing to a writing that originates in the woman's body
B.a shift between adversarial criticism to more tolerant varieties of criticism
C.a regular fluctuation between the idea of genderless and gendered writing that gradually settles on a compromise
D.a more or less constant pursuit of the goal of establishing a unique niche for women's literature

A B C D

Passage Four
To facilitate entry into fine art thinking and avoid being misled in fundamental ways, archaeologists must understand the principles that define and govern each art category, whether utilitarian, fine or decorative. The traditional intent of a craft like ceramics is to serve a utilitarian function and its ability to act in this capacity is essentially dependent upon the skill of properly shaping a vessel to correspond to its task, so neither its exact manner of construction (by hand or wheel, coil or slab) nor the significance of imagery glazed on its surface changes its primary role "to contain", though it may add to its value. While ceramicists must think and construct art according to certain patterns of utilitarian form, following a prototypal model that relates to the artwork's purpose, fine art has no such requirement.
Fine artists often work in mixed or new media, evidenced by the example of vases created during the Greek Archaic period, which were an anomaly to the paradigm of earlier vases because the later ones not only served "to contain", but also to communicate ideas. An examination of this apparent inconsistency reveals both the Greek's high regard for aesthetics and the explanation that fine artists usually created the paintings on the vases made by potters. Though Greek vase painting differs greatly from the work of modern artist Pablo Picasso, he too painted on ceramic objects made by others. Contrasting ancient fine art forms such as paintings and stone or metal sculptures with contemporary fine art forms such as computer art, video imagery, and holograms, it is possible to see that as the culture's technology transforms, its changes are visible in the structural forms of fine art.
At the same time, changes in fine art indicate its mandate to both reflect and create new perceptions of the culture, but form alone is insufficient to classify objects into art categories. Frequently, art that serves a decorative function is confused with both utilitarian and fine art because of its similar appearance, but the function of decorative art is the form itself, it is not compelled to fulfill either a utilitarian task or address concepts that exemplify its historic period. Communication would appear redundant if fine artists, like utilitarian and decorative artists, were to produce unlimited numbers of the same object. Once an idea is assimilated into the culture there is no longer a need to discuss it unless artists are more clearly defining or redefining it. Therefore, archaeologists should be aware that an artifact produced in any way by formula is not fine art. The fine artist's process is continuous from the moment of conception until a piece is complete, and thus everything is though of in terms of context, so that, as a general guide, archaeologists should consider no mark within a work unimportant and only define its meaning in relation to the whole piece.

1. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______.

A.distinguishing mutually exclusive categories
B.clarifying an apparent contradiction
C.supporting new ideas
D.analyzing a problem

A B C D

[解析] 逻辑归纳题。根据原文首段首句提到“为了方便进入美术思维……”，说明作者在分析一个问题。故答案为D。

2. According to the passage, the "earlier vases" mentioned in the second paragraph constitute which of the following?

A.The product of mixed media art, involving hybrid forms.
B.A case of primarily utilitarian art being put to decorative purposes.
C.Utilitarian art whose makers were solely concerned with functionality.
D.Fine art, whose primary purpose is to convey aesthetic meaning.

A B C D

[解析] 语义题。根据题干earlier vases定位到原文第二段首句。分析首句可知earlier vases指代前文的mixed or new media，与选项A对应。故答案为A。

3. According to the passage, the form which fine art takes at any given historical moment is often dictated by ______.

A.the level of continuity in the artist's thinking process
B.the concepts which exemplify the historical period of its creation
C.the technology available to the artist at the time the art piece is created
D.the level of skill which the artist brings to the art work

A B C D

[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干关键词fine art定位到原文第二段尾句。原句中的technology与选项C重现，原句中的visible和the structural forms分别与选项C中的available和the art piece对应。故答案为C。

4. Which of the following best states the author's view of the argument that fine art may be distinguished as a category by its physical form?

A.Outright approval.
B.Skepticism.
C.Neutrality.
D.Indignation.

A B C D

[解析] 态度题。根据原文作者论述的语调和原文尾段首句中的insufficient(不足的，不充足的)可知作者的态度是skepticism(怀疑的)。故答案为B。

5. Which of the following statements about fine arts production is best supported by the information presented in the passage?

A.The best fine art is in some cases produced by formula, resulting in mass quantities of a single object.
B.Once an artist creates a work, there is usually little benefit in his duplicating it, as it has already conveyed its meaning.
C.In aesthetic terms, fine art is often considered superior to decorative art, whose beauty is limited by functionality.
D.At the present historical moment, high technology like electronics seldom plays a role in arts other then fine arts.

A B C D

[解析] 细节归纳题。根据原文尾段第四句中的an idea is assimilated，no longer a need和clearly defining or redefining it分别与选项B中的an artist creates a work，little benefit和conveyed its meaning对应。故答案为B。

Part Ⅲ Translation

Section A From Chinese into English
Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.

1. 新的一年才刚刚开始，你就发现很难坚持“告别垃圾食品、远离沙发、戒烟”这些新年决心了吧?我们很难改掉坏习惯是由于生物学的原因——这些坏习惯根植于我们的大脑中。
1．这并不是让人放弃新年决心的借口。了解不健康的习惯怎样变得根深蒂固可以启发科学家研究出一些让好习惯代替坏习惯的“技巧”。
诺拉·沃尔夫博士说：“为什么坏习惯更加顽固?因为它能带来即时的犒赏，而这种即时犒赏的力量很强大。”
那么这一点快乐的感觉是怎样转化为一种习惯的呢?这与一种感知快乐的化学物质多巴胺有
关。多巴胺使大脑不断期望得到这种犒赏，从而不断加强快乐感与这种行为之间的联系，特别是当它能从周围环境中得到正确的暗示时。
2．一项“为行为变化买单”的运动可能会对这种联系加以利用，在这项运动中，一些公司给雇员提“即时报酬”或是“保险回扣”，以激励他们形成更好的习惯。不管这项运动结果如何，研究人员说我们的确可以采取某些行为来对抗坏习惯对大脑的吸引力。
3．那就是，重复，重复，再重复你的新行为，使之成为每天固定时间的例行活动。下决心锻炼?那就每天早上固定时间锻炼，而不要随意找时间，这样会使大脑最终接受这个新习惯。神经学家沃尔科夫也是一个热爱跑步的人，他说：“如果你哪天没锻炼，变会感觉很糟糕。”
运动本身能提升多巴胺的水平，这样尽管运动结束后你的肌肉感觉酸痛，但是你的大脑还是会感觉良好。

1．That's not an excuse to give up. Understanding how unhealthy behaviors become ingrained can enlighten scientists on learning some tricks that may help us replace the bad habits with the good ones.
2．A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection, as some companies offer employees outright payments or insurance rebates for adopting better habits.
3．Repeat, repeat, repeat the new behavior—the same routine at the same time of day. Resolved to exercise? Doing it at the same time of the morning, rather than fitting it in haphazardly, which will make the cerebrum recognize the habit so eventually.

Section B From English into Chinese
Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.

1. 1. Ever since the financial tsunami swept all before it in September 2008, many people have saved furiously. That's a good thing, but there's a temptation to lose that discipline once the storm clouds start to break.
While the economy remains fragile and many people are still out of work, signs of recovery are becoming more and more apparent. Among your New Year's resolutions include a savings goal that is a function of your regular income, even if it's not a large amount of money.
Maintaining the discipline is crucial. The amount of savings can grow over time.
2. Advice on how to save for retirement or your kids college is plentiful. Less plentiful is guidance on what kind of rainy-day fund you should have.
3. A rainy-day fund, which your savings plan can feed, should cover about six months of income. It's a form of personal insurance, valuable in these rapidly changing times.
This fund should be kept in safe and easy-to-tap assets. Laddering certificates of deposit out six months is one way.

1．自2008年9月金融海啸将一切席卷一空以来，很多人都在疯狂地攒钱。这是好事，不过一旦风暴的阴云开始消散，这样的自律就可能丧失。
2．有关如何为退休和孩子上大学攒钱有很多的建议。但说得较少的是应该建立哪种应急基金。
3．应急基金的钱可以来自你的攒钱计划。它应该相当于约6个月的收入。这是个人保险的一种形式，在眼下这种变化迅速的时代非常重要。

Part Ⅳ Essay Writing

1. Directions: You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic "The Significance of the Spring Festival Gala".

The Significance of the Spring Festival Gala

Spring Festival is considered as the biggest and the most important festival in China. Watching the Spring Festival Gala has become essential for Chinese on the Eve. In fact, the Spring Festival Gala's significance does not lie in the entertaining programs, but that the people are all in the same moment to watch or listen to this program.
To some extent, the Spring Festival Gala on CCTV has been a unique culture symbol of Spring Festival. Chinese have a custom of watching the Spring Festival Gala on CCTV, on the New Year's eve, for many years. Until now, there are a lot of Chinese people, especially the elder people still like to watch the Spring Festival Gala as in the past.
However, there is a widely held discussion concerning the necessity of holding the CCTV Spring Festival Gala. Nowadays, it is being challenged by a growing number of people, especially by younger generations. They complain that the programs of the Spring Festival Gala are always fixed in form and monotonous, and CCTV has monopolized all the programs during that eve.
In my opinion, the significance of the Spring Festival Gala is still there, and there are still a lot of people waiting in front of the television every year. And as a culture symbol of Spring Festival, it should not be removed. But in the other hand, we should also look squarely at the objectors' complaint. More different forms of art should be shown and more programs on different TV channels should be offered. While immersing ourselves in the happy atmosphere of Spring Festival, we are looking forward to a new look of the gala.

Part Ⅰ Cloze

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Passage One

1 2 3 4 5

Passage Two

1 2 3 4

Passage Three

1 2 3 4 5 6

Passage Four

1 2 3 4 5

Part Ⅲ Translation

Section A From Chinese into English

Section B From English into Chinese

Part Ⅳ Essay Writing

深色：已答题浅色：未答题