Writing1.
Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
科学家说,在第一批艾滋病例被发现以后的20年里,他们对这种病毒性疾病的了解已超过其他任何一种病毒性疾病。但是,联合国艾滋病规划署的负责人彼得·皮奥和国际艾滋病学会会长罗马的斯特凡诺·韦拉及其他一些专家都认为,全面考察那些尚未解决的问题,可能对艾滋病和其他疾病治疗的进展是一项有益的举措。
这些较广泛的重要科学问题包括:
为什么艾滋病使患者容易感染某些癌症和传染病?
一种传统的说法是,癌细胞在人体内不断繁殖,但受到健康免疫系统的控制。艾滋病的情况却不是这样。艾滋病人很容易患非何杰金氏淋巴瘤和卡波西氏肉瘤,但不易患美国最常见的乳腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌等。这说明,受损的免疫系统(至少是艾滋病患者的免疫系统)可以抑制普通癌细胞的发展。
艾滋病病毒侵入人体后通过什么途径摧毁免疫系统?
当艾滋病病毒通过性接触传播时,病毒必须穿过组织屏障进入人体。这个过程目前尚不清楚。病毒可能直接侵入,或许由一系列不同种类的细胞带入。最终,艾滋病病毒穿过淋巴管到淋巴结和淋巴系统的其他部分。但病毒是如何摧毁人体内负责打击入侵传染体的CD-4细胞的,目前还无法确定。
艾滋病病毒是怎样破坏免疫系统的?
艾滋病病毒能杀死对付自己的免疫细胞,但艾滋病病毒携带者患艾滋病的快陧却大不相同。因此科学家提出问题:免疫系统中那些使人患艾滋病时间出现差异的因素能否被识别出来?如果能,它们能否用于制止艾滋病患者病情的恶化,甚至在最初就可能防止人们感染艾滋病病毒?
最有效的艾滋病疗法是什么?
从理论上来说,尽早治疗可以提供维护免疫功能的最佳时机。但是新药物无法彻底清除体内的艾滋病病毒,因此患者不得不终身服用这些具有危险副作用的药物,而且还可能在产生抗药性时改服别的药物。因此新的方法可能建议在免疫系统出现衰退迹象时才开始治疗。
可能研制出疫苗吗?
毫无疑问,一种有效的疫苗是控制这种瘟疫的关键。但是目前只有一种疫苗进入了全面检验的阶段,而对其会有多大的保护功能,却有着很大的争议。世界各地流行的艾滋病在遗传类型上各不相同,目前还不清楚的是,从某种艾滋病病毒获得的疫苗能否防止其他类型的艾滋病。
如果没有疫苗,能否阻止艾滋病病毒的传播?
如果没有深入集中的行为研究,仅靠宣传是无法阻止这种全球性瘟疫的。
注意:写作部分要求50分钟内完成。
[范文]
In the 20 years since the first cases of AIDS were detected, scientists say they have learned more about this disease.
Yet Peter Piot, who directs the United Nations AIDS program, and Stefano Vella of Rome, president of the International AIDS Society, and other experts say reviewing unanswered questions could prove useful as a measure of progress for AIDS and other diseases.
Among the important broader scientific questions are:
1.Why does AIDS predispose infected persons to certain types of cancer and infections?
2.What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system?
3.How does HIV subvert the immune system?
4.What is the most effective anti-HIV therapy?
5.Is a vaccine possible?
6.In the absence of a vaccine, how can HW be stopped?
Without more incisive and focused behavioral research, prevention messages alone will not stop the global epidemic.
2.
Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. Topics: Is English Language Teaching Overemphasized in Chinese Education?
Is English Language Teaching Overemphasized in Chinese Education?
After joining WTO, international communication and cooperation are becoming increasingly close. It is obvious to all that China has made great achievements in almost every aspect. However, one issue appeared in many fields, especially in foreign trades, that is language obstacle. At the very beginning, it is language barriers that block the development of foreign trades and even sometimes cause great losses. Therefore, there are more and more schools that attach importance to education of foreign languages, especially in English teaching.
We must admit a fact that there is a large population in China and people's education degree is various. People who can understand or speak English are quite small. It is no doubt that English language teaching is far from enough and we should pay much attention to it. Here is an example. Most of college students who are not majored in English, until their graduation from college, it is tough for them to make a very simple sentence, let alone speaking fluent English. When they come across a foreigner, they can only say "hello". One main reason that leaded to this result is the problem of our educational system. When teachers give an English class, they're accustomed to apply more Chinese rather than English. As for students, they seldom have English environment to practice it and the chances of speaking English is too rare. So it is still a long way to polish up this situation that cause the English level of students is very low. Along with many graduates who studied abroad now returned to became college English teachers, such situation is gradually improving. Under their efforts, great progresses can be seen in English language teaching. Yet if we'd like to cultivate sufficient students who can utilize English fluently, there are still many difficulties needing us to overcome.
From statements above, we can draw a conclusion that English language teaching in Chinese education is not overemphasized. Contrary to that, we should strengthen it more than ever.
3.
Directions: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic: Many universities and colleges offer qualification: through some sort of distance learning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom.
In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of learning in this way? You should write at least 250 words.
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
Online Learning Never Outweigh Face-to-face Learning
With the development of internet technology, many educational institutions including some colleges and universities begin to provide online courses for those who cannot or are not willing to attend the class. Undoubtedly, it is very convenient for people, especially those in remote areas to learn knowledge. They neither need to move into the same city or county nor quit their jobs. However, in my opinion, the traditional way of learning is much better than the online learning.
First, distance learning does not always offer all the necessary courses online. It is possible for you to take a history course online, however, you cannot perform nursing clinicals online. Such courses can only be completed by you attending the class regularly. However, you can learn any course you want if you go to college. Beside a wider choice for courses, you can enjoy a systematical lecture and engage in practice if necessary, thus, you can learn much more knowledge and get a deeper understanding.
Second, distance learning does not offer immediate feedback. Some online learning courses do not provide services of answering to the learners or reviewing their work. So, if they have any question about the course, they have nobody to turn to. Even if some online courses provide such services, the learners have to wait for feedbacks. However, in a traditional classroom setting, teachers can directly and immediately asses a student's performance through questions and informal testing.
In a word, the traditional way of face-to-face learning in a classroom can avoid the problems caused by online learning. The students can learn much more knowledge and improve the learning efficiency in a classroom. Thus, I strong recommend that anyone who really wants to learn something should register in a college and systematically study it in the classroom, rather than taking a course on the internet.
4. Outline
(1)The loss of traditional culture in a nation is frequently found under the influence of marketing economy
(2)How to prevent cultural loss
(3)Your views on this topic
The Loss of Traditional Culture
If action is not taken, a nation's traditional culture is increasingly lost. We do know the cultural disorders are serious and no family, business, community or country is immune to this chaos of information explosion. Virtually everyone will see some type of disruption—only the scope and impact are in question.
Some, in countries where much cultural disorder repair work has already been done, may only see a harmless service warning light come on in their car. Others in less developed areas could be done without sustained food, water, telecommunications or electricity for hours, days, weeks or months. It is in everyone's interest, around the world, to avoid serious or long-term disruptions that could effect the global economy, rather than retain traditional culture of a nation.
We see that computers and automated systems can do so much, and come to rely on them for the most basic service. For instance, the Chinese water paintings and brushing-pen handwritings have given way to computer on-line designs. Most of us have probably never thought about how a computer cannot think on its own like a human and what that means. Many computerized products and automated office systems are booming instead of Chinese traditional ways of life.
In my belief, cultural disorders know no national or political boundaries. Every country will be effected in some way. Most thoughtful people should sit around thinking not only about how or where their electricity, water and other basic supplies come from, but also about how or when they should take counter-measures to maintain a nation's traditions of varied culture. Some measure must be carried out to maintain our own systems of traditional culture because, you know, no computers are intelligent enough to know what the traditional spirits of Chinese culture stand for.
5.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: My View on Job-Hopping. You should write 160-200 words and you should base your composition, on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作,因为……
2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作,因为……
3. 我的看法。
My View on Job-Hopping
Everyone's attitude towards job-hopping is different. Some people think they will do one job until retirement. They often say something like this: take up one thing, like it and be good at it. These people think that only when they are absorbed in one work can they do it well.
By contrast, other people like to change jobs from time to time. In their opinion, the aim of doing a job is only to get more money. So, when they have a chance to get a better paid job, certainly they ought to seize the chance.
My view on job-hopping falls between the two viewpoints expressed above. I think if I have a job that really suits me, I'll do it all my life. No other job can attract me, no matter what the benefits may be. But if I don't get a suitable job, I'll change it until I find something satisfactory.
In a word, I want to find a job that suits me; money and other things are not under consideration.