Directions: You are going to read a text about the tips on how to be a good boss, followed by a list of illustrations. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading. There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person's view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else's. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses. "Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it's particularly important for small business," says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. "With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company." Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes : 1 2Be inclusive: With a smaller operation, it's essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged. 2 Mission, not just money: Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that's not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set. 3 Nothing to fear but fear itself: Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. 4 It's their careers, too: Don't forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it's not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. 5 Made, not necessarily born: One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees. A. "It's important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it's also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake," says Sheehan. B. "You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have," says Sheehan. C. "People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities," says Sheehan. "To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost." D. If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans. E. For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers' health. Not only can a clear mission (responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs. F. "This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we're not going to kill each other if things don't work out," says Sheehan. "I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It's a question of what you want to focus on."
1.
B
[解析] 首先要浏览选项,概括大意。A:要像一个教练一样教育你的员工,举出实例来说服他。B:要确保每一位员工都得到公正的待遇。C:我们都有成为好老板的内在品质,关键是要将它们发挥到极致。D:帮助员工实现他们自己的事业目标。E:明确的职责有利于激发员工的积极性。F:要鼓励进步而非恐惧犯错。此处的标题是“Be inclusive”,显然,仅从标题无法判断出作者究竟要表达什么含义。因此,需要继续阅读下文的论述部分。第四段的首句是主题句:老板要让每个员工都觉得自己是团队平等而投入的成员,后面部分具体说明方式是什么。其中treat each employee fairly和B项中的everyone is treated fairly相呼应。因此B项正是让员工平等而投入的方式。从而可知inclusive在这指的是(心胸)包容而广阔。
[解析] 此处标题是“这也是他们的事业”,联系全文主旨可知代词their指的是“员工的”,careers是这个标题中的关键词。第七段对标题内容进行了阐释:要帮助员工明白如何为自己改善和创造有意义的事业。D项以一名员工为例,说明老板应该帮助员工实现他们的目标,其中a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business与careers呼应。
Today, some 30% of small business owners don't have a Web presence at all, while the vast majority who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting and wanting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality. 6 Build your site around your customer: Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the "door". 7 Just because you built it doesn't mean they'll come: If you aren't seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it's time to up the ante. 8 Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions: Methods contain discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site. 9 Justify your monthly spending through product bundling: While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates. 10 Measure your progress: Your site may be live, but how is it performing? Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet. A. A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota. B. One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn't able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaign—in which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100,000 within only a few months. C. With today's technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can't afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don't have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data. D. Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience. E. Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today's (and tomorrow's) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business. F. One villa rental company had a Web site that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a "last minute deals" distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.
[解析] 此处概括句是“你仅仅是建立了它,并不意味着顾客就会光临”。下面作者只给出了一句话作为说明,即如果你没有看到大量的顾客光临你的网站,就是时候提高赌注了。考生应该抓住这一句的关键部分:提高赌注。从常识上讲,“下赌注”一般意味着做出某种新的尝试或者改变。而前半句提到的“没有大量顾客光临你的网站”是促使你做出这种尝试或改变的原因。阅读选项,内容和逻辑上衔接最贴切的是B项,其中enough store traffic和原文中的a large volume of targeted traffic相呼应,该项提到的“将网下广告的经费转移到网络销售上”则是新的大胆尝试。因此确定B项为正确答案。
8.
F
[解析] 此处概括句是“将顾客忠诚计划和促销手段结合在一起”。在下文的论述中,作者给出了实施这一原则和建议的具体方法:包括打折、新闻和友好的提醒性服务。通过提供打折的促销活动来与网站的访问者保持联系。因此,接下来论述的内容至少应该与顾客忠诚或促销有关,甚至可能继续论述打折的销售手段。在剩余的几个选项中,F项直接出现了discount(折扣)一词,即提供别墅租赁折扣,此外该项中的contact information for thousands of possible customers与原文中的stay in touch with past visitors to your site相呼应。所以F项为正确答案。
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar "tombstone" that lists where you went to school and where you've worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the "functional" resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview. It's handy to have a "tombstone" for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested "tombstone" lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead. What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers. 11 Put yourself first: In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself. 12 Sell what you can do, not who you are: Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work. Toot your own horn! Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it. 13 Be specific, be concrete, and be brief! Remember that "brevity is the best policy." 14 Turn bad news into good: Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side. 15 Never apologize: If you've returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don't apologize for working at being a mother; it's the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don't mention education. How to prepare yourself: The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don't worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you've ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you've satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right. Isn't that the kind of person you'd want working for you? A. A woman who lost her job as a teacher's aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: "Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher's aide she would rehire if government funds became available." B. One resume I received included the following: "invited by my superior to straighten out our organization's accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion." Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words. C. For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills. D. An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement "Ready to learn though not so well educated". E. One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background. F. A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She'd agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn't in her resume. She answered, "It wasn't important." What she was really saying of course was "I'm not important."
[解析] 此处小标题为“Sell what you can do, not who you are(推销你能做什么,而不是你是谁)”。下面的文字进一步说明:试着将你的个性特质、性格、成果和成就融入进技能领域,在职场中至少有5000种技能领域。言外之意就是,你总能找出一种自己擅长的技能。文后的例子中只有C项最贴切:例如,你有一种储蓄、管理和投资的天赋,那么你就拥有理财的技能。
13.
B
[解析] 此处小标题为“Be specific, be concrete, and brief!(明确、具体、简洁!)”。下文接着说:简洁就是王道。B项用一个成功的例子说明了这点,一位女士仅用了34个词就呈现了她获得的成果与奖励。
14.
A
[解析] 此处小标题为“Turn bad news into good(将坏消息变成好消息)”。这不是要让人颠倒黑白,下面解释道:每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意之处。如果要提到这些事,那么要从积极、正面的角度去看。A项就是一个正面的例子。一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇。这似乎不大光彩,但是这位女士谈起此事时却用了另一个角度,“校长说了,如果政府的资金够的话,她第一个重聘的就是我”,字里行间洋溢着自信。
The planets seemed like pretty small places. At the same time, Earth seemed a lot larger than it does now. No one had ever seen our planet as a planet: a blue marble on black velvet, coated with water and air. No one knew that the moon was born in an impact. No one fully appreciated that humanity was becoming a geologic force in its own right, capable of changing the environment on a global scale. Whatever else the Space Age has done, it has enriched our view of the natural world and given us a perspective. National Research Council (NRC) panels periodically ask whether the world's planetary exploration programs are on track. The list of goals that follows synthesizes their priorities. 1. Monitor Earth's Climate The venerable Landsat series, which has monitored the surface since 1972, has been on the fritz for years, and the U.S. has Department of Agriculture has already had to buy data from Indian satellites to monitor crop productivity. For some types of data, no other nation can fill in. 2. Prepare an Asteroid Defense Like climate monitoring, guarding the planet from asteroids always seems to fall between the cracks. Neither NASA nor the European Space Agency (ESA) has a mandate to stave off human extinction. It would take 15 years or longer to mount a defense against an incoming body, assuming that the technology were ready to go. 3. Seek Out New Life Before Spotnik, scientists thought the solar system might be a veritable Garden of Eden. Earth's sister worlds proved to be hellish, even when the Mariner probes revealed a cratered moonscape and the Viking landers failed to find even a single organic molecule. But lately the plausible venues for life have multiplied. 4. Explain the Genesis of the Planets Studies of the origin of the planets overlap quite a bit with studies of the origins of life. Jakosky puts it thus: "Venus sits at the inner edge of the habitable zone. Mars sits at the outer edge. Earth sits in the middle. And understanding the differences between those planets is central to asking about life beyond our solar system." 5. Break Out of the Solar System A solar sail 200 meters across could carry a 500-kilogram spacecraft. After launch from Earth, it would first swoop toward the sun, going as it dared—just inside Mercury's orbit—to get flung out by the intense sunlight. "Such a mission, be it ESA-or NASA-led, is the next logical step in our exploration of space," Wim mer-Schweingruber says. "After all, there is more to space than exploring our very, very local neighborhood." The estimated price tag is about $2 billion including three decades' operating expenses. A. Like the origin of life, the origin of the planets was a complex, multistage process. Jupiter was the first-born. Did it build up slowly, like the other planets? Did it form farther from the sun and move inward? B. Like a windsurfer, the spacecraft would steer by leaning to one side or the other. Just before passing Jupiter's orbit, it would cast off the sail and glide outward. To get ready, engineers need to design a sufficiently lightweight sail and test it on first. C. So NRC prepares to take some action plans. Extend asteroid search to smaller bodies, perhaps using a dedicated infrared space telescope. Deflect an asteroid in a controlled way as a trial run. Develop an official system for evaluating potential threats. D. The NRC panel called for restoring the lost funding, which pay for 17 new missions over the coming decade, such as ones to keep tabs on ice sheets and carbon dioxide levels—essential for predicting climate change and its effects. People sometimes take the mundane yet urgent task of looking after our own planet for granted. E. Mars is looking hopeful again. Outer-planet moons, notably Europa and Enceladus, appear to have vast underground seas and plenty of life's raw materials. Even Venus might have been covered in oceans once. The research is not just about finding companionship in the cosmos. It is about divining our own origins. F. This past spring ESA completed a set of feasibility studies—and promptly shelved them for lack of money. It would take a joint effort with NASA or the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), or both, to make the plan happen.
[解析] NRC的第二个目标是Prepare an Asteroid Defense(筹建小行星防卫系统),但目前的情况却与监测地球气候的情况类似。可见,这个目标实施起来困难重重。如何解决这个问题呢?浏览所有选项,发现C项提到了NRC所采取的三项措施,以便在无法建立防卫系统的情况下尽可能地保护人类的生命安全。所以C项为本题的正确答案。
18.
E
[解析] 本段的主题是Seek Out New Life(寻找新的生命)。最初人们认为只有太阳系才有生命,但是后来发现很多星球似乎都可能有生命存在。接下来肯定是对这一句话的解释或者举例说明。E项提到了Mars, Venus等具体实例,对上文起到了承接的作用,而且该选项最后一句中的finding companionship in the cosmos(在宇宙中寻找同类)与小标题属于语义场同现,所以E项为本题的正确答案。
19.
A
[解析] 本段的主题是Explain the Genesis of the Planets(解释行星的起源)。作者首先谈到了宜居带和人类起源的问题。由于小标题是关于行星起源的,那么接下来的内容肯定与行星起源有关。A项涉及这方面的内容,以木星为例描述了人类对于木星起源的困惑。而且Like the origin of life, the origin of the planets was a complex, multistage process与前文Studies of the origin of the planets overlap quite a bit with studies of the origins of life观点相似,进一步验证了A项为本题的正确答案。
20.
B
[解析] 本段主题是Break Out of the Solar System(脱离太阳系)。小标题下面的文字详细描述了在太阳系飞行的过程。但是对于接下来要讲什么内容并没有清晰的线索。浏览备选项,寻找可能与之有关的词语,可发现B项中的spacecrafi, sail, orbit等词,均与太空飞行有关。结合其前面的内容正好完整地叙述了太空船飞行的过程。所以B项为本题的正确答案。