Part Ⅰ Cloze Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major 1 to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful 2 on the economy in at least four ways: Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system 3 the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely, the construction and 4 of most highways the 5 of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily 6 for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation 7 are also the responsibilities of local government. Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls. Private 8 in many ways, for the 9 of assuring that business serves the best 10 of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a 11 , such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable 12 , but limits their ability to raise prices 13 , since the public depends on their services. Often control is 14 to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of 15 in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control. Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by 16 tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also 17 the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself. Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to 18 and individuals. For example, tariffs 19 certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to 20 better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system.
1.
A.economy
B.horror
C.magnifier
D.element
A B C D
D
[解析] 名词词义辨析。此处是把the role of government和consumers and producers相提并论,共同作为影响经济的“元素”。故答案为D。
2.
A.elevation
B.emotion
C.effect
D.election
A B C D
C
[解析] 固定搭配。have an effect on意为“对……有影响”,为固定用法。故答案为C。
3.
A.dripping
B.serving
C.diverging
D.clamping
A B C D
B
[解析] 上下文语义。根据空格前一句中的Services判定,此处应填入serving符合逻辑。serving the entire nation服务于整个社会。故答案为B。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Directions:There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One Naturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snakes, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of behavior. In the presence of suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is the flight to some inaccessible retreat, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices are brought into play; in the last resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst; some notoriously irascible species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation. Amongst the factors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned the commonest; when hunting for food or for mate, activity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak. Owing to their poor sense of hearing snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, caught napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing (蜕皮) begins. By far the greatest number of snake-bit accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard is much increased with species that are well disguised and whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defense. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the same species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also notable differences between species, even closely allied species; and the reports of those who have been attacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, how any encounter will develop. The Hamadryad, for example, is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes, and there are many accounts of unprovoked attacks, yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards from a nest and no snake was seen although the female, which guards the nest, could not have been far away.
1. When a snake meets a potential enemy, its primary device is ______.
A.avoiding any observation
B.finding a safe shelter
C.giving a warning threat
D.starting a quick attack
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节事实题。根据题干关键词the primary device与原文首段第三句中的its first reaction对应,据此定位原文。第三句按反应顺序列举了四种蛇对外界反应的行为模式,第三句中的时to escape observation与选项A对应。故答案为A。
2. By "dispense with all the preliminaries" (Line 7, Para. 1), the author most probably means that ______.
A.the snakes combine all the previous three steps
B.the snakes give up all the previous three steps
C.the snakes follow all the previous steps one by one
D.the snakes reverse the order of all the previous steps
A B C D
B
[解析] 语义题。原文首段尾句中“dispense with all the preliminaries”前面提到“some stages may be omitted or combined”,而下文提到“attack almost at once”,这说明dispense with应表示有些蛇不采取前几个步骤,而立刻展开进攻,因此dispense with意思应等同于omit,也就是选项中的give up。故答案为B。
3. A snake is most aggressive when ______.
A.it meets a possible enemy
B.it is caught when it is sleeping or sloughing
C.it is disturbed unknowingly
D.it seeks a partner in the mating season
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节事实题。根据题干关键词aggressive定位到原文第二段。第二段首句就提到增加蛇的攻击性的因素有三个,但该句中的第二个分句中的peak表明在hunting for food or for mate的时候攻击性最强,与选项D对应。故答案为D。
4. It is difficult to predict what would happen when a snake meets a man because ______.
A.no one has ever clearly known how he himself was bit
B.man tends to be subjective when he describes his encounter with a snake
C.the aggressiveness of the snakes diversifies according to different situations
D.a snake does not begin to attack without provocation
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节推断题。根据原文第二段最后两句由so连接,倒数第二句是原因,尾句是结果。倒数第二句中第一个分句才是导致尾句的原因,其中aggressiveness,according to与选项C重现,the circumstances and conditions与选项C中的different situations对应。故答案为C。
5. The author uses the example in the last paragraph to support his idea that ______.
A.snakes do not begin the aggressive act if it is not disturbed
B.some snakes are more aggressive and more ready to attack
C.it is hard to forecast whether and how snakes would attack
D.snakes often conceal themselves as their principal defense
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节推断题。尾段首句中的for example是个词组,表明这一句是为了支持上一段尾句的观点的。原文第二段尾句中的impossible和how any encounter will develop分别与选项C中的hard和 how snakes would attack对应,选项C是to forecast的重现。故答案为C。
Passage Two It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results, would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
1. In the first paragraph, the author discusses ______.
A.the background information of journal editing
B.the publication routine of laboratory reports
C.the relations of authors with journal publishers
2. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
A.It criticizes government-funded research.
B.It introduces an effective means of publication.
C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
D.It benefits scientific research considerably.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节判断题。根据题干关键词OECD定位到原文第二段。第二段第四句中的heavy reading的表面意思为“费力的阅读”,但在这里heavy的本质意为hard to do or accomplish;arduous。字面的意思是,这个报告让获取巨大利润的出版商们读起来费劲。是他们的词汇量不够读不懂吗?当然不是,结合文章所述内容,是因为这个报告直指要害,触及了他们的利益。故答案为C。
3. According to the text, online publication is significant in that ______.
A.it provides an easier access to scientific results
B.it brings huge profits to scientific researchers
C.it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge
D.it facilitates public investment in scientific research
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节推断题。根据原文第二段第二句中的The Internet...is making access to scientific results a reality和第三段首句可知,知识的价值在于其广泛传播和即时获取,而互联网使得科学成果的很容易获取变为现实。这就是基于互联网的在线出版的重大意义。故答案为A。
4. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to ______.
A.cover the cost of its publication
B.subscribe to the journal publishing it
C.allow other online journals to use it freely
D.complete the peer-review before submission
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节推断题。根据题干关键词open-access publishing定位到原文尾段第五句。原句中的pay for the paper to be published与选项A对应。故答案为A。
5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
B.A new mode of publication is emerging.
C.Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.
Passage Three Last year, when President George W. Bush announced that federal funds could be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, he mandated that only those cell lines that existed at the time would qualify for such support. More than a year later, it's becoming increasingly clear that these existing cell lines are inadequate. Unless more are created, the research slowdown may exact a staggering cost in terms of human suffering. Since this announcement, the US National Institutes of Health has tried to stimulate research on the existing cell lines with new funding and efforts to streamline the initially cumbersome process of obtaining approved cells. However, whether there are 60 cell lines, as originally stated, or nine, as now appear to be available to NIH-funded investigators, the number is not adequate. Given the genetic diversity within the population, scientists need access to new cell lines if they are to come up with the most effective cell therapies. The issue is partly one of safety. In conducting research with human participants, we must minimize risks. The most effective cell line might not be the safest. When developing a new medicine, a large number of molecules must be screened to find a balance between effectiveness and safety. The same is true with cells. In the context of cell therapy, it will be important to minimize unwanted immune reactions and inflammation this requires selection from a large number of cell lines to obtain the best match. It's clear from experiments with animals that stem-cell therapies can reduce human suffering as Parkinsonian mice have been cured with embryonic stem cells that were programmed to become dopamine-secreting, replacement nerve cells. Soon, cells induced to make insulin in tissue cultures will be used in attempts to treat diabetic mice. Similar successes have been achieved in animal models of spinal-cord injury, heart failure and other degenerative disorders. We are at a frontier in medicine where tissues will be restored in ways that were not imaginable just a few years ago. The ethical issues raised by human-embryo research are profound. The human costs of restricting this research must be taken into account as well. The cost in dollars of delaying new stem-cell research is difficult to estimate. It might measure in the hundreds of billions of dollars, especially if one adds the lost productivity of individuals who must leave work to care for victims of degenerative disorders. A less obvious, but real, cost is the damage to the fabric of America's extraordinary culture of inquiry and technical development in biomedical science. Our universities and teaching hospitals are unparalleled. We attract the very best students, scientists and physicians from around the world. But these institutions are fragile. Research and education play key roles in attracting the best physicians. A crippled research enterprise might add an unbearable stress with long-lasting effects on the entire system. If revolutionary new therapies are delayed or outlawed, we could be set back for years, if not decades. To steer clear of controversy, some investigators will redirect their research. Others will emigrate to countries where such research is allowed and encouraged. Some will drop out entirely. The pall cast over the science community could extend far beyond stem-cell research. Many therapies have emerged from collaboration between government-sponsored researchers and private enterprise. Few of these discoveries would have emerged if, for instance, recombinant DNA research had been outlawed 30 years ago. We face the same type of decision today with limits placed on human embryonic stem cells. Safeguards will be necessary. But if we do not proceed embracing the values of objective, open, inquiry with complete sharing of methods and results, the field will be left to less rigorous fringe groups here and abroad. Patients and society will suffer.
1. It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that the author ______.
3. All of the following are the consequences of the research slowdown EXCEPT ______.
A.the negative impact on technical advancement
B.the detriment to the culture of inquiry
C.the loss of one's productivity
D.the collapse of American dreams
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节判断题。根据原文第四段尾句“It might measure...dollars, especially if one adds the lost productivity of individuals...”可见选项C为后果之一;第五段首句指出“...America's extraordinary culture of inquiry and technical development in biomedical science”,可见选项A和B也是研究停滞的后果。只有选项D未提及。故答案为D。
4. Which of the following statements about the research is TRUE?
A.Some researchers are dubious of the feasibility of the research.
B.Private enterprise doesn't show the interest in the research.
C.There should be a balance between caution and audacity.
D.Many researchers have given up their research.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节判断题。原文尾段最后三句提到“Safeguards will be necessary. But if we do not proceed embracing the values of objective, open, inquiry...Patients and society will suffer. (有必要采取预防措施,但是如果人们只重视安全问题,不继续探索……那么病人和社会就要遭受痛苦)”。由此可见,干细胞研究既要谨慎也要有冒险精神。故答案为C。
5. The most suitable title for the passage would be ______.
A.The Cell Lines
B.The Stem-cell Research
C.The Dangers of Delay
D.Costs on American Patients
A B C D
C
[解析] 主旨题。原文首段尾句提到,如果找不到更多的细胞株,研究就会停下来,这将使人类遭受极大的痛苦;第四段首句表明“It's clear from experiments with animals that stem-cell therapies can reduce human suffering(动物实验证明干细胞疗法能减轻人类的病痛)”。第四、五段提到了干细胞研究停滞会带来的后果,因此这项研究不能拖延。文章结尾指出干细胞研究既要谨慎也要有冒险精神。故答案为C。选项A是细节内容,选项B范围过大,选项D为干扰项。
Passage Four Many things make people think artists are weird—the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists' only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling. Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his "Ode to Joy". In 1962, novelist Anthony Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda—to pry our wallets from our pockets—they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus (假的). "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack. What we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is OK not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Norway need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.
1. What is most strange about artists?
A.They wear special clothes.
B.They rarely work in the daytime.
C.They mainly depict distressing things.
D.They are liable to take illegal drugs.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节事实题。根据题干关键词most strange与原文首段第二句中的the weirdest对应,据此定位原文。原句中的lousy意思是very painful or unpleasant“非常痛苦的或不愉快的”,与选项C对应。故答案为C。
2. What does the author mean by "a stretch"?
A.A terrible thing.
B.An exaggeration.
C.A continuous period of time.
D.An exception.
A B C D
B
[解析] 语义题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段首句,原句serious art has been at war with happiness中的at war这个短语词面含义是“处于战争状态”,引申的意思是“格格不入”或“过不去”,用得很夸张。故答案为B。
3. The example that "Ode to Joy" was used in Burgess's novel is meant to illustrate that ______.
A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic taste
B.violent people have a strong desire to be happy
C.serious art is often contradictory with happiness
D.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干关键词Ode to Joy定位到原文第二段第二句。这个例子是为了说明段首的观点:严肃艺术与欢乐的感觉格格不入。接下来用伯格斯小说的这个实例来说明这个观点。故答案为C。
4. The word "Celebrex" in the advertisement ______.
5. How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?
A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.
B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.
C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.
D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干关键词economy depend on our forgetting定位到原文尾段首句。原文尾段首句讲到:我们所忘记的——我们的经济正是依赖于我们对此的忘记——是快乐并非仅仅就是没有痛苦的愉悦。言下之意,人们认为快乐是没有痛苦的,是可以轻易地获得的,即快乐可以轻易地买到,而我们的经济正依赖于此。故答案为C。
Part Ⅲ Translation
Section A From Chinese into English Directions:Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. 1 在人口稠密的城市,说一个人必须认识他的近邻这个观念早已湮灭,但在小城镇和乡村里却依旧存在。 在天地之间活相同的时间,走的路却可能完全不同。有人走得很远,看见很多美妙的景象;有的人却只是幽囚于斗室,至死也不明白世界有多么辽阔远大。 2 人类最大的谬误,就是以为社会和政治问题简单得很,所以根本不需要科学方法的严格训练,而只要根据实际经验就可以判断,就可以解决。但是事实却恰好相反。 你不能单靠成功来摆脱嫉妒,因为历史上总是有人比你更成功。 3 享受你手头的幸福,做你应该做的工作,勿把你所幻想的——也许是完全错误地——比你更幸运的人来和自己比较,这样你才能摆脱嫉妒。 这样充分运用人的聪明智慧来寻求真理,来控制自然,来改变物质以供人使用,来使人的身体免除不必要的辛劳和痛苦,来把人的精神从愚昧和迷信里解放出来,这样的文明是真正的精神文明。
1.
The perception that one must know his neighbors has died out in the populous city, but it still exists in small towns and rural areas.
2.
The biggest mistake human beings make is they think that social and political issues are so easy that there is no need to take scientific ways to deal with the issues; they can be judged and solved by practical experience, but the fact is quite the opposite.
3.
Only by enjoying what you have, doing what you should do and not making comparison with the imagined—maybe completely wrong—luckier ones, can you really get rid of envy.
Section B From English into Chinese Directions:Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. An important variable affecting communication across cultures is fate and personal responsibility. 1 This refers to the degree to which we feel ourselves the masters of our lives, versus the degree to which we see ourselves as subject to things outside our control. Another way to look at this is to ask how much see ourselves able to change and maneuver, to choose the course of our lives and relationships. Some have drawn a parallel between the emphasis on personal responsibility in North American settings and the landscape itself. The North American Landscape is vast, with large spaces of unpopulated territory. 2 The frontier mentality of "conquering" the wilderness, and the expansiveness of the land stretching huge distances, may relate to generally high levels of confidence in the ability to shape and choose our destinies. In this expansive landscape, many children grow up with an epic sense of life, where ideas are big, and hope springs eternal. When they experience setbacks, they are encouraged to redouble their efforts, to "try, try again". 3 Action, efficacy, and achievement are emphasized and expected. Free will be enshrined in laws and enforced by courts.
1. Directions:You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: "Harmonious Dormitory Life in My Mind".
For a university student, a harmonious dormitory life is necessary and important. We need to learn how to get along with each other and tolerate trivial things. To make our dormitory life ideal and harmonious, there are many things for us to do. In my mind, the first thing we should concern is to create a friendly and warm environment for daily life. We need to be kind to each other and take care of each other, just like a big family. Secondly, we'd better pay more attention to the relations with our roommates whom we can always get help from, and give help to as well. To improve the relations, it is very helpful for us to spend some time in studying and playing together. The last thing I want to mention is that we must learn to tolerate each other. A dormitory is made up of people with different experiences and backgrounds, so conflicts are sometimes unavoidable. If misunderstanding occurs, we'd better find ways to solve it. Only in this way can we live harmoniously. In short, a harmonious life depends on the cooperation of all room members. A harmonious dormitory may make our college life happier and more colorful.