Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. B. His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a "general education" should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, "the great books are read because they have been read"—they form a sort of social glue. C. Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. D. One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. E. Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable." So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. F. The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced." Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize." Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic." Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say. G. The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. Order: G→ 1 → 2 →E→ 3 → 4 → 5
1.
B
[解析] 从给出的开头段落G,可以看出这是一篇介绍Louis Menand的The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University和他观点的文章,紧接着下面就应该讲他书中阐释的问题和他的观点,只有B项和F项首句再次提到了Louis Menand。B项中开头一句提到“his concern”,暗示提出问题,指出美国大学存在的主要问题。从结构上来看,B项内容能够与G项衔接,故正确答案为B项。F项提到他总结了高等教育改革的关键。但是刚刚提到某个人物,就马上给出他的结论,未免太仓促。因此排除。
[解析] A项指出,没有哪门专业化学科像人文学科这样,需要倾注如此多的热情,之后提到获得人文学科的博士学位,需要9年的时间,这一信息可对应E项中的“the acquisition of a doctoral degree”,从结构和内容上都构成了合理的衔接,所以选择A项。C项首句出现了表示并列关系的“Equally unsurprisingly”显然应该排在A项后。E项末句与A项首句为上下文复现。
4.
C
[解析] 依据上文,人文学科获得博士学位的时间长,需要倾注很大的热情,所以高达一半的英语博士生在获得学位之前辍学就毫不奇怪了。从剩下的选项中,首先排除F项,因为F项的“conclude”可知F项应为全文的总结。从C项的首句“Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with the professorships for which they entered graduate school.”可知,A项和C项都是对E项末句“人才培养专业化垄断化”的分述:博士要么中途放弃,要么毕业时因市场需求变化而就业困难。C项是紧接着A项,所以本题选C项。
A. Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s. B. In another case, American archaeologists Retie Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. C. How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites. D. Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed. E. To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photo-graphic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields. F. Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamum existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for ting engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosó s), on the island of Crete, in 1900. G. Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research. Order: 6 →A→ 7 →E→ 8 → 9 → 10
[解析] 本题需要确定第三段。第二段A项的开头句为Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable(一些遗址总是很容易被发现)。浏览浏览剩下的B、D、F、G项,发现F项的开头句为Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them(不过大部分遗址还是被那些专门寻找它们的考古学家发现的),与A项内容形成转折。因此,本题选择F项作为第三段。
8.
G
[解析] 本题需要确定第五段。浏览剩下的B、D、G项,发现G项开头为Ground surveys,结合段中Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as...可知G项主要讲发现遗址的一些科技手段。而已经给定的第四段E项第一句便是段落主旨句,段中还出现了Airborne technologies, Aerial surveys等。因此G项与E项的内容是一脉相承的,可以确定第五段是G项。
9.
D
[解析] 本题需要确定第六段。只剩下B、D两个备选项了,因此相对来说容易些。浏览发现B项开头有In another case,而D项第二句开头是In one case,很明显B项排在D项之后。因此本题选择D项作为第六段。
10.
B
[解析] 本题需要确定第七段。B项开头In another case,正好与第七段D项In one case相照应,因此选B项。
A. The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation. B. The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure. C. Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837. D. Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society. E. Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get on even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or add, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines. F. Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy pay office—a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polishing factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentle-man." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and became his deep secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the acknowledged foundation of his fiction. G. After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker wortd. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters. D→ 11 → 12 → 13 → 14 →B→ 15
[解析] F项后半段大量提到了狄更斯父亲被判入狱的事情以及对其后期小说写作的影响,观察剩下的几个选项,E项的段首提到了soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a...,于是该选项可以和F项的内容构成最大衔接,故选E。
13.
A
[解析] 观察E项末句,该句提到狄更斯对于生活的视角,并能根据生活内容来创作,把创作内容提交给杂志,其中submitted short sketches to obscure magazines和A项的首句The first published sketch “A Dinner at Poplar Work”能够连贯衔接,故选A。
14.
C
[解析] 该题可以根据A项的最后一句或B项的段首句来进行判断,B项首句提到了特指的the runaway success of The Pickwick Papers,再观察剩下的选项,C项的末句提到了The comic novel,The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Clubs...,可以构成衔接,故选C。
A. You may have to impress the company HR representatives as well. HR reps are typically trained to ask very specific and personal questions, like what salary you expect and what you've made in the past. They might ask you about your impressions of the company and the people who interviewed you. They might also ask if you have other offers. If so, chances are good that they are willing to compete for you. But if you say that you have other offers, be prepared to back it up with the who, what and when, because they might challenge you. The HR reps are also the people who will conduct or arrange reference and background checks. They might have the final say. B. Besides management, you might also interview with one or more of your future coworkers. Regardless of the questions they ask, what they most really want to know is how well you'll fit into the team, if you'll cause them more work instead of less, and if they should feel threatened by you. When answering, be eager enough to show that you are a good team player and will pull your load, but not so eager as to appear to be a back-stabbing ladder climber! C. Always research a company before you interview, and remember that attire, body language and manners count, big time. Try to avoid common mistakes. You may think that this is common sense, but crazy stuff really happens! D. Job interviewing is one of the most popular career topics on the Web. But no career advisor can tell you exactly what to say during a job interview. Interviews are just too up-close and personal for that. About the best that career advisors can do, is to give you some tips about the typical questions to expect, so you can practice answering them ahead of time. But, while there are many canned interview questions, there are few canned answers. The rest is up to you. E. Be prepared to attend a second interview at the same company, and maybe even a third or fourth. If you're called back for more interviews, it means that they're interested in you. But, it doesn't mean you're a shoo-in. Most likely, they are narrowing the competition, so keep up the good work! F. To put you somewhat at ease, many interviewers really don't know how to interview effectively. Frontline interviewers are typically managers and supervisors who have never been or are barely trained in interviewing techniques. They're a little nervous too, just like you. Some don't even prepare in advance. This makes it easier for you to take control of the interview, if you have prepared. But in controlling an interview, it's not a good idea to try to dominate. Instead, try to steer it toward landing the job. G. After interviewing, immediately send a thank you letter to each of your interviewers. It's professional and expected, and might even be the deciding factor in your favor. H. Remember, it's a two-way street. It's the employer's chance to judge you, but it's also very much your chance to judge the employer. In fact, if you handle yourself well and ask the right questions, you'll put the interviewer in the position of selling the company to you. If this happens, you're probably doing well. Order: 16 → 17 → 18 →A 19 → 20 → 21 →G
16.
D
17.
F
18.
B
19.
C
20.
H
21.
E
A. I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't—it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it. B. Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out our forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed. C. I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies. D. Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair—too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff. E. The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. F. So I just don't know what to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work. G. A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation—how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion. Order: G→ 22 → 23 → 24 → 25 → 26 →F