Sentence Correction(句子改错) Each of the sentence correction questions presents a sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. Follow the requirements of standard written English to choose your answer, paying attention to grammar, word choice, and sentence construction. Select the answer that produces the most effective sentence; your answer should make the sentence clear, exact, and free of grammatical error. It should also minimize awkwardness, ambiguity, and redundancy.
1. According to some critics, watching television not only undermines one's ability to think critically but also impairs one's overall ability to perceive.
A.not only undermines one's ability to think critically but also impairs one's
B.not only undermines one's ability of critical thinking but also impairs the
C.undermines not only one's ability to think critically but also impairs one's
D.undermines not only one's ability of critical thinking but also impairs the
E.undermines one's ability not only to think critically but also impairs one's
A B C D E
A
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Parallelism The sentence correctly uses the structure not only ... but also ... to convey two points about the effects that critics believe result from watching television. The phrases placed in the blanks must be in parallel form. A Correct. Two verbal phrases undermines ... and impairs... are coordinated and placed in the correct positions, in parallel form. Also, ability to think (where to think is the infinitive form of the verb) is the idiomatically correct usage, parallel with ability to perceive. B The phrase ability of thinking is unidiomatic. The use of the instead of one's impairs the parallelism. C The phrase not only should precede the verb undermines. This obliterates the parallelism and makes the sentence incoherent. D This makes the sentence incoherent because it obliterates the parallelism: the phrase not only should precede the verb undermines. A further deficiency is the use of the instead of ones. E This obliterates the parallelism and makes the sentence incoherent. The phrase not only should precede the verb undermines. The correct answer is A.
2. In her presentation, the head of the Better Business Bureau emphasized that companies should think of the cost of conventions and other similar gatherings as not an expense, but as an investment in networking that will pay dividends.
A.as not an expense, but as
B.as not expense but
C.not an expense, rather
D.not as an expense, but as
E.not in terms of expense, but
A B C D E
D
[解析] Parallelism; Idiom This sentence is constructed around not as X, but as Y, which must start with the word not in accordance with this idiomatic pattern, and express both parts in a parallel way. A This sentence improperly places as before not. B This sentence improperly places as before not. C This version lacks the required words as and but. D Correct. The idiom has all of its parts and expresses the two opposed concepts in parallel terms. E Although in terms of is an acceptable substitute for as, the construction is no longer parallel due to the lack of a second in terms of(or as) after but. The correct answer is D.
3. Recent interdisciplinary studies advance the argument that emotions, including those deemed personal or private is a social phenomenon, though one inseparable from bodily response.
A.private is a social phenomenon, though one inseparable
B.private, are social phenomena that are inseparable
C.private are a social phenomenon but are not those separable
D.private—are social phenomena but not separable
E.also as private emotions, are social phenomena not inseparable
A B C D E
B
[解析] Agreement; Rhetorical Construction The main problem is one of agreement: in the subordinate clause starting with that, the subject is the plural emotions, which demands the verb are, not is. Also, the phrase starting with including is a parenthetical expression that needs to be set off from the rest of the clause, with some punctuation to indicate a pause at its end (after private). A The verb form is is incorrect, and should instead be are; the parenthetical expression is not separated at its end from the rest of the clause. B Correct. Are is the correct agreeing verb form, and the comma after private correctly sets off the parenthetical expression. C Are is correct, but nothing after private sets off the parenthetical expression from the subsequent material. In addition, not those separable is awkwardly phrased; it would be better as not separable or inseparable as in the correct answer choice B. D The dash would be correct to set off the parenthetical expression only if including had been immediately preceded by a dash; otherwise a comma is needed. The phrase not separable is awkward; it would be better as are not separable or are inseparable. E The phrase also as private emotions is wordy and unidiomatic. The phrase social phenomena not inseparable not only does not express the intended meaning, but is also awkward without a verb and a relative pronoun such as that: a better phrasing is social phenomena that are not separable. The correct answer is B.
4. In a speech before the Senate Banking Committee, the chairman of the Federal Reserve painted an optimistic picture of the economy, suggesting to investors the central bank in the near future is not lowering interest rates.
A.suggesting to investors the central bank in the near future is not lowering interest rates
B.suggesting to investors that the central bank would not lower interest rates in the near future
C.which suggests that to investors in the near future interest rates will not be lowered by the central bank
D.with the suggestion to investors in the near future that interest rates would not be lowered by the central bank
E.with the suggestion to investors of interest rates not being lowered in the near future by the central bank
A B C D E
B
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Verb Form The sentence seeks to report, in indirect-speech form (i.e., using a that-clause), a thought expressed by the chairman of the United States Federal Reserve (the central bank) concerning the central bank's intentions. For example, the chairman might have said: "The central bank will not lower interest rates in the near future." In simplified form, the report of that past speech would have been correct as follows: "The chairman said that the central bank would not lower interest rates in the near future." Notice how will not lower has to morph into would not lower in the indirect-speech transformation of the past direct speech. However, in the indirect-speech report that is given, the sequence of the verb forms is incorrect. A The present-continuous form is not lowering is incorrect because the report refers to a past speech of the chairman that referred to what the central bank then intended. B Correct. This clearly and correctly reports the chairman's past speech about what the central bank intended at that time. C The antecedent of the relative pronoun which is unclear: is it the economy, an optimistic picture of the economy, or the chairman... the economy? The sequence suggests that to investors is unnecessarily awkward and implausibly puts to investors within the scope of the reported speech, i.e., within the that-clause. D The placement of the adverbial phrase in the near future incorrectly removes it outside the scope of the reported speech, and leaves it unclear what verb or adjective it is meant to modify. E Indirect speech is normally best expressed in a that-clause; the attempt to express it by the prepositional phrase of interest rates not being lowered...is unnecessarily awkward. The correct answer is B.
5. As with ants, the elaborate social structure of termites includes a few individuals reproducing and the rest serve the colony by tending juveniles, gathering food, building the nest, or battling intruders.
A.As with ants, the elaborate social structure of termites includes a few individuals reproducing
B.As do ants, termites have an elaborate social structure, which includes a few individuals to reproduce
C.Just as with ants, termite social structure is elaborate, including a few individuals for reproducing
D.Like ants, termites have an elaborate social structure in which a few individuals reproduce
E.Like that of ants, the termite social structure is elaborate, including a few individuals that reproduce
A B C D E
D
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Parallelism The sentence describes the organization of reproduction and labor among termites. As written, the sentence seems, illogically, to compare a social structure with ants, not with another social structure. Overall, the sentence structure is unnecessarily awkward. A The phrases a few individuals reproducing and the rest serve...are nonparallel, contrary to what would be expected given the coordinating conjunction and. B The and seems as if it should coordinate two parallel elements in a complex relative clause; yet a few individuals reproducing is not parallel with the rest serve... intruders. C This illogically compares a social structure with ants. The structure including... and ... raises an expectation that there would be a phrase following and that would be parallel with the phrase a few individuals for reproducing. However, the rest serve... intruders is not parallel "[he participle including is often used to introduce instances of a class; its use here is confusing since a social structure is not a class that has termites as its members. D Correct. The sentence concisely notes that termites resemble ants in having an elaborate social structure. The complex relative clause in which ... and... has two coordinated elements correctly parallel in structure: a few individuals reproduce and the rest serve... intruders. E The phrase that of ants is not parallel with the termite social structure; also, the forward reference of that is unnecessarily awkward and impairs readability. As already noted, the use of the participle including is confusing. The conjunction and indicates coordination of two parallel elements, but a few individuals that reproduce cannot be correctly coordinated with anything that follows it. The correct answer is D.
6. While Noble Sissle may be best known for his collaboration with Eubie Blake, as both a vaudeville performer and as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying an independent career as a singer with such groups as Hahn's Jubilee Singers.
A.and as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying
B.and writing lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying
C.and a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, he also enjoyed
D.as well as writing lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals, he also enjoyed
E.as well as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, he had also enjoyed
A B C D E
C
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Idiom; Parallelism As worded, this sentence opens with a dependent clause (a clause that cannot stand on its own), which requires a main clause (also known as an independent clause) to complete the sentence; however, there is no main clause. Also, given the placement of as before both, the as before a lyricist is incorrect. It would be acceptable to write as both a vaudeville performer and a lyricist or to write both as a vaudeville performer and as a lyricist, it is not acceptable to mix the two forms, as is done here. A The dependent clause, While... Broadway musicals, is followed by a participial phrase rather than a main clause and is therefore ungrammatical. Furthermore, the word as before a lyricist violates the parallel structure required by the phrase both... and. B The construction as both a performer and writing lyrics is incorrect. Also, like (A), this version of the sentence does not supply a main clause. C Correct. Unlike (A) and (B), this version has a main clause. Also, unlike the other version, it correctly uses the both x and y form. D Although this version does supply the main clause anticipated by While its use as both a vaudeville performer as well as writing lyrics is incorrect. E This version's use of both x as well as y instead of both x and y is incorrect. It also introduces an inexplicable past perfect verb, had... enjoyed, in the main clause. The correct answer is C.
7. Air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, but it was found by a joint Canadian-Russian study to be both feasible as well as desirable if those routes are opened to thousands more commercial planes a year.
A.Air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, but it was found by a joint Canadian-Russian study to be both feasible as well as desirable if those routes are opened to thousands more commercial planes a year.
B.Currently used by only two or three planes a day, a joint Canadian-Russian study has found that if air traffic routes over the North Pole are opened to thousands more commercial planes a year, it would be both feasible and desirable.
C.A joint Canadian-Russian study, finding it to be both feasible as well as desirable to open air traffic routes over the North Pole, which are currently used by only two or three planes a day, to thousands more commercial planes a year.
D.Although air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, a joint Canadian-Russian study has found that opening those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year is both feasible and desirable.
E.With air traffic routes over the North Pole currently used by only two or three planes a day, opening those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year has been found by a joint Canadian—Russian study as both feasible and desirable.
A B C D E
D
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Verb Form; Logical Predication The point of the sentence is to share the results of a study about air routes over the North Pole, but the wording is confusing and verbose. The passive construction it was found by a joint Canadian-Russian study to be could be expressed more directly and clearly in active voice: a joint Canadian-Russian study has found. A The passive construction it was found by a joint Canadian-Russian study to be, especially followed by the conditional if, is wordy, awkward, and unclear. B Used by only two or three planes illogically modifies a joint Canadian-Russian study; the pronoun it has no clear antecedent. C The subject A joint Canadian-Russian study has no verb; to thousands more commercial planes is located too far away from to open, which it is intended to modify. D Correct. The sentence uses correctly placed modifiers and the active voice to explain clearly what a joint Canadian-Russian study has found. E The passive construction opening those routes... has been found by a joint Canadian-Russian study as both is wordy and unidiomatic. The correct answer is D.
8. From an experiment using special extrasensory perception cards, each bearing one of a set of symbols, parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine claimed statistical proof for subjects who could use thought transference to identify a card in the dealer's hand.
A.for subjects who could use thought transference to identify a card in the dealer's hand
B.for a card in the dealer's hand to be identified by subjects with thought transference
C.of subjects able to identify with thought transference a card in the dealer's hand
D.that subjects could identify a card in the dealer's hand by using thought transference
E.that subjects are capable to use thought transference for identifying a card in the dealer's hand
A B C D E
D
[解析] Idiom; Rhetorical Construction This sentence is meant to indicate that Joseph Banks Rhine claimed that a certain experiment statistically proved that subjects could identify what symbol was on a card in a dealer's hand by using thought transference. The present version of the sentence does not convey the intended meaning well, however. What should follow proof is a statement of the assertion that Rhine claims the experiment has statistically proved, linked to the word proof by the word that. Instead proof is followed by a prepositional phrase for subjects who.... A This version of the sentence inappropriately attempts to describe the claim by using a prepositional phrase, fir subjects who.... B Like (A), this version of the sentence inappropriately attempts to describe the claim by using a prepositional phrase, for a card in C Like (A) and (B), this version of the sentence inappropriately attempts to describe the claim by using a prepositional phrase. While proof might reasonably be followed by of, the phrase that follows the preposition is ungrammatical, requiring a participle to modify subjects, such as being able to.... D Correct. This version correctly uses the idiom proof that followed by an assertion. E While this version of the sentence correctly follows proof with that followed by an assertion, it fails to use the appropriate idiom with capable; instead of capable to use, it should have capable of using. The correct answer is D.
9. A long-term study of some 1,000 physicians indicates that the more coffee these doctors drank, the more they had a likelihood of coronary disease.
A.more they had a likelihood of coronary disease
B.more was their likelihood of having coronary disease
C.more they would have a likelihood to have coronary disease
D.greater was their likelihood of having coronary disease
E.greater was coronary disease likely
A B C D E
D
[解析] Idiom; Rhetorical Construction This sentence describes the results of a study in which researchers found a correlation between the amounts of coffee that people drank and their likelihood of coronary disease. It most eloquently expresses this correlation as a comparison of parallel forms, using the idiom the + comparative adjective phrase...the + comparative adjective phrase. The two adjective phrases should have the same grammatical form. A This version obscures the intended correlation between coffee and likelihood. The phrase the more they had a likelihood somewhat illogically indicates that the research subjects had likelihood to a greater degree rather than that their likelihood was greater. B Although the adverb more is used to indicate a greater degree or extent in phrases such as more likely, the adjective more normally indicates greater quantity. THUS, the use of more as an adjective modifying their likelihood is nonstandard. Differences in a particular type of likelihood are normally thought of as matters of degree, not of quantity. Greater is the preferred adjective for indicating such differences. C The conditional verb phrase would have a likelihood to have is redundant, wordy, and not comparable to the simple past tense drank. D Correct. This version uses proper wording and is clear and concise. E This completion of the comparison is not idiomatic; moreover, it is ungrammatical, attempting to use an adjective greater to describe an adverb, likely. The correct answer is D.
10. Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but they then veer off toward higher latitudes, in many cases changing direction toward the east before dissipating over the colder, more northerly waters or over land.
A.Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but
B.At first, hurricanes travel from east to west, because that is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics, but
C.While hurricanes travel from east to west at first, the direction of the prevailing winds blowing in the tropics, and
D.Because hurricanes at first travel from east to west, since it is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics,
E.Hurricanes, beginning by traveling from east to west, because this is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics,
A B C D E
B
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Grammatical Construction Hurricanes at first begin traveling is redundant. The sentence could start with At first, hurricanes travel or with Hurricanes begin traveling, there is no need to have both at first and begin. A concise version of the sentence would also avoid that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow. The meaning of way here is already conveyed by direction. A At first and begin are redundant. Also, that direction is the way the prevailing winds blow is unnecessarily wordy. B Correct. This version of the sentence is grammatically correct and lacks redundancy. C This sentence begins with a dependent clause (that is, a clause that cannot stand on its own), anticipating a main clause (also known as an independent clause) to complete the sentence; a main clause does follow, but it is connected to the initial dependent clause by the coordinating conjunction and, which would be appropriate here only if the initial clause was of the same grammatical type (that is, was also a main clause). D The causal conjunction Because suggests that the direction in which hurricanes initially travel causes them later to veer off to the north, but this make little logical sense. E This sentence opens with a main subject, Hurricanes, but this subject has no verb. The sentence's main verb, veer, has as a subject they. The correct answer is B.
11. Travelers from Earth to Mars would have to endure low levels of gravity for long periods of time, avoiding large doses of radiation, plus contending with the chemically reactive Martian soil, and perhaps even ward off contamination by Martian life-forms.
A.Mars would have to endure low levels of gravity for long periods of time, avoiding large doses of radiation, plus contending
B.Mars would have to endure low levels of gravity for long periods of time, avoid large doses of radiation, contend
C.Mars, having to endure low levels of gravity for long periods of time, would also have to avoid large doses of radiation, plus contending
D.Mars, having to endure low levels of gravity for long periods of time, avoid large doses of radiation, plus contend
E.Mars, who would have to endure low levels of gravity for long periods of time, avoid large doses of radiation, contend with
A B C D E
B
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Parallelism The sentence lists a series of things that travelers from Earth to Mars would have to do in order to successfully handle challenging conditions. Listing elements in a series requires parallelism in wording for each element, together with the use of a conjunction immediately preceding the final element. A The parallelism requirement is not fulfilled; for example, endure ... time is not parallel with avoiding... radiation or contending... soil. The word plus is not a coordinating conjunction and its inclusion impairs the structure of the series. B Correct. The parallelism requirement is fulfilled, with the following elements: endure..., avoid..., contend..., and perhaps even ward off. C The parallelism requirement is not fulfilled; for example, would have to avoid is not parallel with contending. The word plus is not a coordinating conjunction. D This is not a valid sentence since it lacks an independent clause. E This is not a valid sentence since it lacks an independent clause. The correct answer is B.
12. Unlike the virginal, whose single set of strings runs parallel to the front edge of the instrument, the harpsichord's several sets of strings are placed at right angles to its front edge.
A.whose single set of strings runs parallel to the front edge of the instrument, the harpsichord's several sets of strings are
B.with a single set of strings running parallel to the front edge of the instrument, the several sets of strings of the harpsichord are
C.which has a single set of strings that runs parallel to the front edge of the instrument, in the case of the harpsichord, several sets of strings are
D.which has a single set of strings that run parallel to the front edge of the instrument, the harpsichord has several sets of strings
E.in which a single set of strings run parallel to the front edge of the instrument, the harpsichord's several sets of strings are
A B C D E
D
[解析] Parallelism; Agreement The point of the sentence is to contrast two instruments, but the sentence has been written to contrast the virginal with the sets of strings on the harpsichord. The proper contrast is between the virginal and the harpsichord. A The virginal is illogically contrasted with the sets of strings on the harpsichord. Note the possessive form harpsichord's in contrast to virginal. B The virginal is illogically contrasted with the sets of strings on the harpsichord. C In the case of the harpsichord is not parallel to the virginal D Correct. The contrast is properly drawn between the virginal and the harpsichord. E The virginal is illogically contrasted with the sets of strings on the harpsichord; the verb run does not agree with the singular subject set. The correct answer is D.
13. Although Alice Walker published a number of essays, poetry collections, and stories during the 1970s, her third novel, The Color Purple, which was published in 1982, brought her the widest acclaim in that it won both the National Book Award as well as the Pulitzer Prize.
A.which was published in 1982, brought her the widest acclaim in that it won both the National Book Award as well as the Pulitzer Prize
B.published in 1982, bringing her the widest acclaim by winning both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize
C.published in 1982, brought her the widest acclaim, winning both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize
D.was published in 1982 and which, winning both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize, brought her the widest acclaim
E.was published in 1982, winning both the National Book Award as well as the Pulitzer Prize, and bringing her the widest acclaim
A B C D E
C
[解析] Idiom; Grammatical Construction This sentence claims that the 1982 novel The Color Purple brought Alice Walker more acclaim than her many publications in the 1970s. A The construction both the American Book Award as well as the Pulitzer Prize is unidiomatic; the correct idiomatic form is both x and y. B Because this sentence uses only participial phrases in the clause following the initial, dependent clause, the sentence lacks a main verb and is therefore ungrammatical. C Correct. This version correctly uses the form both x and y and is grammatically correct. D The use of which is inappropriate here; although it would still be rhetorically inferior to the correct answer (C), this version would be acceptable if the word which were deleted. E Like (A), this version of the sentence uses the unidiomatic form both x as well as y. The correct answer is C.
14. Heating oil and natural gas futures rose sharply yesterday, as long-term forecasts for much colder temperatures in key heating regions raised fears of insufficient supplies capable of meeting the demand this winter.
A.of insufficient supplies capable of meeting
B.of supplies that would be insufficient for meeting
C.of insufficient supplies that are unable to meet
D.that there would be supplies insufficient for meeting
E.that supplies would be insufficient to meet
A B C D E
E
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Verb Form The wording of the underlined portion of this sentence is incoherent because it suggests that supplies that are "insufficient" are "capable of meeting the demand." The phrase fears of insufficient supplies is awkward and unclear: it suggests that the object of the fears already exists, i.e., that supplies are already insufficient. How can the intended meaning—regarding a fear that something might occur—be best expressed in the context of the sentence as a whole? A This produces an incoherent sentence that forces us to guess at what might have been intended. B This is wordy and unnecessarily awkward. The phrase insufficient to meet would be more idiomatic than insufficient for meeting. C The present tense are fails to express the future-oriented nature of the fears: that future supplies might turn out to be insufficient relative to demand. D The awkward expression here is misleading. What the fears were about was not that there would be supplies but that the supplies would be insufficient. E Correct. What was feared was the following: future supplies will be insufficient to meet the demand. Because we are told that the fears were raised in the past, the futurity of the feared occurrence must be expressed by would be (rather than by will be) in the context of the that-clause, which clearly conveys what was feared (the object of the "fears"). The correct answer is E.
15. Because it regarded the environmentalists as members of an out-of-state organization, the city council voted that they are denied permission for participating in the parade.
A.that they are denied permission for participating
B.that they be denied permission for participating
C.denying them permission for participation
D.the denial of permission that they participate
E.to deny them permission to participate
A B C D E
E
[解析] Verb Form; Logical Predication The sentence describes a vote that has been taken by a city council and suggests an explanation as to why the city council voted the particular way it did. The underlined portion, together with the three words that follow it, serves to describe the particular way the council voted and begins immediately after the verb voted. The word that at the beginning of the underlined portion introduces a subordinate clause that introduces the particular way the city council voted. A When we vote for something, what we vote for is something that perhaps should happen, rather than a fact or a description of an actual state of affairs. The statement they are denied permission would, if used properly, simply describe an actual state of affairs. It is therefore something that would not be voted for. The wording of the sentence thus needs to be changed, so that what is described as being voted for is not described as if it were an existing state of affairs. Furthermore, as discussed in connection with option B, the use of "for participating" may also be incorrect. B The use of "for participating" in this option may be incorrect. The noun permission as used in this statement describes an official act of allowing someone or something to do something. In this statement, it would be better if permission were followed by an infinitive form of a verb (beginning with the word "to"). For example, permission to participate would be correct. C In addition to the flaw described in connection with option B, this option has a flaw associated with the use of the word denying. Between voted and whatever form of the verb "deny" we may choose, we need a term, such as an infinitive (e.g., to) or a preposition (e.g., for or on) to introduce the statement describing the vote. In this way, to deny, for denying, and on denying could be correct. This option lacks such an introducing term. D One flaw in this option is somewhat like the flaw in option C. For option D, the option is a noun phrase, which, when preceded by the verb "voted," needs a preposition such as for or on to precede it. For example, voted for the denial of permission might be correct. The use of that they participate is also incorrect. This flaw could be fixed if, as discussed in connection with option B, we used to participate instead. E Correct. This option has none of the flaws discussed in connection with options A through D. The correct answer is E.
16. In 1913, the largely self-taught Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan mailed 120 of his theorems to three different British mathematicians; only one, G. H. Hardy, recognized the brilliance of these theorems, but thanks to Hardy's recognition, Ramanujan was eventually elected to the Royal Society of London.
A.only one, G. H. Hardy, recognized the brilliance of these theorems, but
B.they were brilliant, G. H. Hardy alone recognized, but
C.these theorems were brilliant, but only one, G. H. Hardy recognized;
D.but, only one, G. H. Hardy, recognizing their brilliance,
E.only one G. H. Hardy recognized, but these theorems were brilliant
A B C D E
A
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction The point of the sentence is that only one of the British mathematicians with whom Srinivasa Ramanujan initially shared his theorems recognized their brilliance, but that recognition was sufficient to earn Ramanujan acclaim. The sentence has been correctly constructed, with the phrase only one referring clearly to British mathematicians and the noun theorems repeated to avoid confusion. A Correct. The phrase only one refers clearly to British mathematicians, and the noun theorems is repeated to avoid confusion. B They is intended to refer to theorems but instead refers to mathematicians, causing confusion. C Structured in this way, the sentence does not make sense. Only one is intended to refer to G. H. Hardy but instead seems to refer to theorems, causing confusion. If only one is taken to refer to G. H. Hardy, the absence of a comma after the name and the absence of an object for recognized make the sentence ungrammatical. D The sentence is ungrammatical because G. H. Hardy serves as the subject of a clause but is not paired with a verb. E Only one G. H. Hardy recognized incorrectly implies (in an awkwardly inverted wording structure) that Hardy recognized only one theorem; these theorems were brilliant thanks to Hardy's recognition illogically suggests that Hardy's recognition is what made the theorems brilliant. The correct answer is A.
17. Cost cutting and restructuring has allowed the manufacturing company to lower its projected losses for the second quarter, and they are forecasting a profit before the end of the year.
A.has allowed the manufacturing company to lower its projected losses for the second quarter, and they are forecasting
B.has allowed for the manufacturing company to lower its projected losses in the second quarter and to forecast
C.have allowed that the manufacturing company can lower the projected losses for the second quarter, and to forecast
D.have allowed the manufacturing company to lower its projected second-quarter losses and to forecast
E.have allowed for the manufacturing company to lower the projected losses in the second quarter, as well as forecasting
A B C D E
D
[解析] Agreement; Idiom; Verb Form The point of the sentence is to explain the two main effects of the changes made by the company. However, the singular verb has allowed does not agree with the compound subject cost cutting and restructuring, which are far more plausibly understood as two actions rather than as two facets of a single action. In principle, the manufacturing company could be construed as plural (referring collectively to the decision makers and spokespeople who are projecting losses and forecasting a profit), but the plural pronoun they does not agree with the earlier its, which treats the antecedent as singular. A The singular verb has allowed does not agree with the compound subject cost cutting and restructuring, the plural pronoun they does not agree with the intended singular antecedent company. B The singular verb has allowed does not agree with the compound subject cost cutting and restructuring, allowed for is not the correct idiom. C Allowed that is not the correct idiom; can lower and to forecast are not grammatically parallel. D Correct. The sentence uses the correct subject-verb combination cost cutting and restructuring have allowed; the two occurrences of the pronoun its agree with each other in treating their antecedent company as singular; and the two effects to lower and to forecast are parallel and idiomatic. E Allowed for is not the correct idiom; to lower and as well as forecasting are not parallel. The correct answer is D.
18. The Life and Casualty Company hopes that by increasing its environmental fund reserves to $1.2 billion, that it has set aside enough to pay for environmental claims and no longer has to use its profits and capital to pay those claims bit by bit, year by year.
A.that it has set aside enough to pay for environmental claims and no longer has
B.enough has been set aside with which environmental claims can be paid and it will have no longer
C.it has set aside enough for payment of environmental claims and thus no longer having
D.enough has been set aside to pay for environmental claims, thus no longer having
E.it has set aside enough to pay for environmental claims and will no longer have
A B C D E
E
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Logical Predication All predicates need a proper logical subject. Here, the relevant predicates are the verbs increase, set aside, and have. With it as the subject for set aside—referring back to the Life and Casualty Company—all three verbs should have this as their understood subject. With a different subject for set aside, at least one of the other verbs lacks a proper logical subject. Also, this sentence uses the word that after hope to start the subordinate clause, but then incorrectly repeats the that after the initial adverbial phrase (by increasing... billion). Only the first that is grammatically correct. A The additional that makes the sentence ungrammatical. Also, because in this context the hope is forward-looking (bit by bit, year by year), it would be preferable to use the future tense, will no longer have to, instead of the present no longer has to. B With enough as the subject of set aside, the next subject (it) is naturally interpreted as enough, but this is not a logical choice for the subject of use. C The phrase no longer having is ungrammatical when connected to the rest of the sentence by and, which should connect two regular clauses; no longer having... is a mere phrase, not a clause, and no longer has would be correct. D For no longer having, illogically, the implied subject is enough; the implied subject, instead, should be the company referred to at the beginning of the sentence. E Correct. There is only one that, and will no longer have to use has its proper logical subject (it) from the clause preceding it. The correct answer is E.
19. Like ancient Egyptian architectural materials that were recycled in the construction of ancient Greek Alexandria, so ancient Greek materials from the construction of that city were reused in subsequent centuries by Roman, Muslim, and modern builders.
A.Like ancient Egyptian architectural materials that were recycled in the construction of
B.Like recycling ancient Egyptian architectural materials to construct
C.Just as ancient Egyptian architectural materials were recycled in the construction of
D.Just as they recycled ancient Egyptian architectural materials in constructing
E.Just like ancient Egyptian architectural materials that were recycled in constructing
A B C D E
C
[解析] Diction; Parallelism When two situations are asserted to be similar, the proper way to express this is with the paired expressions just as... so..., not like... so. Moreover, the two compared situations should be expressed as clauses, not as noun phrases. Thus the clause ancient Egyptian architectural materials were recycled... is correct, as opposed to a noun phrase like ancient Egyptian architectural materials that were recycled... A Just as and a following clause with a passive verb are preferred, but instead this option has like and a following noun phrase (ancient Egyptian materials...). It appears, somewhat implausibly, to say that the ancient Greek materials were similar to the earlier ancient Egyptian ones in that both were used by Roman, Muslim, and modern builders. B Just as and a following clause with a passive verb are preferred, but instead this option has like and a following noun phrase (recycling ancient Egyptian materials...). It appears illogically to say that the action of recycling was similar to the ancient Greek materials in that both were reused in subsequent centuries. C Correct. The expressions just as and so are paired to link the two clauses in parallel, and both clauses use the passive construction. D Just as is used to connect two clauses, which is good, but the first clause employs the active construction rather than the preferred passive, so there is a failure of parallelism. Also, it is unclear what they refers to. The sentence appears to say illogically that some unidentified group's action of recycling was similar to the ancient Greek materials' being reused. E Just as introducing a clause with a passive verb is preferable, but this sentence uses like and a following noun phrase (ancient Egyptian materials...). It appears, somewhat implausibly, to say that the ancient Greek materials were similar to the earlier ancient Egyptian ones in that both were used by Roman, Muslim, and modern builders. The correct answer is C.
20. Especially in the early years, new entrepreneurs may need to find resourceful ways, like renting temporary office space or using answering services, that make their company seem large and more firmly established than they may actually be.
A.that make their company seem large
B.to make their companies seem larger
C.thus making their companies seem larger
D.so that the companies seem larger
E.of making their company seem large
A B C D E
B
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Diction T he clause beginning with that suggests that a company can be made to seem better than it actually is. The comparison signaled by than appears to be intended to apply to both the size of the company and the degree to which the company is firmly established. In that case, it is a mistake to use large instead of larger. If, on the other hand, large is not intended to be part of the comparison, it would be better to clarify this by separating the two topics in a construction such as make their company seem large and also make it seem more firmly established.... The phrase resourceful ways suggests purpose, so ways should connect with to or of, rather than a that clause to capture the intended meaning. A Large is the incorrect form to express comparison; it should be larger, the that clause does not adequately capture the idea of purpose implicit in ways. The singular company does not agree with the plural pronoun they. Thus, the sentence either commits an agreement mistake or illogically says that entrepreneurs need to find ways to make themselves seem large and more firmly established. B Correct. Larger is the correct form to express the comparative meaning, and to correctly follows way. Companies agrees with the plural they. C The phrase beginning thus making does not capture the idea of purpose implicit in ways. D Clauses beginning so that can express purpose, but do not fit with ways in the manner required here: to or of is needed after ways. E Large is the incorrect form to express comparison; it should be larger. The singular company does not agree with the plural pronoun they. Thus, the sentence either commits an agreement mistake or illogically says that entrepreneurs need to find ways to make themselves seem large and more firmly established. The correct answer is B.
21. Unlike the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants, situated underground or in pieces of wood, raider ants make a portable nest by entwining their long legs to form "curtains" of ants that hang from logs or boulders, providing protection for the queen and the colony larvae and pupae.
A.the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants,
B.the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants, which are
C.leaf cutters and most other ants, whose nests are
D.leaf cutters and most other ants in having nests
E.those of leaf cutters and most other ants with nests
A B C D E
C
[解析] Logical Predication As worded, this sentence draws a contrast between raider ants and the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants. The appropriate contrast would be with leaf cutters and most other ants themselves, not their nests. A As indicated above, the appropriate contrast is between raider ants and other kinds of ants (namely leaf cutters and most ants). As worded, this version of the sentence says something obviously true: of course the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants do not make portable nests. B Like (A), this sentence compares nests with raider ants. Also, the referent of the relative pronoun which is ambiguous, possibly modifying ants, and possibly modifying nests. C Correct. This version correctly draws the contrast between raider ants and other kinds of ants. Furthermore, unlike in (B) and (D), it is clear here that situated underground or in pieces of wood applies to the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants. D This sentence correctly compares leaf cutters and other ants with raider ants, but the prepositional phrase in having nests suggests that it is raider ants, not leaf cutters and most other ants, that have nests situated underground or in pieces of wood; however, the rest of the sentence indicates that in fact raider ants' nests are not situated in such locations. E The referent of those is unclear; presumably it refers to nests, but grammatically it has no clear antecedent. If it is taken to refer to nests, those creates an illogical comparison with raider ants. The correct answer is C.
22. Turtles, like other reptiles, can endure long fasts, in their ability to survive on weekly or even monthly feedings; however, when food is readily available, they may eat frequently and grow very fat.
A.fasts, in their ability to survive
B.fasts, having their ability to survive
C.fasts, due to having the ability of surviving
D.fasts because they are able to survive
E.fasts because of having the ability of surviving
A B C D E
D
[解析] Idiom; Diction To express why turtles can endure long fasts—their ability to survive on only occasional feedings—it is clearer and more idiomatic to use because than to use in or having. Also, the noun ability here requires to introducing a noun phrase denoting the nature of the ability. A In does not express the causal relationship clearly, whereas because does. B Having does not express the causal relationship clearly. C Ability of is incorrect; ability must be followed by to in order to express the intended meaning. Due to having the ability is awkward, nonstandard, and unnecessarily wordy. D Correct. This option uses because to express the causal relation and uses to after ability. E Ability of is incorrect; ability must be followed by to in order to express the intended meaning. Because of having the ability is awkward, nonstandard, and unnecessarily wordy. The correct answer is D.
23. Thai village crafts, as with other cultures, have developed through the principle that form follows function and incorporate readily available materials fashioned using traditional skills.
A.as with
B.as did those of
C.as they have in
D.like in
E.like those of
A B C D E
E
[解析] Logical Predication; Diction; Verb Form The phrase as with other cultures is initially confusing given that no culture has been specifically mentioned; Thai village culture is indirectly referenced by the mention of Thai village crafts, so perhaps that is what is meant. But then, looking at the phrase in context, it becomes clear that the sentence is intended to indicate that the crafts of other cultures are similar in certain ways to Thai village crafts. Thus, the sentence should say those of other cultures. Furthermore, the use here of as with is questionable. To do the job it is supposed to do here (to indicate that the crafts of Thai villages are like the crafts of other cultures in a particular way), as with should be at the beginning of the sentence: As with the crafts of other cultures, Thai village crafts have developed.... Alternatively, like could be used here instead of as with. A The appropriate comparison is between Thai village crafts and those (i.e., crafts) of other cultures, not the other cultures themselves. Additionally, like would be more appropriate here than as with. B The verb form here is incorrect. [D] id is not parallel to have later in the sentence. The phrase as have those of other cultures would be parallel, but it is in the wrong position. To be correct, it would need to occur after the main verb is introduced: Thai village crafts have developed, as have those of other cultures C The use of the pronoun they is inaccurate; the reader is likely to take its antecedent to be Thai village crafts, not crafts. Furthermore, even if the pronoun here were not problematic, if the construction as they have in other cultures is used, it should occur after the main verb (have developed) is introduced. D The comparative term like compares two nouns or noun phrases, but in this version of the sentence, like compares a noun (crafts) with a prepositional phrase (in other cultures). E Correct. [T]hose of other cultures clearly refers to the crafts of other cultures; like is appropriate for making a comparison between two sorts of things (crafts). The correct answer is E.
24. To estimate the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is a lack of a single yardstick that all distances can be measured by.
A.To estimate the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is a lack of a single yardstick that all distances can be measured by.
B.Estimating the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is no single yardstick by which all distances can be measured.
C.Because there is a lack of a single yardstick to measure all distances by, estimating the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem.
D.A notoriously difficult problem is to estimate the expansion rate of the universe because a single yardstick is lacking by which all distances can be measured.
E.It is a notoriously difficult problem to estimate the expansion rate of the universe because by no single yardstick can all distances be measured.
A B C D E
B
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Logical Predication The sentence seeks to explain the difficulty of estimating the expansion rate of the universe and uses a because-clause to present the explanation. Issues in the given sentence include the following: is the infinitive verb form to estimate best here? And is there a more straightforward and more readable way to express the explanation? A The wording with the infinitive verb form to estimate is less than ideal here (as opposed to how to estimate, for example). The phrase there is a lack of a single yardstick is wordy. The placement of the preposition by so far from the relative pronoun it governs (that) is unnecessarily awkward. B Correct. Use of the verbal noun estimating is acceptable here. The phrase there is no single yardstick is much more direct and readable than there is a lack of a single yardstick. The preposition by is adjacent to which, the relative pronoun that it governs. C The phrase there is a lack of a single yardstick is wordy. The placement of the preposition by at the end of the phrase a single yardstick to measure all distances by is unnecessarily awkward, in that it separates by from the noun that it is meant to govern. D Compared with the given sentence, this sentence involves a reordering of the ideas and a shifting of emphases in a way that is confusing. For example, is this sentence to be understood as citing one instance of "a notoriously difficult problem"? This was not the purpose of the given sentence. In addition, the phrase to estimate is less clear than would be how to estimate. Finally, the wide separation of the because-clause from the reference to difficulty produces a sentence that is unnecessarily awkward, if not incoherent (for example, structurally it seems to make the adverbial because-clause modify the verb estimate). Contrast this with the given sentence, where the because-clause is placed adjacent to the phrase difficult problem. E The phrase to estimate is less clear than would be how to estimate. The because-clause, which is meant to explain why estimating the expansion rate of the universe is difficult, is too widely separated from the reference to difficulty. In the because-clause, the inversion of the normal subject-verb order is unnecessarily awkward. The correct answer is B.
25. The Commerce Department reported that the nation's economy grew at a brisk annual pace of 3.7 percent in the second quarter, but that while businesses were expanding their production, unsold goods piled up on store shelves as consumer spending is slowed sharply.
A.unsold goods piled up on store shelves as consumer spending is slowed sharply
B.unsold goods were piling up on store shelves as consumer spending slowed sharply
C.unsold goods had piled up on store shelves with a sharp slowing of consumer spending
D.consumer spending was slowing sharply, with the piling up of unsold goods on store shelves
E.consumer spending has slowed sharply, with unsold goods piling up on store shelves
A B C D E
B
[解析] Verb Form; Rhetorical Construction The sentence summarizes a government report about four business and economic processes occurring over a single quarter: economic growth, increasing production, unsold goods accumulating in retail stores, and a sharp slowing in consumer spending. A problem in the verb is slowed is use of the passive form, which in this context is awkward and unidiomatic. It is also present tense, whereas piled up is simple-past tense—a breach of proper tense sequence. A This fails because of the inappropriate and in context unidiomatic use of the passive voice. Also, piled up does not clearly indicate a process. B Correct. The verb were piling up correctly indicates a process as opposed to a single event; with the as-clause, the verb slowed indicates a process simultaneous with another process (and, implicitly, contributing to it). C The verb had piled up suggests an event that occurred before businesses were expanding their production, even though the while-clause indicates that the piling-up occurred simultaneously with that expansion. D The import of the with-phrase is insufficiently clear. It could be read as indicating that the piling-up was also slowing. But this reading fails to capture the idea of a causal relationship implicitly conveyed in the given sentence. E The verb has slowed suggests a process that occurred in the recent past and impinges on the present (not necessarily in "the second quarter"). The verb tense does not match the verb tense were expanding in the while-clause, and does not convey simultaneity with the expansion referred to. The correct answer is B.
26. Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus offers an examination not only of how difficult it is to reconcile reason, will, and passion together in any art form, but also a skillfully navigated exploration of the major concerns of modernism.
A.an examination not only of how difficult it is to reconcile reason, will, and passion together in any art form, but
B.an examination not only about the difficulty of reconciling reason, will, and passion in any art form, and
C.not only an examination of how difficult it is to reconcile reason, will, and passion in any art form, and
D.not only an examination about the difficulty with reconciling reason, will, and passion together in any art form, but
E.not only an examination of the difficulty of reconciling reason, will, and passion in any art form, but
A B C D E
E
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Idiom The sentence, in its most correct form, would use the structure not only ... but also... to coordinate parallel references to an "examination" and to an "exploration." However, the given sentence errs in placing the phrase not only after the first of the items meant to be coordinated. This impairs the required parallelism and the grammatical structure of the sentence as a whole—as if the "examination" referred to was not only an examination of the difficulty of a certain reconciliation but was also an examination of a skillfully navigated exploration, This does not seem to be the intended meaning, and if it were, the latter of, not included, would be required. A In addition to the structural problem already noted, the word together is superfluous because its meaning is already included in reconcile. B The word examination should be followed in this context by the preposition of rather than by about. The coordinate conjunction and is unidiomatic, given the earlier occurrence of not only. C The coordinate conjunction and is unidiomatic in this context, given the earlier occurrence of not only. D The prepositions about and with are unidiomatic here (as opposed to of in both cases). As noted earlier, together is superfluous with reconcile. E Correct. The coordination of the parallel reference to an examination and an exploration is successfully executed here using the structure not only... but also. The correct answer is E.
27. According to a recent study, retirees in the United States are four times more likely to give regular financial aid to their children as to receive it from them.
A.retirees in the United States are four times more likely to give regular financial aid to their children as
B.retirees in the United States are four times as likely to give regular financial aid to their children as it is for them
C.retirees in the United States are four times more likely to give regular financial aid to their children than
D.it is four times more likely for retirees in the United States to give regular financial aid to their children than they are
E.it is four times as likely that retirees in the United States will give their children regular financial aid as they are
A B C D E
C
[解析] Diction; Parallelism The sentence notes a difference, for retirees in the United States, between the likelihood that they will give regular financial aid to their children and the likelihood that they will receive regular financial aid from their children. The elements of the comparison need to be expressed in parallel and in a proper construction. A This sentence improperly implements the construction for times more likely to X than to Y, with X corresponding to give regular financial aid to their children and Y corresponding to receive it from them. Instead of the word than that would be used in this construction, the sentence improperly uses as. B This sentence, like sentence A, improperly uses as. It also lacks parallelism, because to give regular financial aid to their children is not parallel to it is for them to receive it from them. C Correct. This sentence resolves both of the issues discussed in connection with sentences A and B. In addition to properly using than in the construction four times more likely to X than to Y, the sentence properly lists in parallel the two elements being compared—to give regular financial aid to their children and to receive it from them. D This sentence, in addition to being somewhat more wordy than necessary, lacks parallelism. The phrase to give regular financial aid to their children is not parallel to they are to receive it from them. The words they are in the second phrase are superfluous and make the sentence more difficult to read than necessary, and can simply be removed. E This sentence is hard to parse and lacks parallelism. It is difficult to see what two phrases represent the elements to be compared and thus what needs to be parallel with what. This makes the sentence difficult to read. The correct answer is C.
28. Discussion of greenhouse effects have usually had as a focus the possibility of Earth growing warmer and to what extent it might, but climatologists have indicated all along that precipitation, storminess, and temperature extremes are likely to have the greatest impact on people.
A.Discussion of greenhouse effects have usually had as a focus the possibility of Earth growing warmer and to what extent it might,
B.Discussion of greenhouse effects has usually had as its focus whether Earth would get warmer and what the extent would be,
C.Discussion of greenhouse effects has usually focused on whether Earth would grow warmer and to what extent,
D.The discussion of greenhouse effects have usually focused on the possibility of Earth getting warmer and to what extent it might,
E.The discussion of greenhouse effects has usually focused on whether Earth would grow warmer and the extent that is,
A B C D E
C
[解析] Agreement; Parallelism The sentence contrasts climatologists' views concerning greenhouse effects with other views that emphasize global warming. The main subject of the sentence is discussion..., which is singular, so the main verb should be singular. The two things that are said to be the focus of discussion should be in parallel form. A The plural verb have... had does not agree with the singular subject discussion. The phrases the possibility...warmer and to what...might are not parallel. B The verb form has had as its focus is unnecessarily wordy; the noun clauses are parallel in form, but it is not clear what the extent refers to. C Correct. This has correct subject-verb agreement, eliminates the wordiness of the original sentence, and the phrases whether... warmer and to what extent are parallel. D The singular subject discussion does not agree with the plural verb have focused. The possibility of... is not parallel with to what extent.... E The two phrases following on are not in parallel form. What that refers to in the extent that is is unclear. The correct answer is C.
29. In the seventh century B.C., the Roman alphabet was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet, which in turn had been adapted in the previous century from a western Greek alphabet, which itself had been adapted earlier in the same century from the Phoenician alphabet.
A.which itself had been adapted earlier
B.adapting itself earlier
C.itself being adapted earlier
D.having been earlier adapted itself
E.earlier itself having been adapted
A B C D E
A
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Verb Form; Logical Predication This sentence describes a string of adaptations of the alphabet, tracing back from the seventh century BC through two points in the eighth century BC. Because the latest of the three adaptations is temporally located in past tense, earlier adaptations should be located in the past perfect tense. A Correct. This sentence is properly constructed and uses the appropriate verb forms for the relationships among the events that it describes. B It is unclear what the participial phrase adapting itself earlier... refers to. The present participle could be used for an event that was simultaneous with, or part of, the event mentioned before the underlined portion. However, it is inappropriate for describing an event that took place even earlier than the seventh century BC, which has already been designated in the sentence as past tense. The reflexive form adapting itself is nonsensical in this sentence. C The present tense of the reflexive participial phrase is inappropriate for describing an event prior to the seventh century BC, given that the seventh century BC has already been designated in the sentence as past tense. D Without commas around itself, the pronoun appears to be reflexive. The combination of passive and reflexive then makes no sense. If itself is intended simply for emphasis, rather than as a reflexive pronoun, it would be preferable, in this context, to set it off with commas. But if it were intended in that way, it would seem to refer to the Roman alphabet, and the claim made in the sentence would be confusing and nearly nonsensical. This modifier is confusingly placed before the designation of time (in the same century) and source (from the Phoenician alphabet). E The adverb earlier is misplaced before the pronoun itself, it should be immediately before the phrase in the same century. The correct answer is A.
30. The foundation works to strengthen local and regional agricultural markets and cooperating with governments, improving access for farmers for productive resources such as land and credit.
A.cooperating with governments, improving access for farmers for
B.cooperates with governments to improve access for farmers to
C.cooperate with governments for improvements of access for farmers to
D.cooperate with governments and improve accessibility for farmers for their
E.in cooperation with governments to improve access for farmers for
A B C D E
B
[解析] Parallelism; Rhetorical Construction As written, this sentence does not clearly indicate whether and is intended to conjoin two things that the foundation does (working to strengthen markets and cooperating with governments) or two things that the foundation works to accomplish (strengthening markets and cooperating with governments). The latter is less plausible because of the redundancy of works to cooperate. In the former, the proper verb form, parallel with the present-tense works, would be cooperates. In the latter, the proper verb form, parallel with the infinitive to strengthen, would be to cooperate or simply cooperate. Only one of the answer choices resolves the uncertainty of meaning in a coherent and well-formed way. A Cooperating is incorrect, since it is not in the same form as either works or to strengthen. B Correct. This version correctly represents the foundation's two actions by putting the verbs works and cooperates in parallel form. Cooperates... to improve is the most concise phrasing to express the purpose of improving access. C Cooperate...for improvements of access for farmers is awkwardly phrased and unnecessarily wordy. D Cooperate... and improve accessibility for farmers is awkwardly phrased and unnecessarily wordy. E In cooperation destroys the parallelism required by works to: there should be a verb following works to, not this prepositional phrase. The correct answer is B.
31. A professor at the university has taken a sabbatical to research on James Baldwin's books that Baldwin wrote in France while he was living there.
A.on James Baldwin's books that Baldwin wrote in France while he was living there
B.about the books James Baldwin wrote in France
C.into James Baldwin's books written while in France
D.on the books of James Baldwin, written while he lived in France
E.the books James Baldwin wrote while he lived in France
A B C D E
E
[解析] Diction; Rhetorical Construction The phrasing of this sentence is wordy and redundant: books that Baldwin wrote in France while he was living there could more concisely be expressed with books James Baldwin wrote while he lived in France. The verb research requires a direct object, not a preposition followed by its object. A On incorrectly follows to research, and books that Baldwin wrote in France while he was living there includes redundant information. B About incorrectly follows to research. C Into incorrectly follows to research. Given this sentence structure, while in France seems to say, illogically, that the books were written while they were in France. D On incorrectly follows to research; also, there is no need to make written while he lived in France into an independent phrase instead of a relative clause. E Correct. Research takes a direct object, which describes the books directly without redundancy. The correct answer is E.
32. Researchers now regard interferon as not a single substance, but it is rather a biological family of complex molecules that play an important, though not entirely defined, role in the immune system.
A.as not a single substance, but it is rather a biological family of complex molecules that play
B.as not a single substance but as a biological family of complex molecules playing
C.not as a single substance but as a biological family of complex molecules that play
D.not to be a single substance but rather a biological family of complex molecules playing
E.not as a single substance but instead as being a biological family of complex molecules that play
A B C D E
C
[解析] Parallelism; Rhetorical Construction This sentence draws a contrast between how interferon is and is not regarded by researchers. However, the two parts of the contrast are not expressed in parallel form since the first is a prepositional phrase (as not a single substance), and the second is a clause (it is rather a biological family). Furthermore, the wording regard interferon as not is awkward and confusing. For clarity and proper parallelism, the contrast should be constructed using the expression not as X but as Y, where X and Y are both noun phrases. A The contrast is not expressed using parallel grammatical structure, and regard interferon as not is awkward and confusing. B The wording regard interferon as not is awkward and confusing and violates proper parallelism. C Correct. The contrast is expressed using the parallel structure not as a single substance but as a biological family. D The main defect here is that regard interferon not to be a single substance is unidiomatic; regard... as... is the correct form; and completing the parallelism correctly would require the repetition of as, in the phrase but rather as... E The contrast is not expressed using parallel grammatical structure since a single substance is a noun phrase, while being a biological family is a participial phrase; omitting the unnecessary words being and instead would improve the sentence. The correct answer is C.
33. The remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region can, in part, be explained as a very rapid movement of people from one end of North America to the other.
A.The remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region can, in part, be explained as
B.Thule artifacts being remarkably similar throughout a vast region, one explanation is
C.That Thule artifacts are remarkably similar throughout a vast region is, in part, explainable as
D.One explanation for the remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region is that there was
E.Throughout a vast region Thule artifacts are remarkably similar, with one explanation for this being
A B C D E
D
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction; Rhetorical Construction The intended meaning of the sentence is that the rapid movement of people across North America is one explanation of the similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region. As worded, however, the sentence is illogical: The sentence indicates that the similarity in artifacts was a rapid movement of people, which makes no sense. Instead of equating similarity with movement, the sentence needs to identify this movement of people as a cause of similarity among artifacts. A As worded, this version of the sentence makes the illogical statement that the similarity among artifacts is explainable as a very rapid movement. It should specify that the similarity of artifacts may be a consequence of the rapid population movement. B This version of the sentence is syntactically awkward, and leaves unclear what the main subject, one explanation, is supposed to be an explanation of. C Like (A), this version of the sentence equates the similarity of artifacts with the movement of people, when a causal connection is what is intended. D Correct. This version adequately expresses the intended causal connection. E This version is awkward, introducing the causal connection with the unnecessarily wordy and indirect string of prepositional phrases, with one explanation for this.... The correct answer is D.
34. Between 14,000 and 8,000 B.C. the ice cap that covered northern Asia, Europe, and America began to melt, uncovering vast new areas that were to be occupied by migrating peoples moving northward.
A.began to melt, uncovering vast new areas that were to be occupied
B.began melting, to uncover vast new areas to be occupied
C.began, by melting, to uncover vast new areas for occupation
D.began, after melting, uncovering vast new areas which are to be occupied
E.would begin to uncover, through melting, vast new areas for occupation
A B C D E
A
[解析] Verb Form; Logical Predication The sentence explains what happened when an ice cap began to melt. The participial phrase uncovering vast new areas succinctly describes the immediate effects of the melting. The verb form were to be occupied is used to indicate that occupation would take place at a time in the future from the time of the melting. A Correct. The sentence succinctly expresses immediate and future effects of the melting of an ice cap. B The infinitive to uncover incorrectly implies that the ice cap melted for the purpose of uncovering new areas. C Since melting is what caused new areas to be uncovered, that word should be part of the main verb, not placed in the nonrestrictive prepositional phrase by melting. D It does not make sense to say that the ice cap began... uncovering new areas after it had melted—since the ice cap no longer existed in the areas where it had melted. E Since melting is what caused new areas to be uncovered, that word should be part of the main verb, not placed in the nonrestrictive prepositional phrase through melting. The correct answer is A.
35. Bengal-born writer, philosopher, and educator Rabindranath Tagore had the greatest admiration for Mohandas K. Gandhi the person and also as a politician, but Tagore had been skeptical of Gandhi's form of nationalism and his conservative opinions about India's cultural traditions.
A.for Mohandas K. Gandhi the person and also as a politician, but Tagore had been
B.for Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also
C.for Mohandas K. Gandhi not only as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also
D.of Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as also a politician, but Tagore was
E.of Mohandas K. Gandhi not only as a person and as a politician, but Tagore had also been
A B C D E
B
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Parallelism This sentence describes the writer and philosopher Tagore's two types of feelings for Gandhi. The underlined part of the sentence has to express correctly the time line of these two feelings (they happened simultaneously). The underlined part also has to express the correct relationship between the complements of admiration and skepticism. A To maintain parallelism, it is important for two conjoined phrases to be of the same grammatical type. Thus, it is appropriate to conjoin Gandhi the person and the politician, or Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but it is nonstandard in English to mix and match. In addition, the use of the past perfect tense had been places the skepticism earlier on the time line than the admiration, which is misleading. B Correct. This version correctly conjoins two parallel phrases, Gandhi as a person and as a politician, and, in using two simple past tenses to introduce the two emotions, marks them as holding at the same time. C The phrase not only X but also Y matches the meaning of this sentence: Tagore had not only admiration but also skepticism. However not only has to precede admiration for this rhetorical construction to be parallel. D The noun admiration as it is positioned in this sentence should take the preposition for, not of, since it refers to a person. The adverb also is redundant because it expresses the same meaning as the conjunction and. E As in (D), the noun admiration should take the preposition for. As in (C), the rhetorical structure of not only X but also Y is violated. Finally, the use of the past perfect tense had been is misleading with respect to the time line. The correct answer is B.
36. Traffic safety officials predict that drivers will be equally likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as the current one.
A.equally likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as
B.equally likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as they are
C.equally likely that they will exceed the proposed speed limit as
D.as likely that they will exceed the proposed speed limit as
E.as likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as they are
A B C D E
E
[解析] Idiom; Parallelism This sentence reports on a prediction that compares the likelihood of drivers exceeding a proposed new speed limit with the likelihood of drivers exceeding the current speed limit. The idiom as x as y, rather than the incorrect form equally... as, should be used to express the comparison. A Equally likely... as is not an idiomatic form of comparison. B This also offers a nonidiomatic form of comparison. C The comparison is expressed nonidiomatically. Also, the drivers will be equally likely should be followed by to exceed rather than by that they will exceed. The resulting sentence is wordy and structurally flawed. D The resulting sentence is wordy and structurally flawed. The idiomatic phrase as x as y is somewhat in use, but as likely that they is awkward, and the comparison is unclear and not parallel. E Correct. The idiomatic phrase as x as y is properly used, and the comparison is clear and parallel. The correct answer is E.
37. Written early in the French Revolution, Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) attributed Europe's social and political ills to be the result of the dominance of aristocratic values and patriarchal hereditary privilege.
A.Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) attributed Europe's social and political ills to be the result of
B.Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) attributed Europe's social and political ills to result from
C.Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) attributed Europe's social and political ills to
D.in A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft attributed Europe's social and political ills to have been the result of
E.Mary Wollstonecraft, in A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), attributed Europe's social and political ills to
A B C D E
C
[解析] Logical Predication; Idiom The phrase at the beginning needs a subject for written; most logically here it would be the books mentioned written by Mary Wollstonecraft; any other main-clause subject is therefore incorrect. The verb attribute idiomatically requires the preposition to followed by a noun phrase, not the infinitive marker to followed by a verb. A The main subject is correctly predicated of written, but attribute is incorrectly followed by the infinitive to plus a verb (be). B The main subject is correctly predicated of written, but attribute is incorrectly followed by the infinitive to plus a verb (result). C Correct. The main subject is correctly predicated of written, and attribute is correctly followed by the preposition to. D The subject of the main clause is Mary Wollstonecraft, and so this phrase is illogically forced to be taken as the subject of written. Also, attribute is incorrectly followed by to plus a verb (have been). E The subject of the main clause is Mary Wollstonecraft, and so this phrase is illogically forced to be taken as the subject of written. The correct answer is C.
38. Using study groups managed by the principal popular organizations and political parties, the Swedish public was informed by the government about energy and nuclear power.
A.the Swedish public was informed by the government about energy and nuclear power
B.the government informed the Swedish public about energy and nuclear power
C.energy and nuclear power information was given to the Swedish public by the government
D.information about energy and nuclear power was given to the Swedish public by the government
E.the public of Sweden was given energy and nuclear power information by the government
A B C D E
B
[解析] Logical Predication; Rhetorical Construction This sentence tries to describe a situation in which the government used study groups to inform the Swedish public. Therefore, it is incorrect to use the Swedish public as the subject of inform in this sentence, because doing so in this case illogically makes the Swedish public the subject of using as well. Additionally, inform is a more concise and direct way to express the idea in give information. A Using the Swedish public as the subject of the main clause incorrectly makes it the subject of using as well. B Correct. Using the government as the main subject correctly allows it to count as the subject of using; inform is a concise phrasing for the main action of the sentence. C Energy and nuclear power information does not work as the subject of the main clause, since this also, illogically, makes it the subject of using. Also, this phrase delays the reader's understanding of the important noun information (a clearer phrasing is information about energy and nuclear power) and employs give information rather than the more concise inform. D Energy and nuclear power information does not work as the main clause subject, since this also, illogically, makes it the subject of using. In addition, this version awkwardly uses give information to instead of the more concise inform. E The public of Sweden is awkward compared to the Swedish public, and in any case is illogically taken as the subject of using; given... information could be phrased more concisely with inform. The correct answer is B.
39. The use of the bar code, or Universal Product Code, which was created in part to enable supermarkets to process customers at a faster rate, has expanded beyond supermarkets to other retail outlets and have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when it was first introduced in 1974.
A.have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when it was first introduced in 1974
B.has become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when they were first introduced in 1974
C.have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when first introduced in 1974
D.has become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when the bar code was first introduced in 1974
E.bar codes have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when it was first introduced in 1974
A B C D E
D
[解析] Agreement; Rhetorical Construction The subject of this sentence is the use of the bar code, the main noun of which is the singular use; thus, the corresponding main verb should be in the singular form has, not the plural have. The actual subject for this verb is merely understood, but when it is present, any pronoun that refers back to it must agree with it in number. A The verb form have does not agree with the sentence's subject. The referent of it is potentially unclear. B Has is correct; however, the rest of its clause is badly worded, because its subject they does not clearly refer back to the singular Universal Product Code (or bar code); a better choice is it. C The plural have does not agree with the singular subject use. D Correct. The verb is in the correct form has, and using bar code as the last clause's subject avoids an agreement problem. E Restating the subject as the plural bar codes allows the following verb to be have, but it is then incorrect to use it later in the sentence, since it does not agree in number with bar codes. The correct answer is D.
40. Normally a bone becomes fossilized through the action of groundwater, which permeates the bone, washes away its organic components, and replaces them with minerals.
A.which permeates the bone, washes away its organic components, and replaces them
B.which permeates the bone, washes away its organic components, and those are replaced
C.which permeates the bone, washing away its organic components, to be replaced
D.permeating the bone, washing away its organic components, to be replaced
E.permeating the bone, washing away its organic components and replacing them
A B C D E
A
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction The sentence explains the process by which groundwater produces fossilization of bones. The grammatically correct sentence describes a series of three stages in the process. A Correct. Three parallel verbal phrases—permeates..., washes..., and replaces...—are correctly coordinated within a relative clause that has which as its subject referring to groundwater. B The third component of the series, and those are replaced, is nonparallel, and therefore incorrect. This renders the sentence ungrammatical. C This lacks the appropriate parallelism; based on structure, the phrase to be replaced... should modify which, a relative pronoun referring to groundwater. But this would not express the thought intended in the given sentence, which indicates that organic components are replaced. D The participles permeating and washing away should, based on structure, have the subject of the sentence, a bone, as their implicit subject. But this produces nonsense. It is unclear what the phrase to be replaced modifies: based on the intended meaning, it should be its organic components, but the structure does not indicate this, given that the subject of the sentence is a bone. E The three participles permeating, washing away, and replacing have the subject of the sentence (a bone) as their implicit subject. This produces nonsense. Also, any three-element series must have a comma immediately following each of its first two elements. The correct answer is A.