Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. Exposure to UV radiation is the main cause of the most common forms of skin cancer. And one of the most effective ways to 1 it, of course, is sunscreen. "Any conversation on sunscreen must start with acknowledging that there is 2 evidence that it prevents skin cancer," says Richard Weller, honorary consultant dermatologist at the University of Edinburgh. This is why, although skin cancer is rising in some countries, it's decreasing in others—particularly those that have raised the most 3 around the importance of using sunscreen. But some researchers have raised concerns that, despite being an 4 important tool in our fight against skin cancer, the 5 of sunscreen may need to be improved to contain safer ingredients—and, at worst, some sunscreens could be damaging our health. Earlier this year the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—one of the two main global regulators of sunscreen ingredients around the world 6 the European Commission— 7 14 of the 16 chemicals found in sunscreens from its "generally accepted as safe and effective" category. Two types of UV filters can be used for sunscreen. The most commonly used are known as organic filters, which absorb UV radiation and 8 it into safer radiation. Inorganic UV filters like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide—which are broadly considered safe— 9 UV radiation away from the skin. It's long been 10 that some organic filters are absorbed through the skin and into the blood-stream. This alone doesn't mean sunscreen is unsafe, but there is growing focus on the potential 11 effects of the most common UV filter worldwide: oxybenzone. In one study from 2015, researchers studied 500 couples who were trying to 12 and found that female partners with higher concentrations of oxybenzone had a 30% lower chance of getting pregnant. There are also 13 that sunscreen prevents the human body from making vitamin D, which we mostly get from sun exposure. After all, vitamin D deficiency might be more 14 than we think—could sunscreen use be to blame? It shouldn't be a major cause, says Rachel Neale, associate professor at QIMR Berghofer. "The 15 of sunburn is different to vitamin D production, and there is a 16 of evidence suggesting that using sunscreen doesn't seem to influence vitamin D levels much," says Neale. Concerns around sunscreen blocking vitamin D production also may be 17 because so few people use sunscreen correctly. It's 18 we put two mg/cm2 on our skin, around six teaspoons. Most people 19 around a quarter of that, he says. For those concerned about potential effects of UV filters being absorbed into your skin, a sunscreen containing inorganic filters may be the better 20 .
[考点] 语义关系题。 [解析] 本句要表达的意思是“防晒霜的配方可能需要改进,以包含更安全的成分”。A“步骤”,B“版本”,C“分析”都不合适。应该选D“配方”,如the secret formula for the blending of the whisky“调配威士忌的秘方”。
6.
A.alongside
B.despite
C.thereby
D.thus
A B C D
A
[考点] 语义关系题。 [解析] 本句传达的意思是“美国食品和药物管理局与欧盟委员会并称为全球两大防晒霜成分监管机构”,表示并列的概念,应该用A“与……一起”,例如Athletics should rank alongside (=be equal to) soccer and cricket as a major sport. “田径运动应该和足球、板球一样,被列为主要体育项目。”
[考点] 语义关系题。 [解析] 本句意为“长期以来,人们一直认为一些有机过滤成分是通过皮肤吸收,再进入血液”,由此可知,这是一种公认的信息,因此应该选C“已获得确认的,公认的”,如Traditions get established over time. “传统是随着时间的推移而得到认可的。”A“受影响的”,B“赞美的、表扬的”,D“表达的”均不符合文意。
[考点] 语义关系题。 [解析] 根据后文的getting pregnant可以得知空格处应该填与“备孕、生子”相关概念的词。句意为“在2015年的一项研究中,研究人员对500对尝试怀孕的夫妇进行了研究,发现体内有高浓度羟苯酮的女性怀孕的几率要低30%”。选项中A可以表达该意思,例如She is unable to conceive. “她不能怀孕。”
[考点] 语义关系题。 [解析] 本空所在的这一句话还是在承接上文的内容讲防晒霜用量的问题,说大多数人只涂抹了建议使用量的四分之一左右。D. apply可以表示“涂抹”,例如Apply the cream sparingly to your face and neck. “把乳霜薄薄地抹在脸和脖子上。”
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 Biologists used to count over 1,000 head of elk from the air near Vail, Colorado. The majestic brown animals, a symbol of the American west, dotted hundreds of square miles of slopes and valleys. But when researchers flew the same area in February 2019 for an annual elk count, they saw only 53. "Very few elk, not even many tracks," their notes read. "But lots of backcountry skiing tracks." The surprising culprit isn't expanding fossil-fuel development, herd mismanagement by state agencies or predators, wildlife managers say. It's increasing numbers of outdoor recreationists—everything from hikers, mountain bikers and backcountry skiers to Jeep, all-terrain vehicle and motorcycle riders. Researchers are now starting to understand why. US national parks and wilderness areas have boomed in popularity in the last decade, with places like Yosemite national park hitting as many as 5 million visits a year. The influx is due to a mixture of visitation campaigns, particularly during traditional "off seasons", and an explosion of social media exposure that has made hidden gems into national and even international viral sensations. The impact on wildlife is only recently apparent, and the Vail elk herd may be one of the more egregious examples. Outdoor recreation has long been popular in Colorado, but trail use near Vail has more than doubled since 2009. Some trails host as many as 170,000 people in a year. Recreation continues nearly 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, said Bill Andree, who retired as Colorado Parks and Wildlife's Vail district wildlife manager in 2018. Night trail use in some areas has also gone up 30% in the past decade. People are traveling even deeper into woods and higher up peaks in part because of improved technology, and in part to escape crowds. The elk live between 7,000 and 11,000 feet on the pine, spruce and aspen-covered hillsides and peaks of the Colorado Rockies, about 100 miles from Denver. Their numbers have been dropping precipitously since the early 2010s. Blaming hiking, biking and skiing is controversial in a state where outdoor recreation is expected to pump $62.5bn into the state's economy in 2019, an 81% increase from 2014. But for Bill Alldredge, a now-retired wildlife professor at Colorado State University, there is no other explanation. He started studying elk in the 1980s in response to expanding ski resorts and trails systems. To measure the impact on calves, he deliberately sent eight people hiking into calving areas until radio-collared elk showed signs of disturbance, such as standing up or walking away. The consequences were startling. About 30% of the elk calves died when their mothers were disturbed an average of seven times during calving. Models showed that if each cow elk was bothered 10 times during calving, all their calves would die. When disturbances stopped, the number of calves bounced back. The recreation community acknowledges its impact on wildlife as well as other development, said Ernest Saeger, the executive director of the mountain trails alliance. Many people don't understand the significance of the closures of certain trails. Others, he acknowledged, just don't care. So the group formed a trail ambassador program to post more informative signs at closures and even place volunteers at trailheads to explain why trails are closed. The scheme reduced closure violations in 2018, according to Forest Service numbers.
1. What have the researchers found in the annual elk count in February 2019? ______
A.The elk has learned not to leave tracks behind.
B.The elk has seen a sharp decline in numbers.
C.The elk has become an endangered species in US.
D.The elk's tracks are covered by backcountry skiing tracks.
Text 2 FaceApp has taken the world by storm, giving users the chance to see themselves age through its algorithm. 12.7 million people—some three million more than the population of New York City—reportedly downloaded it in one seven-day period last month. Although the Russian app has become known for its vitality as well as issues concerning sensitive personal information (it demands "perpetual, irrevocable access" to users' photos), the more interesting lesson of our FaceApp fling is what it tells us about our society—and our future lives. The irresistible temptation of seeing one's future unveiled digitally is so great as to offset fears about any loss of privacy. But I'm surprised by the phenomenon that most younger people in the UK are in denial about their parents' old age, doing almost nothing to prepare for it. We spend our 20s socializing, and our 30s and 40s working. We rarely have a chance to plan for the future, with increasing time and financial pressures. Those pressures bring sacrifices that young people may not always want to make: younger people can no longer afford to spend the time or the money needed to look after their elderly parents. I'm disappointed that older people are becoming increasingly isolated and lonely in Britain. Whereas in Asia, the Middle East or even closer to home in Southern Europe, we often see three generations of the same family dining together (or even living together), in the U. S. or U. K. it is rare. We have a well-developed culture around bringing society together in terms of ethnicities, religions and even class. Generational divisions, by contrast, are ingrained in the way we now live. In the study from the University of Michigan, women were more likely than men to report a lack of companionship, and the researchers found living alone, not working and living in lower-income homes were all associated with feeling lonely. Luckily, it looks like loneliness can be reversed, but researchers are still trying to determine the best way to do so, says Dr. Carla Perissinotto, associate chief of clinical programs in geriatrics at the University of California San Francisco. "How to reverse it really depends on the reasoning for why you're feeling lonely or why you're isolated," Perissinotto says. Resolving the problem of loneliness among seniors often isn't as simple as getting them together with others or moving them in with their children, he says. Perissinotto says it's important to address each person's underlying cause of loneliness, whether it's the death of a spouse, medical problems that make it difficult to socialize. I think that the best interventions are those that involve meaningful social contact—whether that's volunteering, seeing an old friend or something else—at least on a weekly basis.
1. What are the flaws of FaceApp according to Paragraph 1? ______
Text 3 Both sugary and diet soft drinks have been linked to an increased risk of death in a huge study. The research, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, involved 451,743 people from 10 European countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the U. K. The participants were enrolled in the ongoing European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition research project between 1992 and 2000. Researchers asked them about their diet—including how many soft drinks they consumed—as well as lifestyle choices and demographics. The team also collected samples of their blood. The team followed up with the participants after an average of 16.4 years, and noted how many fell sick and died. Participants who drank a lot of soft drinks were at a greater risk of death by any cause compared with those who drank the lowest amounts, the team found. Low consumers were defined as those who had one glass per month or less, while high consumption was considered at least two glasses per day. Study co-author Neil Murphy of the International Agency for Research on Cancer said: "Our results for sugar-sweetened soft drinks provide further support to limit consumption and to replace them with other healthier beverages, preferably water." But what grabbed headlines, and prompted widespread angst, was the suggestion that drinking Diet Coke could be even more deadly than drinking Coca-Cola Classic. Touvier, who was the senior author of a study published in July in The BMJ linking sugary drinks and cancer risk, said she was not surprised by the new findings—but members of the public might be. "Artificially sweetened beverages are often considered by the consumers as safe alternatives to sugary drinks since they provide very few calories but their effects on long term health remain very adverse," she said. This study, as well as other research on the connection between diet and sugary beverages and health risks, is observational and cannot show cause and effect. That's a major limitation, researchers say, as it's impossible to determine whether the association is due to a specific artificial sweetener, a type of beverage, obesity or another hidden health issue. Association or not, if you've decided to end the fling with your soft drink, here is a tip. Going cold turkey is tough and may set you up for failure. Instead, cut back by one serving per day until you're down to one drink per day. Then aim for one every other day until you can phase out soft drinks entirely.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about how the research published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine was done? ______
A.It involved people born between 1992 and 2000.
B.All the participants came from European countries.
C.Participants were followed up for an average of 16.4 years.
D.Lifestyle choices and demographics were taken into account.
Text 4 Some of the world's biggest producers of bananas could struggle to grow the crop due to climate change, scientists have warned. In the coming decades, 10 countries where bananas are grown could be impacted in this way, including the world's first and fourth biggest producers, India and Brazil. Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama and the Philippines could also suffer. Since the 1960s, shifts in the climate have in fact boosted the growth of bananas in some regions, but hindered it in others, according to the authors of the paper published in the journal Nature Climate Change. The researchers looked at data from 27 countries between 1961 to 2016, covering around 86 percent of worldwide banana production, to create a computer model to make forecasts. But if the current trend of global warming continues, farms may struggle to grow the same amount of bananas in coming years, researchers of the University of Exeter predict. Bananas are not only a staple in many people's diets, they also provide income to growers in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Bananas are cheap, so producers are likely to be badly affected by any change in production yields. For farmers, even small losses are a problem, particularly with bananas where the margins are tiny. An estimated 400 million people eat bananas as a staple starch, so there are food security implications too. Earlier this year, a separate study found climate change could help the spread of a fungal disease called black sigatoka which affects bananas. Black sigatoka, commonly known as "black leaf streak", can reduce the fruit produced by infected plants by up to 80%. It is spread through the air and aided by climate change, as warmer conditions mean that the fungus can thrive. Currently, the disease is controlled by fungicide sprays. Banana growers in Costa Rica, for example, have to spray 40 to 80 times per year. This is very expensive, costing the country around $100 million per year. In short, bananas and the plethora of foods that make us happy—banana breads, pies, cereals and puddings—will not disappear from the Earth, but they certainly may become more difficult to cultivate. The facts that not all the regions will be impacted in the same way by climate change. Specific local adaptations will be needed to increase or at least maintain banana yields in the future.
1. What do we know about the banana industry of India and Brazil? ______
A.Bananas are a staple food for local people.
B.Bananas account for one fourth of total world production.
C.Bananas are likely to experience a decline in yields.
D.Bananas can thrive in extremely hot weather conditions.
Part B Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Our homes shapes so much of our lives. A physical home is, after all, the primary place where family members or flatmates interact with one another, and a space's dimensions and layout act as a foundation for how our relationships develop. The ways the interior is utilised—things such as the division of rooms and the amount of dedicated open space—set up opportunities for and limitations on how we'll interact with those around us. A small 2019 research report from Brigham Young University, in the US state of Utah, shows that the more positive we feel about our homes, the healthier our interactions in the home can be. Carly Thornock, an interior designer, led a research team following 164 families with young children in the western US who came from a wide spectrum of home types and income levels. Over two years, they observed how their physical environments related to four basic elements of family functioning: affective responsiveness, emotional expression, acceptance and decision making. The researchers found overall that increases in physical space per person did not correspond to happier families. Perhaps surprisingly, the amount of actual space a home has isn't as important as how the members of the home plan for and use the areas. Dr Toby Israel, design psychologist and author of Some Place Like Home: Using Design Psychology to Create Ideal Places, believes that every person has a distinctive "environmental autobiography"—our own personal history of place. Although often subconscious, our associations and sensations with physical places are reworked, replicated or rejected throughout our lifetime, she says. Comparing our current spaces to the homes we grew up in can be a fun and insightful way to learn about our own personal histories of place, Israel says. "Very often, people will choose homes with a very similar layout to the homes that they've had in childhood. And sometimes they do something totally different." It's likely financially prohibitive or just too challenging to simply upsize your space because you want to. But changing our homes for the better is always within reach. "As cities grow that rapidly and there just isn't enough space, you have to get creative on the mindset part because, really, your circumstances might not be changeable," says Thornock. Even if you're in the same physical place, she says, "there's always a way to make even the tiniest space work for you". For instance, Thornock says that if perceived crowding is the issue, you can start by opening the space with lights and mirrors. Actively making changes in the name of a healthier home means considering both physical space itself as well as how people communicate within it. Whether it's a shared apartment with flatmates, or a full family home, designing our spaces with others in mind is key for reaching co-living harmony.
A. our perceptions about home design depend on the experiences you've had in the past, and whether you want to change or preserve them.
1 . A small 2019 research report of Brigham Young University shows that ______.
B. we need to pay attention to the communities we choose live in
2 . The research made by Carly Thornock and her team finds that ______.
C. how families perceived that physical space has an impact on their relationships
3 . Dr Toby Israel tend to hold the belief that ______.
D. the real way to make a difference in the way you live may be a matter of focusing on the people inside that space
4 . For people who want to upsize their space, Thornock suggests that ______.
E. Elegant living has nothing to do with over-the-top luxury or designer brands
5 . To achieve co-living harmony, it is crucial to bear in mind that ______.
F. for a happier family life, bigger does not necessarily mean happier
G. using lights and mirrors can create visually spacious rooms
1.
C
[解析] 题目对应信息在第一段最后一句话:the more positive we feel about our hornes, the healthier our interactions in the home can be. 意思是“我们对房屋的感觉越积极,我们在家庭中的互动关系就会越健康”,因此,我们可以得出,家庭中的每个人对于房屋布置的感觉会影响到我们在家里的人际关系。 [参考译文] 房屋影响了我们生活的方方面面。毕竟,房屋是家庭成员或室友相互交流的主要场所,而一个空间的维度和布局是我们关系发展的基础。内部空间的利用方式——房间的分割以及公共开放空间的大小——会促进或者限制我们与周围人的交流方式。美国犹他州杨百翰大学2019年发布的一份小型研究报告显示,我们对房屋的感觉越积极,我们在家庭中的互动关系就会越 室内设计师卡莉·索诺克领导了一个研究小组,对164个有年幼孩子的美国西部家庭进行了跟踪调查。这些家庭的类型和收入水平各不相同。在两年多的时间里,该小组观察了他们所处的房屋空间与家庭功能的四个基本要素之间的关系:情感反应、情感表达、接纳程度和决策过程。研究人员发现,总体而言,人均房屋面积的增加不一定会带来更幸福的家庭。也许令人惊讶的是,一个家庭实际拥有的面积并不如家庭成员如何规划和使用这些区域那么重要。 托比·伊斯雷尔博士是一位设计心理学家,著有《家这样的地方:用设计心理学来创造理想空间》一书。她认为,每个人都有一个属于自己的“环境自传”——我们自己住过的地方的历史。她说,虽然常常是下意识的,但我们与空间的联系和感觉会在我们的一生中被重新加工、复制或推翻。伊斯雷尔说,将我们现在的家与我们成长过程的家进行比较,可以是一个有趣而有洞察力的方式,能让我们了解自己的空间史。她说,“很多时候,人们会选择和他们童年时住过的房子布局非常相似的房子。并且有时他们会做完全不同的布局。” 如果你只是想要扩大你的空间,这可能在经济上不可行,或者是太有挑战性了。但是让我们的家变得更好总是可以实现的。索诺克说:“随着城市的快速发展,空间越来越小,你必须在思维方式上有创意,因为你的环境可能无法改变。”她表示,即使你在同一个地方,“也总有办法充分利用最小的空间。”例如,如果感觉拥挤是一个问题,你可以从用灯光和镜子使空间打开着手。 以一个更健康的家的名义积极地做出改变意味着既要考虑房屋空间本身,也要考虑人们在其中如何交流。无论是与室友合租的公寓,还是一个完整的家庭住所,在设计空间时考虑他人是实现共同生活和谐的关键。
2.
F
[解析] 题目对应信息在第二段的最后两句话:The researchers found overall that increases in physical space per person did not correspond to happier families. Perhaps surprisingly, the amount of actual space a home has isn't as important as how the members of the home plan for and use the areas. “房子的面积大并不一定意味着家庭更幸福,关键是家庭成员对房子的规划和利用。”
3.
A
[解析] 题目对应信息在第三段最后一句话:Very often, people will choose homes with a very similar layout to the homes that they've had in childhood. And sometimes they do something totally different. 意思是:“很多时候,人们会选择和他们童年时住过的房子布局非常相似的房子。并且有时他们会做完全不同的布局”。
4.
G
[解析] 题目对应信息在第四段最后一句话:if perceived crowding is the issue, you can start by opening the space with lights and mirrors,意思是“如果感觉拥挤是一个问题,你可以从用灯光和镜子打开空间着手”。
5.
D
[解析] 题目对应信息在第五段最后一句话:designing our spaces with others in mind is key for reaching co-living harmony,意思是“在设计空间时考虑他人是实现共同生活和谐的关键”,因此,在设计房间时,要考虑到同住的人共同的需求。
Section Ⅲ Translation Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Access to safe drinking water is critical—but how much do you really know about your tap water? Of course, it's supposed to be clear and odorless, but there's a lot more to learn about what's actually in it. It might have excess amounts of copper or iron, for example. Or there could be a lead or bacteria problem, depending on how the water is sourced and where it's stored. There's just no good way to know how pure your water is by look and taste. According to a survey of over 4,000 Americans, 3 out of 10 people said they've experienced unpleasant tastes and smells with their home tap water. Four out of 10 Americans who drink their tap water say they filter it first. A home water filter can remove common pollutants like heavy metals from your water.
1. Directions: Suppose you are a student at a university. You can't finish in time a project report assigned by Mr. Brown, a professor on economics and want to ask for an extension. Write an email to him to 1) apologize for the delay of homework, 2) explain the reasons, and 3) ask for an extension of report. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
[范文] Dear Mr. Brown, I am writing this to request you for an extension on the economics project report which is due on next Monday. I am so sorry that I can't deliver the project report on time. My mother has taken ill unexpectedly, and I must leave for home tonight. I'm afraid it will take me a week before I can return to the school and complete the report. Please kindly grant me an extension till January 20. I promise to deliver the project report by then.
Sincerely, Li Ming
Part B
1. Directions: Study the following chart carefully and write an essay to 1) describe the chart, 2) state you attitude toward the event, and 3) suggest counter-measures. You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
[范文] As is demonstrated in the pie chart, there is widespread misuse of the Internet among the young people. They mainly use the Internet for the purpose of playing game and watching animations while academic study merely accounts for 0.6% of Internet use. The Internet is the greatest invention in the field of communication but at the same time, it creates a field for the different forms of abuse. Internet misuse, especially among young people, yield many consequences. For one thing, playing games on the Internet can quickly become very addictive, which can lead to spending a lot of frivolous time on the Internet, instead of doing something productive. For another, users can accidentally come across violent images that they may not want to view. From the Internet and social media, to phones, apps and other types of technology, technology is increasingly becoming an essential part of our lives. All of us, especially young people, need to learn how to exercise moderation in the things we spend time on. It's important to balance Internet use with physical exercise, learning, and other types of play, and to make sure students leave enough time in their week for face-to-face time with people.