1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.
A.demand
B.view
C.request
D.opinion
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题中,clamor的意思是“大声的要求”。A项“demand(强烈的)要求”符合题意,如:Ives listened to the workers' demand for more money.(艾大斯听了工人们增加工资的要求。)其他三项“view观点,见解;request请求,(委婉的)要求;opinion意见,看法”都不正确。
2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.
4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.
A.fearlessly
B.confidently
C.silently
D.prudently
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题中,warily的意思是“小心警惕地”。D项“prudently谨慎地,慎重地”符合题意,如:be modest and prudent(谦虚谨慎)。其他三项“fearlessly勇敢地;confidently信赖地,安心地;silently默默地,静静地”都不正确。
5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.
A.recommended
B.reproached
C.recompensed
D.reversed
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题中,reprimand的意思是“斥责,谴责”。B项“reproach责备”符合题意,如:His mother reproached him for his bad manners,(他的母亲责备他礼貌不周。)其他三项“recommend推荐;recompense报偿;reverse翻转”都不正确。
6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.
A.traces
B.shards
C.products
D.artifacts
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题中,vestiges的意思是“遗迹,痕迹”。A项“traces痕迹,踪迹”符合题意,如:They searched the building but did not find any trace of the criminal.(他们搜查了这座楼房,可是没有发现罪犯的、点踪迹。)其他三项、“shards(玻璃或陶瓷器皿的)碎片;products产品;artifacts手工艺品”都不正确。
7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuous shopping.
9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.
A.a decision of guilty
B.a decision to punish by electrocution
C.an impasse
D.an unusual verdict
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题中,deadlock的意思是“僵局”。C项“impasse僵局”符合题意,如: reached an impasse in the negotiations(谈判过程中陷入了僵局)。其他三项“guilty有罪的;electrocution电刑;verdict裁决,判决”都不正确。
10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdiction over a variety of misdemeanors.
A.guidance
B.sovereignty
C.authority
D.suzerainty
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题中,jurisdiction的意思是“权限”。C项“authority职权”符合题意,如:Deputies were given authority to make arrests.(代表们被授予拘捕权)。其他三项“guidance指导;sovereignty主权;suzerainty宗主权”都不正确。
11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.
14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.
A.millionaires
B.endorsements
C.governments
D.donations
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题中,endowment的意思是“捐赠”。D项“donations捐赠”符合题意,如:a donation of money to the hospital(捐给医院的钱)。其他三项“millionaires百万富翁;endorsements背书;governments政府”都不正确。
15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.
A.overlooked
B.praised
C.condemned
D.satisfied
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题中,condoned的意思是“宽恕,赦免”。A项“overlooked宽恕,宽容”符合题意,如:The secretary is very careful and never overlooks any little points.(秘书是个很细心的人,从不忽视小细节)。其他三项“praised表扬;condemned谴责;satisfied感到满意的”都不正确。
16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ______ all communication with the group.
A.converted
B.reverted
C.severed
D.made
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题空格处是说他切断了与组织的所有联系。四个选项中,severed的意思是“切断”,如:The rope severed under the strain.(绳在拉紧后断了。)sever communication with的意思是“切断与……的联系”。converted的意思是“转变”;reverted的意思是“回复”;made的意思是“制造,安排”。只有C项符合题意。
17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was ______.
A.attainable
B.remote
C.imminent
D.eminent
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题空格处是说经济衰退即将来临。四个选项中,imminent的意思是“即将来临的,逼近的”,如:The famous popular stager's arrival is imminent.(那位著名流行歌手即将到来。)attainable的意思是“可到达的”;remote的意思是“遥远的”;eminent的意思是“优质的”。只有C项符合题意。
18. All of the dental instruments need to be ______ before the next patient is seen.
20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ______ firemen, policemen, and paramedics immediately.
A.assign
B.detach
C.attach
D.dispatch
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题空格处是说他们将立刻派遣消防员、警察和护理人员。D项“dispatch派遣”符合题意,如:dispatch a messenger(派遣使者)。其他二项“assign分配;detach派遣(军队);attach系上,贴上”都不正确。
21. His evident ______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.
A.personality
B.character
C.fidelity
D.morality
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题空格处是说对她妻子的忠诚。C项“fidelity忠实,忠诚”符合题意,如: fidelity to one's principles[religion,leader](忠于原则[宗教,领袖])。其他三项“personality个性;character特性,特征;morality道德”都不正确。
22. I don't know why he has been given ______. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.
A.acclaim
B.confidence
C.reimbursement
D.robustness
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题空格处是说我不知道为什么要称赞他。A项“acclaim称赞”符合题意,如:He was acclaimed as the winner.(在欢呼声中他被承认为胜利者。)其他三项“confidence信心;reimbursement赔偿;robustness精力充沛”都不正确。
23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S. , he will ______. work on a five-language opera.
A.confine
B.indulge
C.resume
D.undergo
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题空格处说他将继续进行五种语言歌剧的工作。C项“resume继续,重新开始”符合题意,如:We resumed our work after a rest.(休息之后我们重新开始工作。)其他三项“confine限制;indulge纵容;undergo经历,遭受”都不正确。
24. When Ph. D. candidates ______ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered by the prospective universities.
A.anticipate
B.assume
C.apply
D.demand
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题中,A项“anticipate期望,预见”符合题意,如:We anticipate great pleasure from our visit to London.(我们期待伦敦之行过得非常愉快。)其他三项“assume假设;apply申请,应用;demand要求”都不正确。
25. My supply of confidence slowly ______ as the deadline approached.
A.withdrew
B.eliminated
C.exterminated
D.diminished
A B C D
D
[解析] 本越是说当最终期限逼近时我的信心逐渐减少。D项“diminished减少”符合题意,如:diminish the cost of production(减少生产成本)。其他三项“withdrew撤回;eliminated排除;exterminated消除”都不正确。
26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ______ of the progress of the war.
A.prospective
B.respective
C.perspective
D.prescriptive
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题空格处是说从战争发展的角度看。C项perspective的意思是“远景,前途,观点,看法”,in the perspective of的意思是“从……的角度”,符合题意。其他三项“prospective预期的;respective分别的,各自的;prescriptive规定的”都不正确。
27. It has long been known that total sleep ______ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.
30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ______ the consequences.
A.answer for
B.run into
C.abide by
D.step into
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题空格处是说他得对结果负责。A项“answer for对……负责”符合题意,如:You will have to answer for your carelessness.(你得对你的疏忽负责。)其他三项“run into撞上;abide by遵守;step into进入,开始做”都不正确。
Part Ⅱ Grammar
1. Switzerland is (best) known for its (majesty) mountain range and (thousands) flock to the Alps each year to take advantage of (their) ideal skiing conditions. A. best B. majesty C. thousands D. their
2. (Police) were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up (by shooting) down protesters and it was in (this) chaos that the seeds of political liberation were (sown). A. police B. by shooting C. this D. sown
B应去掉by。
[解析] end up doing意为“以……结束,以……告终”。
3. Even today, (through) the (hustle and bustle) of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street, the (classical) beauty of the city (mesmerizes) the eye. A. through B. hustle and bustle C. classical D. mesmerizes
A应改为across。
[解析] 句中讲的是穿过大街,A项应为across,意为“越过”。
4. She is furious (of) her son' s grades in school, (which) explains why Mark is jealous (of) Julia's high marks (on) the exam. A. of B. which C. of D. on
A应改为with或at。
[解析] furious意为“狂怒的”,后面应接with或at。
5. Smog-choked Southern California (demands) them. It's a car for people who never want to go to (a) gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling (gas-less) machines has been a (hard-sell). A. demands B. a C. gas-less D. hard-sell
A应改为is demanding。
[解析] A项的动词应用现在进行时的形式。
6. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in (what) it is that gives you these (fish) their long (life-span). Of course, it (hasn't) done a lot of good for these carp. A. what B. fish C. life-span D. hasn't done
A应改为whatever。
[解析] A项讲的是不管是什么,应改为whatever,意为“不管什么”。
7. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people (usually) strive for their maximum personal ability rating, (when) they (are challenged) but can be victorious, rather than merely (surmounting the mediocre). A. usually B. when C. are challenged D. surmounting the mediocre
D应改为surmount the mediocre。
[解析] rather than之前和之后接的动词在时态语态上应保持一致,所以应用动词原形。
8. In proposing (such philanthropic donations), the director of the company certainly spoke (from) a genuine concern (for the needy) and not (any desire) for personal accolades. A. such philanthropic donations B. from C. for the needy D. any desire
D应改为any desires。
[解析] desire应用复数形式。
9. The armor, infantry and (other military forces) (were held up) by (the enemy counter attack), thus (caused) the delay in the advance. A. other military forces B. were held up C. the enemy counter attack D. caused
D应改为causing。
[解析] D项应为现在分词形式,作状语表示结果。
10. (Just as) children the world over (like) Christmas rooming, (adults so) like Christmas evening when (peace and calm) return to the household. A. Just as B. like C. adults so D. peace and calm
C“adults so”应改为so adults。
[解析] just as…so…为固定搭配,意为“正像……一样也……”。因此,so应放在 adults的前面。
11. (Each) employee with (a modicum of intelligence) (would be able to) undertake (such a) basic process. A. Each B. a modicum of intelligence C. would be able to D. such a
A应改为Any。
[解析] 这里强调的是任何一位员工,所以A项应为Any,意为“任何”。
12. The economic situation (will improve) given that there is (forecast to) be less unemployment and (closures) than in (previous years). A. will improve B. forecast to be C. closures D. previous years
C应改为closure。
[解析] closure意为“关闭,停业”,应用单数形式。
13. The three most important issues (of concern) to citizens today are (prison reform), (abusing children), and toxic (waste). A. of concern B. prison reform C. abusing children D. waste
C应改为child abuse。
[解析] 表语中都是名词形式,因此应为child abuse。
14. I was (on the verge) of (incurring) Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions, (while) a ray once more shone almost (imperceptibly) on the hallway wall and I heard his muffled step on the carpet. A. on the verge B. incurring C. while D. imperceptibly
C应改为when。
[解析] when意为“当……的时候”,此时when后的从句是用来说明前面主句动作发生的背景。
15. (The above) is the most important aspect (which) apes (can be told) from more (primitive) social groupings. A. The above B. which C. can be told D. primitive
B应改为in which。
[解析] 因为which前面的先行词是aspect,所以应用介词+which的结构。
16. ______ that the earth was flat?
A.Used it to be thought
B.Did it used to be thought
C.Was it used to being thought
D.Does it used to be thought
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题考查的是It used to do句型的疑问句形式。可以为Used it to do...?或者 Did it use to do...?因此A项为正确答案。
17. It is most inappropriate ______ in the college VIP lounge.
A.for any students to be there
B.for there to be any students
C.to be any students there
D.to have there any students
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查的是It is inappropriate for...to do...,意思是“……做……是不适当的”。inappropriate的意思是“不适当的,不相称的”。
18. She ______ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.
A.got
B.would have got
C.had got
D.Would be getting
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题考查的是虚拟语气,因为主句,中有now,所以应用“would be getting”。
19. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ______.
A.whether they are future physicists or chemists
B.be they future physicists or chemists
C.they are future physicists or chemists
D.they should be future physicists or chemists
A B C D
B
[解析] B项为虚拟语气句whether they be future physicists or chemists的变形。根据题意,可知正确答案为B。
20. The general opinion is that he is ______ to complain.
A.so much a milquetoast
B.too a milquetoast
C.too much of a milquetoast
D.so much of a milquetoast
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题考查的是too...to结构,意思是“太……以至于不能”。因此C项为正确答案。
21. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably clear that in certain countries-Rwanda, Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute food shortage, ______ a policy decision or the political situation.
A.than of
B.rather than
C.but the result of
D.than is
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题考查的是less...than...,意思是“与其……倒不如说”。of与前面a result of对应。因此A项为正确答案。
22. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the stability of spaceship Earth as ______ the waters of its lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.
23. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ______ last week.
A.to be started
B.to have started
C.to have been starting
D.start
A B C D
B
[解析] be的过去时+不定式完成形式表示过去打算要做而实际未做的动作,因此B项为正确答案。
24. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from thc Norman Invasion of 1066, the daily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, ______ its grammatical structure.
A.the same are
B.and so are
C.as did
D.and so were
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题考查的是助动词+主语构成的倒装结构,这种句型用来强调主语。因此 C项为正确答案。
25. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ______.
A.what there is to life
B.to which there is in life
C.there is to life
D.that is in life
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题考查的是定语从句,all (that) there is to life中的that可省略。
26. ______ ever so humble, there's no place like home.
A.It be
B.Be it
C.It was
D.Was it
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查的是倒装语句,因此B项为正确答案。
27. ______ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate perhaps only to the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.
A.Nearly
B.It is nearly
C.That nearly
D.When nearly
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题考查的是主语从句,因此C项为正确答案。
28. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.
A.but
B.the
C.much
D.any
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查的是none the+形容词比较级,意思是“一点也不,毫不”。因此B项正确。
29. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposal for food production is ______.
A.three times more the world average
B.three times as much the world average
C.three times the world average
D.the world average is three times
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题考查的是…times直接加比较对象,意思是“是……的多少倍”。因此C项正确。
30. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ______ heard by jungle dwellers ______ feelings of unease, for a year does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.
A.always, with
B.ever, without
C.ever, with
D.never, without
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题考查的是双重否定,表肯定。因此应选D项。
Part Ⅲ Cloze Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning. One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring 1 profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, 2 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 3 that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 4 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 5 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 6 capital brings profits and influence. There are many 7 with the thesis above, not the least of 8 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 9 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 10 of some new industries indicates. 11 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 12 many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In 13 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 14 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i. e. , major corporations) soon 15 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge. Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 16 . Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 17 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 18 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try, Illiteracy in the English language has been a severe 19 for many years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 20 them to a life of low-skill and low paid labor.
1.
A.quantitative
B.extensive
C.comprehensive
D.sophisticated
A B C D
B
[解析] B项“extensive广大的”符合文意,如:The school has extensive playing fields.(这个学校有宽阔的活动场地。)其他三项“quantitative定量的;comprehensive全面的,综合的;sophisticated老练的,精通的”都不正确。
2.
A.moreover
B.however
C.therefore
D.nevertheless
A B C D
B
[解析] 此处表示的是转折。因此B项“however无论如何,可是,仍然,究竟”为正确答案。
3.
A.aggression
B.proficiency
C.productivity
D.evolution
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题中,D项“evolution进化,进展”符合文意,如:the evolution of the modern car(近代汽车的发展)。其他三项“aggression进攻,侵略;proficiency熟练,精通;productivity生产力”都不正确。
[解析] 本题中,A项“handicap阻碍”符合文意,如:Lack of money handicapped him in his business badly.(缺少资金对他的生意十分不利。/缺少资金使他的企业不能发展。)其他三项“penalty处罚;inconvenience不便;shortcoming缺陷”都不正确。
20.
A.enforce
B.punish
C.confine
D.condemn
A B C D
D
[解析] 此处考查的是固定搭配condemn sb. to...,在此处的意思为“迫使(某人)处于不幸或不愉快的状态”。因此D项为正确答案。
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.
Passage 1 Let us assume, for the moment, that labor m not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case. Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money- wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves. Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-far from it. Nor is its physical productivity less, These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.
1. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ______.
A.a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor
B.a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of labor
C.the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wage
D.the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据原文的“it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so”可知,A项不对;B、D与原文的意思刚好相反。“labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage”的意思是“人们不能忍受劳动力价格的降低”,因此C项为正确答案。
4. "Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that ______.
A.a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of labor
B.a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor
C.the supply of labor is not a function of real wages
D.the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题可依据原文中的“They do not seem to have realized that,unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone,their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices.”从中可知,传统学派没有意识到劳动供给可能不是关于实际工资的函数。因此C项为正确答案。
5. How does labor usually behave?
A.Labor would stipulate for money-wages.
B.Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.
C.Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.
D.Labor would stipulate for real wages.
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题可参照文章的倒数第二段,从中可知正确答案为A。
6. The last paragraph of this passage indicates that ______.
A.labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U. S.
B.labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.
C.neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize the depression of the 1930s in the U. S.
D.both A & B
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题的依据句是文中的“It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment...was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage...”,从中可知C项为正确答案。
Passage 2 The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory roles as to the types of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment. The uncertainty in the field is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill the same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standards of neutrality, and disinterestedness on them would be futile. It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy. The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of exparte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both parties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.
1. The best title for this passage is ______.
A.International Arbitrators: Causes and Solutions
B.Arbitrators: Causes and Solutions
C.Arbitrators: Problems in Practice
D.International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests
2. The expression "They may treat" refers to ______.
A.arbitrators and judges
B.national legal systems
C.experiences
D.disqualifying factors
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题应联系上下文来解答。因为前一句说了for arbitrators and judges,所以这里的they指的是仲裁员和法官。因此A项为正确答案。
3. Courts and agencies ______.
A.do not apply their regulations strictly
B.often consider arbitrators as judges
C.understand the general relationship between businesses and arbitrators
D.may be described by all of the above
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题可参照文章第一段的“disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges”,又说到“courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly,recognizing that arbitrators...and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do”,所以涵盖了A、B、C,因此正确答案为D。
4. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen ______.
A.to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sides
B.to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decision
C.by someone not involved in the matter in dispute
D.as a pawn of the appointers
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题应联系第二段上下文来解答。从中可知C项为正确答案。
5. A foreign enterprise contract is a bad idea ______.
A.in all cases
B.when each partner picks an arbitrator
C.when third party arbitrators are involved
D.when a government agency is one side of the contract
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题可参照第三段,从中可知D项为正确答案。
6. "Exparte communications" refers to ______.
A.something that cannot be determined by the text
B.all parties being present when matters involving them are discussed
Passage 3 Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here's the answer. Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities. What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy store book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional'". It's a teacher's guide called "Happy To Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem". Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace. No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation so consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves. Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed. Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty per cent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades. The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper. "Happy To Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class. There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great" or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling didn't make me feel particularly good about anything .
1. In Paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because ______.
A.the writer is using direct speech
B.the writer is questioning the education concept
C.the words quoted have been extracted from a translation
D.the writer is quoting from another source
A B C D
B
[解析] 综观全文,作者对于当前的这种教育方式是持否定态度的,因此B项为正确答案。
2. In Paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is ______.
A.essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer from a lack of self-esteem as a child
B.equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the future
C.important to remember how much school children used to suffer from a lack df selfesteem
D.reassuring to observe that children can benefit from the promotion of a positive image
A B C D
B
[解析] 从第三段内容可知,作者讲到自己当年学习时的状况,“No one ever spent a moment building myself-esteem when I was in school”,老师教授给学生的都是学科知识。因此B项为正确答案。
3. Which of the following is the writer implying in Paragraph 4?
A.Self-criticism has gone too far.
B.Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.
C.Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.
D.This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.
Passage 4 "Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout." "war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The term at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primly as "passwords to insure proper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation." Slogans operate in society as "social symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups. Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal Symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol. Murray Edelman writes that "to the political scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group's norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims. Slogans are so pervasive in today's society that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television. The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an "overcommunicated" society. Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes "homemade" or is as good as "Mom used to make" does not tell us if the cookie is good or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother's baking. Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form, and an advertising agency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person. Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. "Gray Power," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderly Americans, and "Huelga" (strike in Spanish) identifies the movement to aid Mexican American field workers in the west and southwest.
1. "Sloganeering" stems from a word that was used ______.
A.in the United States
B.in Ireland
C.on the European continent
D.frequently in revolutionary rhetoric
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题的依据句是文中的“It originated from the Gaelic word”,Gaelic是指爱尔兰的盖尔语。因此B项为正确答案。
3. Because slogans are "social symbols" they ______.
A.can have different meanings in different cultural and economic settings
B.are widely used as status symbols
C.can be used to demonstrate high social standing
D.are perceived as difficult to grasp
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题可参照第三段。从中可知A项为正确答案。
4. Lasswell' s and Edelman's studies are important in that they ______.
A.believe that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction
B.demonstrate that patterning and consistency is crucial to the use of symbols
C.organize collective attitudes around a symbol
D.demonstrate a culture's principles are indicated by the slogans which are used
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题的依据句是文章第三段的最后一句“the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group's norm,values,and conceptual rationale for its claims”,从中可知D项为正确答案。
5. Television ______.
A.has distorted the purpose of slogans
B.has kept consistent the nature of human interaction
C.has made political images personal and shorter
D.utilizes slogans well
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题的依据句是第四段的总结语“slogans work well on television”,从中可知D项为正确答案。
6. Products sell better if ______.
A.slogans change the consumer's beliefs
B.slogans agree with the consumer's beliefs
C.slogans identify a social movement
D.advertisers use slogans on television
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题的依据句是文章倒数第二段中的“Advertisers are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer.Slogans do this well”,从中可知B项为正确答案。
Passage 5 A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted. What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"? What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor". Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local students seems to be a fruitful area of research. In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation. Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.
1. In Paragraph 2 "learner variables" and "strategies" are defined by reference to other writers ______.
A.because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important concepts
B.because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitions
C.because the present author is not sure what these terms mean
D.because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area
A B C D
B
[解析] 从文中内容可知,引用这两个词定义是因为作者是这一领域的专家。因此B项为正确答案。
2. The main point of Paragraph 2 is ______.
A.to define technical terms
B.to define terms and scope of the study
C.to outline the main sections of the report
D.to summarize the area to be covered in the article
3. In Paragraph 3 the writer uses the phrase "to the best of my knowledge..." because ______.
A.she has good knowledge of this area
B.she is not sure if the area has been researched in Hong Kong
C.she thinks the area has been researched in Hong Kong
D.she does not wish to take responsibility for any omissions in the bibliography
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题中,“to the best of my knowledge”意思索“据某人所知”。因此B项为正确答案。
4. The reference to "Naiman and his colleagues (1978)" in Paragraph 4 is made ______.
A.to point out the advantages of an analytical approach
B.to point out that language learning strategies can be identified
C.to point out that different learners learn differently
D.to point out the uniqueness of language learning situations
A B C D
C
[解析] 从第四段的内容可知,Naiman与他的同事认为“no single learning strategy, cognitive style Or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning”,因此C项为正确答案。
5. The main point of Paragraph 5 is ______.
A.to describe the existing research in the field
B.to point out the limits of research in this area
C.to describe learning strategies identified as so
6. According to this passage, research in this area is characterized as ______.
A.empirically observable
B.often impossible to observe directly
C.poorly defined in the research literature to date
D.easier to theorize about than to carry out directly
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题的依据句是第四段中的“it is not possible to observe directly...”,从中可知B项为正确答案。
Part Ⅴ Translation "The Child is Father of the Man," wrote the English poet William Wordsworth. 111. Adults today are as aware as Wordsworth of the importance of childhood experiences that a cherished and well-behaved child has a better chance of growing into a balanced, loving and law-abiding adult than an unloved one. The Children Act of 1989, created to give children much-needed protection against abuse, in the process legalized the ideology: the child comes first. 112. But while the nurturing of self-esteem in children is now accepted as a requisite of their development, the social and economic demands on over-worked, harassed parents often prevent them from putting this theory into practice where it matters most in the home. Indeed, much of the time it seems that parents themselves are suffering a crisis of self-esteem. Reports show that teenagers are increasingly obese and slothful. They watch on average between four and six hours of television a day. 113. No longer subject to the discipline of the evening family meal-the cradle of manners and civil behavior-one in three people eats his or her dinner in front of the television. The fashion industry is increasingly targeting guilty parents and their demanding children; it is not uncommon to see children wearing designer jeans and the latest trainers that they will soon grow out of. 114. Pre-Christmas toy advertising is designed to strike terror into the hearts of parents and make their children even more demanding and greedy. Every office in the land harbors parents who are exasperated especially by boys who are arrogant, rude, boastful and undisciplined. 115. Many parents are too guilt-ridden or too bewildered by conflicting child rearing advice to do anything other than wring their hands with worry. The language of civil rights has entered childhood. Children as young as six are now so keenly aware of their "rights" that they freely complain of "unfair" treatment by their elders.
The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated (stepped up) to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.
7. 孝道是儒家教育的基石,它宣扬不仅要孝敬父母,而且要臣服于各级各类的权威。
The doctrine of filial piety, which was the foundation of Confucian education, advocated not only devotion to one's parents but submission to all types of authorities at any levels.
At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China. This remarkable transformation has turned a closed planned economy to an open market-oriented economy.
An illiterate mother can hardly shoulder the responsibility for a good education of the younger generation. If we fail to improve the cultural quality of women who account for nearly half of the population in China, we can by no means improve the cultural quality of the whole nation.
We are making efforts to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over consumption like Westerners, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.