Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be. One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline. The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 . For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women. 16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
[考点] 本题考查动词词义辨析。 [解析] 本句提到,研究人员查看了包括4000多名中老年男性和女性的肌肉和腹部脂肪的测量数据,并将这些数据与六年中流体智力的变化进行了______。根据句意可知,此处想表达的是研究人员查看了数据,并将这些数据进行对比、比较,然后得出下文的结论。空格处还涉及动词的固定搭配,compare A to B意为“将A和B进行比较”,因此B项compared(比较)符合题意,故答案为B。 A项devoted(致力于,奉献)、C项converted(转变)和D项applied(运用,应用)代入原文后,虽然也都能与介词to搭配,但是意思均不符合原文语境,故排除。
[考点] 本题考查名词词义辨析。 [解析] 本句提到,遵循地中海式的富含高纤维______,避免食用高度加工的食物。空格后是一个定语从句,空格处为定语从句的先行词。定语从句中的high in fiber和highly processed foods都是对饮食结构的表述,因此先行词应该与饮食方式有关,备选项中只有C项diet(饮食)符合语境,故答案为C。 A项design(设计)、B项routine(惯例,常规)和D项prescription(处方)均不符合语境,故排除。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year's rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation. Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North. However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered. The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
1. The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares ______.
Text 2 Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says. Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. "We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says. That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn't reduce poverty, Ferraro say, "the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs."
1. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ______.
A.facilitate healthcare reform
B.help poor families get better off
C.improve local education systems
D.lower deforestation rates
A B C D
B
[解析] 事实细节题。根据题干中的关键词first two paragraphs快速定位至原文前两段。第二段第二句提到,这些社会援助项目被称为有条件的现金转移(CCTs),旨在减少不平等现象,并打破贫困循环。B项中的help poor families get better off和原文中的break the cycle of poverty是同义替换,故答案为B(帮助贫穷家庭变得更富裕)。 A项(为医疗改革提供便利)、C项(改善当地的教育体制)和D项(降低森林砍伐率)均与文章的意思不符,故排除。 [参考译文] 去年是印度尼西亚森林砍伐率连续第三年放缓。转变的一个原因可能是该国的扶贫项目。 2007年,印度尼西亚开始分阶段实施一个项目,该项目根据某些条件向最贫困的居民提供资金,比如要求人们让孩子上学或定期接受医疗服务。这些社会援助项目被称为有条件的现金转移(CCTs),旨在减少不平等现象,并打破贫困循环。它们已经在全世界几十个国家投入使用。在印度尼西亚,该项目提供了足够的食物和药品,大大减少了儿童严重的成长问题。 但有条件的现金转移项目一般不考虑对环境的影响。美国约翰霍普金斯大学经济学家保罗·费拉罗表示,事实上,扶贫和环保常常被视为相互冲突的两个目标。 这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化有关,而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。然而,这些相关性并不能证明两者之间存在因果关系。此前唯一一项分析因果关系的研究是基于墨西哥一个设立了有条件的现金援助的地区,该研究支持了传统观点。费拉罗说,在那里,随着人们获得的钱越来越多,其中一些人可能会有更多的土地饲养牲畜。 不过,此类项目不一定会对环境产生负面影响。费拉罗想知道印度尼西亚的扶贫项目是否影响到森林砍伐。印度尼西亚是世界第三大热带森林地区,也是森林砍伐率最高的国家之一。 费拉罗分析了显示2008年到2012年(包括印度尼西亚在实施扶贫项目期间)15个省、7468个森林村庄的年度林木减少情况的卫星数据。费拉罗说:“我们发现,这一项目使森林砍伐率降低了30%。” 他还表示,这很可能是因为农村贫困人口把这些钱用作应对恶劣天气的临时保险。通常,如果降雨推迟,人们可能会开拓土地种植更多的水稻,以补充他们的收成。 这项研究是否能在其他地方得到推广还不得而知。费拉罗认为,这些研究结果也许适用于亚洲其他地区,因为这些区域在水稻种植的重要性以及市场准入等方面跟印度尼西亚共通。不管是否具有可转移性,这项研究表明,对人类有益的事情也对环境有益。费拉罗指出,即使这个扶贫计划未能减轻贫困,“由此避免的森林砍伐具有二氧化碳吸储价值,仅是这一方面的价值就超越了该扶贫计划的成本”。
2. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that ______.
A.cattle raising has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
B.CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles
C.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers
D.economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词based on an era和Mexico快速定位至原文第四段。第四段前两句提到,这是因为经济增长可能与环境退化有关,而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。然而,这些相关性并不能证明两者之间存在因果关系。接下举了墨西哥的例子来证明这种因果关系。D项中的economic growth和environmental degradation是原词复现,故答案为D(经济增长往往导致环境的恶化)。 原文第四段虽然提到了养牲畜,但是这并不是这一例子所要表明的观点,A项(养牛是穷人的主要营生方式)属于偷换概念,故排除。B项(CCT项目有助于保护传统的生活方式)和C项(扶贫工作需要当地农民的参与)文章均未提及,故排除。
3. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ______.
Text 3 As a historian, who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter. Of course, I need to concede that my collection of "Smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend? During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm. But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile. One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. "Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth," ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular "pearly whites" was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed). A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever".
1. According to Paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter ______.
A.illustrated the development of Victorian photography
B.highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies
C.re-evaluated the Victorian's notion of public image
2. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? ______
A.They are rare among photographs of that age.
B.They show effects of different exposure times.
C.They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D.They are in popular use among historians.
A B C D
A
[解析] 事实细节题。根据题干中的关键词Victorian portraits和collected快速定位至原文第二段。第二段第一句提到,当然,我必须承认,我收集的“微笑的维多利亚人”仅占1840年至1900年间创作的大量摄影肖像画中很小的一部分,那个时期的大多数画像都是模特坐在绘画背景前痛苦而僵硬地摆拍,或者心不在焉地盯着不远处。A项中的rare和that age与文章中的makes up only a tiny percentage和between 1840 and 1900相对应,故答案为A(它们在那个年代的照片中是很少见的)。 原文虽然提到了相机的曝光时间,但并不是作者收集的照片所反映的内容,B项(它们展示了不同的曝光时间的影响)与文章内容不符,故排除。C项(它们反映了19世纪的社会传统)和D项(它们常常被历史学家使用)文章均未提及,故排除。
3. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? ______
Text 4 From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet. Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either. The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own. On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service", and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism". In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication. The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
1. There has long been concern that broadband providers would ______.
4. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision ______.
A.focuses on trivialities
B.conveys an ambiguous message
C.is at odds with its earlier rulings
D.is out of touch with reality
A B C D
D
[解析] 事实细节题。根据题干中的关键词Judge Patricia Millett和the appeals court's decision快速定位至原文第四段。第四段第二句提到,但是,帕特里夏·米利特法官在协同意见书中明确指出,“这一结果与现代宽带服务的现实脱节”,并表示国会或最高法院可以进行干预,以“避免互联网监管陷入跟不上技术发展的境地”。由此可知,米利特法官认为这一决定与现实是脱节的,D项中is out of touch with reality与文章中的is unhinged from the realities是同义替换,故答案为D(与现实脱节)。 A项(关注琐事)、B项(传达模棱两可的信息)和C项(与之前的裁决不一致)均与文章内容不符,故排除。
5. What does the author argue in the last paragraph? ______
A.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
B.The FCC should be put under strict supervision.
C.Rules need to be set to diversify online services.
D.Broadband providers' rights should be protected.
Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions? A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees: Better hiring practices Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. "There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine WiU Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. " 1 " One company that's doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process. More effective marketing Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. 2 These are "tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people", says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT. Saving customers money Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. Domingos says, " 3 " Improved accuracy "Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable," says Winston. It "helps people make smarter clecisions". 4 Protecting and maintaining infrastructure A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive," says Domingos. " 5 " A. AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for. B. One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate. C. There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results. D. You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to. E. Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money. F. We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale. G. AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. World War Ⅱ was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies. 1 Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3%-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. 2 And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) in the 1970s and 1980s. The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: 3 in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education. Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, 4 and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. 5 High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
1.
经历过战争的这些国家的高等教育适龄群体的入学率在战前几十年里一直维持在3%-5%左右。
[解析] 本句为复合句,that引导定语从句,修饰先行词levels of enrollment,that在定语从句中作主语。with levels of enrollment为介词短语作伴随状语,levels of enrollment可以翻译为“入学率”。the relevant age groups这一名词短语不可译得过于生硬,该短语的字面意思是“相关年龄团体”,其实就是指到了一定年龄可以接受高等教育的群体,根据文章含义可以灵活处理成“适龄群体”。during the decades before the war在句中作时间状语,翻译时应注意调整语序,将时间状语前置,使句子更通顺。before the war为介词短语作后置定语,修饰the decades,翻译时应将其转译为前置定语。 [参考译文] 二战是现代西方社会高等教育的分水岭。经历过战争的这些国家的高等教育适龄群体的入学率在战前几十年里一直维持在3%-5%左右。但战后,反法西斯战争的胜利带来了巨大的社会和政治变革,使欧美经济体对更多的受过中学以上教育的毕业生产生了日益庞大的需求。同时,西方社会对高等教育的需求也上升了,扩大到那些在战前没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。这些需求导致了高等教育体系的迅速扩张,从20世纪60年代开始出现,在70年代和80年代迅速发展(尽管发展并不稳定)。 高等教育的发展至少表现为三种截然不同的方式,而这三种方式又产生了一系列不同的问题。首先是增长率的问题:在西欧的许多国家,20世纪60年代,高等教育的学生人数在五年内翻了一番,到了70年代中期,在七年、八年或十年内又翻了一番。其次,增长明显影响了教育体系和单个学校的绝对规模。第三,增长反映在适龄群体在高等教育机构就读比例的变化上。 增长的每一种表现都会带来其独特的问题。例如,高增长率给现有的治理结构、行政管理结构,尤其是社会化结构,带来了巨大压力。当一个学院或一个系的成员在三到四年内从5人增加到20人,当新的教职人员主要是刚研究生毕业的年轻男女时,他们在很大程度上就决定了该学院的学术生活规范。如果研究生人数也迅速增长,教师和学生之间失去了密切的师生关系,那么学生文化就成了新研究生的主要社交力量,从而对学校的学术生活产生影响——这种情况曾见于美国、法国、意大利、西德和日本。高增长率增加了学术创新的机会;同时也削弱了教师和学生在稳定或缓慢增长时期进入学者群体需经历的形式和过程。在20世纪60年代和70年代,欧洲大学的管理方式发生了显著的变化,赋予了初级教师权力,在一定程度上也赋予了学生权力。
2.
同时,西方社会对高等教育的需求也上升了,扩大到那些在战前没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。
[解析] 本句为复合句,两个that都引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,分别修饰先行词demand和groups and social classes。for entry to higher education为介词短语作后置定语,修饰名词demand,before the war是第二个定语从句的时间状语。翻译时应注意调整语序,将英语中的后置定语前置,将时间状语放到所修饰的动词之前。此外,由于两个定语从句较短,翻译时也应将其放到所修饰的名词之前。
[解析] 本句的主干是the numbers doubled and doubled again,并列连词and连接了两个谓语动词doubled。in higher education为介词短语作后置定语,修饰名词students,翻译时应将其转译为前置定语。同时,within five year periods during the decade of the 1960s是第一个分句的时间状语,in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s是第二个分句的时间状语,翻译时应将时间状语前置。需要注意的是时间的固定译法,1960s意为“20世纪60年代”,1970s意为“20世纪70年代”。doubled在本句中用作动词,意为“翻一番,是……的两倍”。
4.
当新的教职人员主要是刚研究生毕业的年轻男女时,他们在很大程度上就决定了该学院的学术生活规范。
[解析] 本句为复合句,when引导时间状语从句,因为状语就在主句前,翻译时保持原有的语序即可。从句中的形容词短语fresh from修饰名词短语young men and women,意为“刚从……毕业的”,predominantly意为“主要地”。主句中的介词短语of academic life作后置定语,修饰名词norms,介词短语in that faculty也作后置定语,修饰短语academic life。为了保持译文通顺,翻译时应将后置定语前置。norms意为“标准,规范”,faculty意为“学院,系”。
[解析] 本句是由分号连接的并列句。第一句的主干是high growth rates increased the chances, for academic innovation为介词短语作后置定语,修饰名词chances,翻译时应将其提到名词前,innovation意为“创新”。第二句的主干是they weakened the forms and processes, by which引导定语从句,修饰先行词forms and processes,从句中还包含了被动语态are admitted into,表示“被认可,被接纳”,但是中文习惯少用被动,因此可以将其灵活处理为主动语态,用“进入”来表示。介词短语of scholars修饰名词a community,during periods of stability or slow growth是时间状语,翻译时应调整语序,将两者前置。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: One foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Please write an email to him/her to make some suggestions. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name in the email. Use "Li Ming" instead.
[范文] Dear friend, I have received your email of inquiring about job possibilities in China, so I'm writing this email to propose some useful suggestions to you in regard to hunting for a job here. I have outlined my suggestions below. On one hand, I believe it is better to find a job that relates to your major—civil engineering—in university, since you already have the theories and skills required for the job. Compared with other fields you have never involved before, you definitely will obtain the work experience more rapidly. On the other hand, because of your language and culture backgrounds, it is advisable to improve your Chinese and ability to communicate with others in workplace so that you can not only enhance working efficiency, but also build a harmonious relationship with your colleagues. I sincerely hope you find these proposals useful. If you have any problems, please contact me without any hesitation. Looking forward to your early reply.
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should 1) describe the picture briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
[范文]
The Importance of Interest
As is vividly shown in the enlightening picture, a boy dressed in the traditional costume of Peking Opera expresses his concern about learning Peking Opera, because some of his classmates' view that it is boring. In contrast, in order to arouse his enthusiasm, the father gently responds by saying "As long as you like it, that is enough", encouraging the son to stick to his interest. Simple as the picture seems, it aims to highlight the significance of interest. It goes without saying that interest is definitely a source of strength, which inspires us to make great achievements. No matter what we do, we should put interest in the first place instead of others' comments. For one thing, without interest, we may find it extremely difficult to keep on going and reach our goal, for it can equip us with passion and power when we are stuck in trouble. For another, interest not only can bring knowledge and skills, but also result in great discoveries. It is self-evident that if we simply care about what others say and ignore our own interest, we will never crack the hard nut and finally taste the fruit of success. From what is discussed above, we can reach the conclusion that interest is crucial for us, and it is something that is well worth our efforts and devotion. As young generations in this day and era, we are expected to do what we are determined to do.