Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. Artificial intelligence is becoming good at many "human" jobs— 1 disease, translating languages, providing customer service—and it's improving fast. This is raising reasonable fears 2 AI will ultimately 3 human workers throughout the economy. But 4 the inevitable, or even most likely, outcome. Never before have digital tools been so responsive to us, 5 we to our tools. 6 AI will radically alter how work gets done and who does it, the technology's larger 7 will be in complementing and augmenting human capabilities, 8 replacing them. Certainly, many companies have used AI to automate processes, but those that deploy it mainly to displace employees will see only short-term 9 gains. In our research 10 1,500 companies, we found that firms achieve the most significant 11 improvements when humans and machines work together. Through such 12 intelligence, humans and AI actively enhance each other's complementary strengths: the leadership, teamwork, 13 , and social skills of the 14 , and the speed, scalability, and quantitative capabilities of the latter. 15 comes naturally to people (making a joke, for example) can be tricky for machines, and what's straightforward for machines (analyzing gigabytes of data) 16 virtually impossible for humans. Business requires both kinds of capabilities. 17 full advantage of this collaboration, companies must understand how humans can most effectively augment machines, how machines can 18 what humans do best, and how to redesign business processes to support the partnership. Through our research and work in the field, we have developed 19 to help companies achieve this and put the power of collaborative intelligence 20 .
[考点] 语义辨析题。 [解析] 空前面提到了when humans and machines work together;再根据选项分析可知,这里需要填的内容应该是“智慧协作”,而修饰名词intelligence需要一个形容词,A是副词“一起”,B是名词“合作”,D是名词“决斗”,因此只有C形容词“合作的,共同的”比较恰当。
[考点] 语法分析题。 [解析] 通过分析句子结构,______ comes naturally to people这一部分为句子的主语,是一个缺少引导词的主语从句;而选项中可以作主语从句的引导词,同时又指代事和物的只有C,而且后文中出现的句子what's straightforward for machines也是一个提示,因此答案为C。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 About 20 years ago I was leading a brainstorming session in one of my MBA classes, and it was like wading through oatmeal. We were talking about something that many organizations struggle with: how to build a culture of equality in a male-dominated environment. Though it was an issue the students cared about, they clearly felt uninspired by the ideas they were generating. After a lot of discussion, the energy level in the room was approaching nil. Glancing at the clock, I resolved to at least give us a starting point for the next session. "Everyone," I improvised, "let's forget about finding answers for today and just come up with some new questions we could be asking about this problem. Let's see how many we can write down in the time we have left." The students dutifully started to throw out questions, and I scribbled them on a chalkboard, redirecting anybody who started to suggest an answer. To my surprise, the room was quickly energized. At the end of the session, people left talking excitedly about a few of the questions that had emerged—those that challenged basic assumptions we had been making. For instance: Were there grassroots efforts we could support, rather than handing down rules from the top? And: What could we learn from pockets within our own organization that had achieved equality, instead of automatically looking elsewhere for best practices? Suddenly, there was much more to discuss, because we had opened up unexpected pathways to potential solutions. Brainstorming for questions, not answers, wasn't something I'd tried before. It just occurred to me in that moment, probably because I had recently been reading sociologist Parker Palmer's early work about creative discovery through open, honest inquiry. But this technique worked so well with the students that I began experimenting with it in consulting engagements, and eventually it evolved into a methodology that I continue to refine. By now I've used it with hundreds of clients, including global teams at Chanel, Danone, Disney, EY, Fidelity, Genentech, Salesforce, and dozens of other companies; nonprofit organizations; and individual leaders I've coached. Underlying the approach is a broader recognition that fresh questions often beget novel—even transformative—insights. Consider this example from the field of psychology: Before 1998 virtually all well-trained psychologists focused on attacking the roots of mental disorders and deficits, on the assumption that well-being came down to the absence of those negative conditions. But then Martin Seligman became president of the American Psychological Association, and he reframed things for his colleagues. What if, he asked in a speech at the APA's annual meeting, well-being is just as driven by the presence of certain positive conditions—keys to flourishing that could be recognized, measured, and cultivated? With that question, the positive psychology movement was born.
1. According to Paragraph 1, how did the brainstorming session go after a while? ______
Text 2 New Yorkers do it. Parisians do it. Fashion types, Swedes and architects do it. In fact, name any stylish tribe and you'll find that they do it. Wear black, that is—a colour that has come to signify so much: rigour, elegance, sex appeal, piety, formality, slenderness, even wickedness. Recently, however, black's supposedly timeless status as the go-to hue for the chic has been thrown into the shade. And maybe that is no bad thing. Scroll through any British fashion website today and a rainbow of colour beams out. The breadth of shades feels remarkable: Topshop sets out its stall with a parrot-green silk skirt, a lemon coat and an azure trouser suit. At Boden, it's all tomato-red cardigans and spotty cerise frocks. At Zara, there are russet and emerald tartans and rollneck jumpers in highlighter pen yellow and candy pink. Yes, Britain is in the midst of a heatwave, but this is no seasonal aberration. For months, the fashion news agenda has been hijacked by colour, seen everywhere from Amal Clooney's dandelion-yellow royal wedding frock to Janelle Monáe's so-called "vagina" trousers (pink, of course). Colour is hot, and the trend forecaster WGSN has the data to prove it. In January, it says, brightly coloured clothes represented a 20.2% share of the UK market, up from 16.7% two years previously. Meanwhile, between April 2017 and April 2018, black fell by 10%. Yellow has performed spectacularly, up 50% year on year. Another retail analyst, Edited, has a different take, but one which is nevertheless telling. Though it reports that the overall ratio of black clothing sold is up, the shade has slipped out of the fashion spotlight, falling by 2% this year within "best-selling products—the stuff that sells out fast", according to the retail analysis and insights director Katie Smith. Black is not dead, but Florence Allday, Euromonitor International's analyst, predicts it will become an "increasingly smaller proportion of retailers' product offering", thanks to shifts in our lifestyles. "Now your office can be anywhere, the boundaries between formal/informal, work/home, online/offline are blurring," she says. "Colour is no longer seen as frivolous, eccentric or inappropriate." The philosophy behind John Lewis's biggest womenswear relaunch in decades, on sale in September, is about using colour as a means for expressing individuality, with most items available in up to four hues. The professionally seen-and-not-heard have used colour cannily for decades. The Queen, for one, dresses brightly to ensure visibility. Recently, she has noticeably ramped up the intensity, dabbling in head-to-toe lime green and shocking chartreuse. Such expert tricks are becoming part of civilian wardrobes, too, thanks to social media, and what Smith describes as "millennial peacocking". She says: "It's the fastest way to stand out on an endlessly updating feed."
1. The underlined sentence "black's supposedly timeless status as the go-to hue for the chic has been thrown into the shade" most probably means that ______.
Text 3 A free, accessible exhibition about Nelson Mandela, marking what would have been his 100th birthday, is such an indisputably good thing, it seems mean-spirited to even try to assess it critically, as if to do so were to take issue with the South African figurehead himself. Mandela is the model of a wise, benign, dignified statesman, and the world could certainly do with more of those right now. Barack Obama pointed this out last week in Johannesburg. Giving the annual Mandela lecture, he contrasted the progressive democratic triumphs of the 1990s—such as South Africa and the collapse of the Soviet Union—with the present climate of tribalism, resentment and "strongman politics". Addressing Mandela by his clan name, he said: "We have to follow Madiba's example of persistence and of hope." Those looking to do so will find ample inspiration and ammunition at this show, even if the presentation is somewhat dry and dutiful. This is primarily a two-dimensional exhibition of text and photographic images, neatly designed and laid out across six walk around clusters of wall-sized panels, huddled together in the cavernous semi-cafe space of the Purcell Room. Distilling a life as storied as Mandela's into digestible chunks is a daunting task, but it has been done judiciously, combining biography with political context, plus personal episodes and anecdotes. Each set of panels addresses a phase of Mandela's life and persona: character, comrade, leader, prisoner, negotiator, statesman. It is a story of rags to riches. The beginning "character" section includes Mandela's recollection of donning his first pair of trousers—a novelty for a 1920s South African village boy—to go to school. His father simply put him in a pair of his own trousers, cut them at the knee and tied them with string. From there, the story progresses through Mandela's political awakening, his organised resistance to the apartheid regime and deepening involvement with the African National Congress, imprisonment for 27 years, and eventual release and election as South Africa's first black president.
1. According to Barack Obama, how is today's world different from that in the 1990s? ______
A.It has progressive democratic triumphs.
B.It is full of tribalism, resentment and "strongman politics".
C.South Africa rose and the Soviet Union collapsed.
D.Now we have to follow Madiba's example of persistence and of hope.
Text 4 In Kuala Lumpur cranes stretch outward among the gleaming towers in a perpetual construction boom powered by foreign investment. The streets are spotless and well policed, the water is clean, and the politics are relatively stable. Consumers around the world benefit from products like mobile devices, circuit boards, and LED screens. At the heart of this economic success are migrant workers. From Bangladesh, Nepal, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India, they arrive at Kuala Lumpur International Airport by the papers in hand, hoping for a better life. Estimates of the number of foreign workers in Malaysia vary widely, from the government's count of almost 1.8 million to perhaps twice as many, which would amount to a quarter of the country's workforce. Migrant-worker advocates estimate one-third of those workers are undocumented. Many foreign workers believe "Malaysia is the land of milk and honey," said Joseph Paul Maliamauv, of Tenaganita, a workers'-rights organization, when I met him at the group's office in Petaling Jaya, a suburb on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur. "They come out there, and think the streets are paved with gold." But upon arrival, migrants find this paradise doesn't extend to them. Malaysia is "a booming economy and one of the most developed economies, multicultural and multinational, with a huge amount of foreign investment," said David Welsh of the Solidarity Center, an affiliate of the labor group AFLCIO, when I met him in Kuala Lumpur. "But in a region plagued with human-rights abuses and labor abuses, Malaysia is in many ways transparently the regional leader." Malaysia provides a window: a flow of humans that shapes lives, creates the world's things, and is built on the availability of a massive, inexpensive, and flexible labor supply. In Malaysia, it's possible to see what maintains that flow: the recruitment strategies that bring workers to factories, the government policies that are so ineffective at protecting workers, the struggle to improve working conditions up and down supply chains, and the global political and economic realities that sustain the demand for cheap work. In 2014, the watchdog organization Verité released a study on migrant workers in the electronics sector in Malaysia. Among a sample of more than 400 foreign electronics workers, at least 32 percent were, by Verité's definition, forced to work against their will. According to the report, "these results suggest that forced labor is present in the Malaysian electronics industry in more than isolated incidents, and can indeed be characterized as widespread."
1. How big is the number of migrant workers in Malaysia? ______
A.It is up to 1/4 of all workers.
B.It is about 1.8 million.
C.It is about 3.6 million.
D.We don't know for sure.
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理判断题。根据题干关键词the number of migrant workers定位到第二段第三句:“对马来西亚外籍工人数量的估计差异很大,政府估计有近180万,还有机构估计是这个数字的大约两倍,那就相当于该国劳动力的四分之一。”由此可知,对数字的估计差别很大,并没有准确的数字,因此答案为D。 [参考译文] 在吉隆坡,起重机在闪闪发光的塔楼中向外延伸,整个城市沉浸在外国投资的建筑热潮中,久久不会停歇。街道一尘不染、管理得当,水很干净,政局也相对稳定。世界各地的消费者都可以从移动设备、电路板和LED屏幕等产品中受益。 这种经济成功的核心是移民工人。他们从孟加拉国、尼泊尔、菲律宾、印度尼西亚和印度来到吉隆坡国际机场,手里拿着证件,希望过上更好的生活。马来西亚有多少外籍工人?对此看法不一,政府估计有近180万,还有机构估计是这个数字的大约两倍,那就相当于该国劳动力的四分之一。移民工人的支持者估计,三分之一的工人都没有注册登记。我在工人权利组织“妇女力量”位于吉隆坡郊区八打灵再也的办公室采访其负责人约瑟夫·保罗·马利亚莫夫,他说,许多外国工人认为“马来西亚是流淌着牛奶和蜂蜜的土地。他们来这里,因为他们认为街道都是用金子铺就的。” 但抵达后,移民却发现他们没办法进入天堂。我在吉隆坡也采访到了工会组织美国劳工总会与产业劳工组织(AFL-CIO)的附属机构团结中心的负责人大卫·威尔士,他说,马来西亚是“一个蓬勃发展的经济体,也是最发达的经济体之一,拥有多元文化,是一个多民族国家,得到了大量的外国投资。然而,在这个充斥着侵犯人权和滥用劳工问题的地区,显而易见,马来西亚在很多方面都是地区领导者。” 马来西亚提供了一个窗口:流动的人口创造生活,创造世界产品,这一切都建立在庞大、廉价和灵活的劳动力供应的基础上。在马来西亚,你能看到是什么维持了这种流动:将工人带到工厂 的招聘策略、政府在保护工人方面无效的政策、改善供应链上下工作条件的斗争,以及全球政治和经济需要廉价劳动力的现实。 2014年,监管组织维泰发布了一项关于马来西亚电子行业移民工人的研究。机构采样了400多名来自外国的电子行业工作者,根据维泰的定义,至少有32%的人被迫违背自己的意愿工作。该报告称,“这些结果表明,马来西亚电子行业的强迫劳动绝对不是孤立的事件,而是的确普遍存在的。”
2. What's Kuala Lumpur for migrant workers in real life? ______
A.It is the land of milk and honey.
B.It is a booming economy and one of the most developed economies.
C.It is transparently the regional leader.
D.It is a cruel world with human-rights abuses and labor abuses.
5. The underlined sentence "forced labor is present in the Malaysian electronics industry in more than isolated incidents" most probably means that ______.
A.forced labor is a widespread condition in Malaysia
Part B Directions: You are going to read a list of subheadings and a text. Choose the most suitable subheading from the list A to G for each numbered paragraph. There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. Fewer children attend Catholic schools now B. Change in higher-income families will lead to change of private school pool C. The tuition of private schools are unaffordable to most Americans D. The loss of many Catholic schools E. Worries about inequality and income segregation F. Change of the 10% children attending private schools G. The Catholic Church dominate America's private school In 1925, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling that cemented the country's thinking on school choice: Families had the right to decide where to send their children to school and thus could choose private education. Catholic schools, which were the target of the lawsuit, rejoiced. They could continue serving as an alternative to the United States' system of "common schools." 1 The Catholic Church went on to dominate America's private-school world for several decades. But starting in the 1970s that dominance started to fade. Today, the number of students who attend Catholic schools (roughly 1.8 million children) is fewer than half of what it was half a century ago, according to an analysis of federal data published in the latest issue of Education Next. The National Catholic Education Association says that more than 100 Catholic schools were consolidated or closed altogether during the 2017-2018 year alone. 2 This trend isn't just a source of concern for the Catholic community. It's also troubling to those worried about growing inequality and income segregation in the education system as a whole. As the new Education Next report concludes, the demise of Catholic education is correlated with a decline in the share of middle-class students attending independent schools. 3 The tuition charged by private schools—which in the 2010-2011 academic year, the most recent year for which such data is available, averaged about $11,000 annually—renders them out of reach for most Americans. Just 10 percent of school-aged children in the U.S. attend a private school. 4 That number has been largely the same for decades. What has changed is the demographic makeup of that 10 percent—and that's in part because of the loss of many Catholic schools, which have historically sought to enroll lower-income families by keeping tuition low and providing financial aid. 5 The private-school pool is more predictably affluent (and likely whiter) because private schools are usually more expensive than Catholic schools and tend to serve higher-income families. As families of color become more affluent, that trend will likely change as they too pursue other non-public educational options for their children.
1.
A
[解析] 本文主要介绍了美国私立学校的学生构成和这些年来的改变。第二段第一句虽然提到了The Catholic Church went on to dominate America's private-school world for several decades,但是第二句开始转折,意思发生变化,第三句Today, the number of students who attend Catholic schools (roughly 1.8 million children) is fewer than half of what it was half'a centuiy ago是关键句,而且后面也提到了天主教学校数量锐减,因此答案为A“现在选择天主学校的学生更少了”。 [参考译文] 1925年,美国最高法院发布了一项裁决,巩固了该国对选择学校的看法:家庭有权决定将孩子送到哪所学校,因此可以选择私立学校。作为诉讼对象的天主教学校欢欣鼓舞,它们可以继续作为美国“普通学校”系统的替代品。 现在选择天主学校的学生更少了 几十年来,天主教会一直是美国私立学校的主导者。但从20世纪70年代开始,它的主导地位开始下滑。根据《教育未来》杂志最新一期发表的联邦数据分析,如今去天主教学校上学的学 生人数(约180万)不到半个世纪前的一半。全国天主教教育协会表示,仅在2017—2018学年,就有100多所天主教学校被合并或关闭。 对于不平等和收入差距有所担忧 这一趋势不仅仅是天主教社区关注的一个问题。一些人也担心整个教育系统中存在的不平等和收入隔离情况日益加剧,正如《教育未来》杂志的最新报告所述,天主教教育的消亡与上私立学校的中产阶级学生比例下降有关。 大多数美国人支付不起私立学校的学费 私立学校收取的学费——在2010—2011学年,可得知其收费金额:平均每年约11000美元——这对于多数美国人来说可望而不可即。在美国,只有10%的学龄儿童上的是私立学校。 上私立学校的10%的学生所发生的变化 几十年来,10%这个数字没有什么变化。现在改变的是10%之中的学生构成——部分原因是许多天主教学校的关闭,这些学校一直通过保持低学费和提供经济援助来招收更多低收入家庭的学生。 高收入家庭构成的变化会引起私立学校学生构成的变化 不用猜也知道,上私立学校的孩子家庭情况更好(而且一般情况下白人更多),因为一般的私立学校通常比天主教学校收费贵,而且往往为高收入家庭提供服务。随着有色人种家庭越来越富裕,这种趋势可能会发生变化,因为他们也会为孩子寻找其他公共教育以外的学校。
Section Ⅲ Translation Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. To confirm the finding, humanity would need to make yet another trip to Mars. "Getting there and acquiring the final evidence that this is indeed a lake will not be an easy task," scientists said. "It will require flying a robot there which is capable of drilling through 1.5 kilometers [ or about 1 mile ] of ice, and this will certainly require some technological developments that at the moment are not available." Still, the research marks another chapter in the story of water on Mars, which stretches back billions of years ago, when the planet was still young. Back then, Mars was a watery world. The planet was surrounded by a warm, thick atmosphere. Fluffy clouds hung in the sky, and liquid water pooled on the surface, sloshing around in deep craters that sit empty today. Research suggests that Mars may have had enough water to coat a fifth of the planet.
1. Directions: Suppose you are applying for a graduate position in Harvard University and you are required to submit a recommendation letter, which should be written by your current professor Mr. Wu. Write a letter to your professor to 1) introduce your situation, and 2) ask if he can help you to write the recommendation letter. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
[范文] Dear Prof. Wu, I'm your student Li Ming. NOW I'm trying to get admitted by the graduate school of Harvard university. As the program asks us to submit a recommendation letter, I'm wondering if you could have the time to write something about my learning experience here in this university. I like your teaching methods. I got interested in what you've taught us and now I'm getting good at it, too. I know there is a lot of trouble, but I would really appreciate your help if you could kindly agree.
Best regards, Li Ming
Part B
1. Directions: The chart below shows the aid from six developed countries to developing countries from 2016 to 2018. In your writing, you should summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. You should write about 150 words on the ANWER SHEET.
[范文] The chart illustrates aids delivered from the US, Germany, the UK, Japan, Netherlands and Sweden to the developing world, from 2016 to 2018. America made the largest contribution three years in a row—all over 20 billion dollars. Germany, the UK and Japan ranked second, donating over 10 billion dollars each year to the developing countries. And Netherlands and Sweden also helped by aiding just less than 10 billion every year. Regarding to the performance on the yearly basis, the US, the UK and Japan donated most in 2018. Germany made their best contribution in 2016, Netherlands and Sweden in 2017. However, the aids most countries carried out fluctuated in those three years except for Germany. For the US, the UK, and Japan, the number dumped in 2017 to the lowest. As for Netherlands and Sweden, their number peaked in 2017 and went down again in 2018.