Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to act a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. In the health care industry, however, the doctor-patient relationship is a mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician, the physician usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return "next Wednesday", whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc.
This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor's judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer". As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power centre" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.
Although usually, there are in this situation four identifiable participants--the physician, the hospital, the patient and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government) -- the physician makes the essential decision for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician, the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/ hospital, and for the most part, the patient plays a passive role. In routine or minor illensses, or just plain worries, the patient's options are, of course, much greater with respect to use and price. But in illnesses that are of some significance, such choice tends to evaporate. And it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75 --80 percent of health care expenditures are determined by physicians. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public are relatively ineffective. It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choice in that matter. You either have science or you don't have, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. I regard this as the maj or discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we known and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply make up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in eamest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far they are from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant. The hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention. The most effective attacks against globalization are usually not those related to economics. Instead, they are social, ethical and, above all, cultural. These arguments surfaced amid the disturbance of Seattle in 1999 and have resonated (产生反响) more recently in Davos, Bangkok and Prague. They say this. The disappearance of national borders and the establishment of a world interconnected by markets will deal a death blow to regional and national cultures, and to the traditions, customs, myths and mores that determine each country's or region's cultural identity. Since most of the world is incapable of resisting the invasion of cultural products from developed countries--or, more to the point, from the superpower, the United States--that inevitably trails the great transnational corporations, North American culture will ultimately impose itself, standardizing the world and annihilating its rich flora of diverse cultures. In this manner, all other peoples, and not just the small and weak ones, will lose their identity, their soul, and will become no more than 21st century colonies modeled after the cultural norms of a new imperialism that, in addition to ruling over the plant with its capital, military strength and scientific knowledge, will impose on others its language and its ways of thinking, believing, enjoying and dreaming.
Even though I believe this cultural argument against globalization is unacceptable, we should recognize that deep within it lies an unquestionable truth. This century, the world in which we will live will be less picturesque and filled with less local color than the one we left behind. The festivals, clothing, customs, ceremonies, rites and beliefs that in the past gave humanity its folkloric and ethnological (民族的) variety are progressively disappearing or confining themselves to minority sectors, while the bulk of society abandons them and adopts others more suited to the reality of our time.
All countries of the earth experience this process, some more quickly than others, but it is not due to globalization. Rather, it is due to modernization, of which the former is effect, not cause. It is possible to feel deep sorrow, certainly, that this process occurs, and to feel nostalgia (怀旧) for the past ways of life that, particularly from our comfortable position of the present, seem full of amusement, originality and color. But this process is unavoidable. In theory, perhaps, a country could keep this identity, but only if like certain remote tribes in Africa or the Amazon--it decides to live in total isolation, cutting off change with other nations and practicing self-sufficiency, a cultural identity preserved in this form would take that society back to prehistoric standards of living.
It is true that modernization makes many forms of traditional life disappear. But at the same time, it opens opportunities and constitutes an important step forward for a society as a whole. This is why, when given the option to choose freely, peoples, sometimes counter to what their leaders or intellectual traditionalists would like, choose for modernization without the slightest ambiguity. Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. It must be noted that the weakening effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness. The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action, that is, through behavior that flows from an individual's decisions and plans, in other words, when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty, it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences or powerlessness. The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationship. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accomplished by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.
In order to reduce poverty-related psychological and social problems in the United States, the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such a fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community.
Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics: the poor should see themselves as the source of the action. The action should affect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor. The action should demand much in effect or skill. The action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor.
The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful independent democratic organizations of the poor. Through such organizations, the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportuities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside. Part Ⅱ VocabularyDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Part Ⅲ ClozeDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in each blank on the ANSWER SHEET.
The beginnings of the Coca-Cola were humble. In 1886, an Atlanta pharmacist, John Pemberton, made the original mixture, 1 it was his accountant, Frank Robinson, 2 put a name to 3 . The 4 of the powerful brew included the coca leaf and the kola nut, but 5 the drink wasn't 6 Coca Kola is not known.
No one knows 7 , what became 8 Pemberton, because he sold the Coca-Cola Company five years after formulating the drink to Asa Candler, who had managed to get it 9 to all US states within four years of buying the 10 as well as establishing it as a favorite in drug stores' soda fountains. 11 , Candler didn't make much 12 from the giant-in-the-making either. He sold almost all bottling rights a year after taking the brand into Canada and Mexico 13 Ben Thomas and John Whitehead. This pair established 14 was to become a mainstay of the business, in developing a regional network of bottlers so that Coca-Cola could be 15 in the home.
In 1915, the classic curved bottle was 16 by the CJ Root glass company, a shape which was destined to last, with only a few alterations, through the 17 85 years and become a true design 18 .
Coke began to 19 its products offering fruit juices and fizzy drinks, but 20 to the Coke range was slow. Diet Coke didn't appear until the early 1980s and Cherry Coke came along only in 1986. Part Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
71. Science is often hard to read. Most people assume that its difficulties are born out of necessity, out of the extreme complexity of scientific concepts, data and analysis. We argue here that complexity of thought need not lead to impenetrability of expression. We demonstrate a number of rhetorical principles that can produce clarity in communication without oversimplifying scientific issues. The results are substantive, not merely cosmetic. Improving the quality of writing actually improves the quality of thought.
72. The fundamental purpose of scientific discourse is not the mere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actual communication. It does not matter how pleased an author might be to have converted all the right data into sentences and paragraphs, it matters only whether a large majority of the reading audience accurately perceives what the author had in mind. Therefore, in order to understand how best to improve writing, we would do well to understand better how readers go about reading. Such an understanding has recently become available through work done in the fields of rhetoric, linguistics and cognitive psychology. It has helped to produce a methodology based on the concept of reader expectations.
73. Readers do not simply read, they interprent. Any piece of article, no matter how short, may "mean" in 10 ( or more) different ways to 10 different readers. This methodology of reader expectations is founded on the recognition that readers make many of their most important interpretive decisions about the substance of an article based on clues they receive from its structure.
This interplay between substance and structure can be demonstrated by something as basic as a simple table. Let us say that in tracking the temperature of a liquid over a period of time, an investigator takes measurements every three minutes and records a list of temperatures. Those data could be presented by a number of written structures.1.
科学往往难以理解。大多数人认为科学难题的产生是必然的,是科学概念、科学数据和科学分析极其复杂的结果。我们在此要论证的是思想的复杂性不必导致表达晦涩难懂。
2.
科学论述的根本目的不仅在于提供信息和思想,而且在于它起实实在在的交流作用。作者十分欣喜地把所有的准确数据转化成句子和段落,但这并不重要。关键在于绝大多数读者是否准确地领悟作者的思想。
3.
读者不仅要阅读,而且要作出解释。任何一篇文章,不管它有多么短,对10位读者来说,就可能有10种(或10多种)不同的意思。这种读者期望值的方法论基于这样一种认识;读者在他们从文章结构中获取的线索的基础上作出了许多极其重要的、与文章主旨有关的阐释性决断。
Part Ⅴ Chinese-English TranslationDirections: Translate the following paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. 打桥牌(bridge)的风格是与对方紧密合作,与另外两家组成的联盟斗智斗勇,进行激烈的竞争。打麻将(mahjong)则是孤军作战,看住上家,防住下家,自己和不了,也不让别人和。在工作中,这种做派显然是不好的,尤其是自己出不了成绩,也不让人家出成绩,更是严重影响科技事业的发展。团队精神是任何一项集体事业所必需的。
Playing bridge is characterized by cooperating closely with the other side, fighting a battle of wits and a contest of bravery and competing fiercely with the alliance made up of the other two players. But playing mahjong means fighting a lone battle, controlling the player whose turn comes just before, being on guard against the player whose turn comes just next. One can not win but he prevents the others from winning. Apparently, this manner is not so good in one's work. Worst of all, one can not make achievements, nor does he let others make achievements, which affects the development of science and technology seriously. So team spirit is indespenable to every collective undertaking.
Part Ⅵ WritingDirections: In this part, you are required to write an essay entitled My View on Internet Information in no less than 200 words. The essay should be based on the outline below:
1. 1. Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information.
2. Access to so much information creates problems.
3. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples.
My View on Internet Information
The Internet, a very important invention of human beings, is playing a vital role in our life and work. One of its functions is to provide us with a sea of information. We can download information related to our research from the Internet. For example, my research interest is TOEFL. In the bookshops nearby, it is so hard for me to get a book in which there are real TOEFL test papers in the past ten years. But now I have downloaded them from the Internet. Of course, I can also download some articles concerning the teaching of TOEFL for my reference.
But every coin has two sides. The Internet makes some people very lazy while providing them with a lot of information. For instance, at the beginning of this semester, I wanted my students to write a professional paper. But a few of them were not willing to use their heads. They just copied others' works from the Internet and turned them in. I felt disappointed and very angry. Another point I'd like to make is that the Internet information is not always reliable. My brother once saw an advertisement to sell mobile phones from the Internet. He sent money to the seller. But he couldn't get the mobile phone he wished for.
From the discussion above, we can conclude that Internet is a mixed blessing. It can bring us disadvantages as well as advantages. So we must make the best use of useful Internet information and try our best to avoid useless or even harmful information.