Passage One When people are struck by lightening, they fall to the ground as though they were struck by a severe blow to the head. After the shock they may remain unconscious, become semiconscious or be conscious but confused and dazed, at least for a time. Flashes of light may continue passing before their eyes, and blindness and deafness may follow. The nervous system may be badly affected, causing paralysis, pain in the limbs and even hemorrhage. There will be burns where the lightening passed through the body, and like all electrical bunts, they are often deep and sever. All persons, especially campers and hunters, should know how to give first aid to someone who has been struck by lightening. Do not be afraid to touch the victim. You won't get a shock. The lightening has already been grounded. Remember that speed is of the greatest importance in severe cases. The first thing to do is to loosen tight clothing about the throat and waist. Then clear the air passages of mucus (黏液) if present, and apply artificial respiration if necessary. Give mouth-mouth resuscitation if needed, or give oxygen if available. Many victims thought to be dead have been revived after treatment. Send someone for a doctor as soon as possible, but don't leave the victim alone. If a doctor is not available, take the person to a hospital as soon as the person can be safely moved. Signs of shock are: pale, cold, sticky skin; weak, rapid pulse; shallow, irregular breathing or, in extreme cases, no breathing at all. To treat shock, you must keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the feet and cover him or her with a blanket but watch out for overheating. Giving a stimulating hot tea or coffee will help, but only if the patient is thoroughly conscious. After breathing has been restored and shock is treated, treat the bums. Apply some salve and cover them with a clean cloth or a sterile dressing. If conscious, the patient will be badly frightened, so do all you can to reassure. A little knowledge and a helping hand may save someone's life.
1. The passage mainly talks about ______.
A.which metals conduct electricity best
B.where to go in a thunderstorm
C.how to treat someone struck by lightening
D.how to make mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
A B C D
C
[解析] 主旨题。本文刚开始提出要叙述的问题:“When people are struck by lightening”,先是叙述人们的症状,之后阐述了一些营救措施及要注意的问题。故答案为C。
2. According to the passage, all the following are signs of shock except ______.
A.abnormal fever
B.cold skin
C.irregular breathing
D.rapid pulse
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据文章“Signs of shock arc: pale, cold, sticky skin; weak, rapid pulse; shallow, irregular breathing or, in extreme cases, no breathing at all. ”可判断,cold skin没有提到。故答案为B。
3. It can be guessed from the passage that ______.
A.many campers and hunters are struck by lightening
B.cars are convenient for outdoor activities
C.electric shock does little harm to the human body
D.only professional nurses and doctors are allowed to give first aid
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理题。选项B在文章中没有涉及;根据文中提到的电击后的症状,以及有可能致死可知,对人的身体并不是little harm,排除C;根据“...do all you can to reassure...A little know ledge and a helping hand may save someone's life”可以看出并不是只有专业的医生和护士才能做急救,排除D;根据文章中“All persons, especially campers and hunters, should know how to give first aid”可判断出campers和hunters更容易受电击。故答案为A。
4. The word "salve" in line 2 of the last paragraph most likely means ______.
A.sponge
B.bandage
C.ointment
D.liquid
A B C D
C
[解析] 猜词题。根据前文提到的是在“treat the bums”,以及后面用过salve之后需要“treat the burns”,可推断出此处应该是擦药膏。四个选项分别为海绵、绷带、软膏、液体。故答案为C。
5. Which of the following must not be done while treating shock?
A.Giving the patient a cup of hot tea.
B.Making the patient lie with the feet lower than the head.
C.Covering the bums with a sterile dressing.
D.Applying artificial respiration.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据文章中倒数第二段“you must keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the feet”可知选项B为错误的做法;其余三项在文中均能找到支持的句子。
Passage Two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent "cure" of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect using gene therapy. If it works, and that is still a big if, it would open up the possibility of patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money—initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon—and they won't turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.
1. Which of the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?
Passage Three Personalized genetic diagnosis and therapy say you're young and healthy, and you go in for a routine physical. Your doctor takes a blood sample and has it shipped to a lab. There, a medical technologist places your serum sample on a glass chip the size of a postage stamp. That gene chip might contain up to 50,000 microscopic spots—each with one of the genes in the human genome. When the doctor calls you with the results, he'll tell you which of thousands of human diseases you're at risk for. If you have a defective gene that's placing you at risk for disease, he might treat you with a healthy version of the gene to make up for it, keeping you out of harm's way. Soon, such diagnoses and treatments could be routine, says Mark Kay, MD, a professor of genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine and president of the American Society of Gene Therapy. "In five years, you may be able to go to referral centers and get gene therapy," he says. Although gene therapists have talked like that for a while, and the field has tremendous promise, so far they have demonstrably cured humans of just one disease: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Known as the bubble-boy disease, it decimates the immune system and causes children to die young from infections. While the treatment looks promising, the virus used to deliver the gene in one trial may have activated a gene that causes cancer. Such safety issues have dogged gene therapy. But gene therapists are pressing on. More than a dozen advanced clinical trials are underway that use genes to treat a variety of cancers, and other trials are ongoing for multiple sclerosis, AIDS and cystic fibrosis. Dr. Losordo has also begun a large trial of a gene therapy that seems to help patients regrow blood vessels that supply the heart—"grow your own bypass, if you will," he says. "It's a very exciting time." The best gene therapies just treat symptoms. The cells and tissues that make up our body still age, decay and die. "We know of no intervention that will slow, stop or reverse the aging process in humans," says Leonard Hayflick, PhD, professor of anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine. Also, lifesaving technologies and treatments don't come cheap, and sometimes terrible side effects emerge. "We will face some very difficult choices," says Thomas Murray, PhD, president of the Hastings Center in Garrison, New York, a think tank that explores ethical issues in biotechnology and health care. Fair enough. But perhaps it's OK, for now, to step back and marvel at just how far we've come.
3. According to the second paragraph, the experts suggest that ______.
A.gene therapy could be routine in five years
B.gene therapy field has great promise
C.gene therapy has cured severe diseases
D.gene therapy hasn't developed as good as what the gene therapists say
A B C D
D
[解析] 文章第二段中虽然指出了一系列基因治疗的前景,但是Although gene therapists have talked...cured humans of just one disease。从这句话可以看出,其发展并不像所说的那么好。
4. The gene therapies may ______.
A.reverse or stop the aging process
B.bring unwanted effects along with treatment and cure
C.solve every health problems concerned with human body
D.be given to human at a high price
A B C D
B
[解析] 文中第二段最后一句话:While the treatment looks promising, the virus used to deliver the gene in one trial may have activated a gene that causes cancer. 可见,基因治疗也会造成副作用。
5. The underlined "decimates" in Para. 2 means ______.
Passage Four Gordon Shaw the physicist, 66, and colleagues have discovered what's known as the "Mozart effect", the ability of a Mozart sonata, under the fight circumstances, to improve the listener's mathematical and reasoning abilities. But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hand. But first, the essence: is there something abut the brain cells work to explain the effect? In 1978 the neuroscientist Vernon Mountacastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain's gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work, it represents the firing patterns of groups of neurons. Building on Mountcastle, Shaw and his team constructed a model of their own. On a lark, Xiaodan Leng, who was Shaw's colleague at the time, used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into music. What came out of the speakers wasn't exactly toe-tapping, but it was music. Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of pattern. "Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking," says his longtime friend, Nobel Prize-Winning Standford Physicist Martin Perl. "That's important. In new areas of science, such as brain research, nobody knows how to do it." What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw's findings? They haven't condemned it, but neither have they confirmed it. Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing. In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27% on a test of ratios and proportions. The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment course—minus the music. The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers, Shaw claims. Proof of all this, of course, is necessarily elusive because it can be difficult to do a double blind experiment of educational techniques. In a double blind trial of an arthritis drug, neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the best treatment and which a dummy pill. How do you keep the participants from knowing it's Mozart on the CD?
1. In the first paragraph Gordon Shaw's concern is shown over ______.
A.the open hostility by the media towards his findings
B.his strength to keep trying out the Mozart effect
C.a widespread misunderstanding of his findings
D.the sharp disagreement about his discovery
A B C D
C
[解析] 推理题。Gordon Shaw发现了莫扎特效应会使孩子变聪明。但是第一段中写道:“But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions abut using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hand. ”意思是:这些发现具有争议性并引起了对使用音乐让孩子更聪明的各种曲解。这说明对他的发现的大肆宣传已失控,所以答案是C。
2. Shaw and Leng's experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis that ______.
A.listening to Mozart could change the brain's hardware
B.Brain-waves could be invariably translated into music
C.listening to music could stimulate brain development
D.toe-tapping could be very close to sth. musical
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。答案在第二段的下面的句子里:“Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of pattern. ”意思是:Shaw和Leng推测音乐和脑波活动是建立在相同的模式上的。
3. The remarks made by Matin Perl in Para. 3 about Gordon Shaw could be taken as ______.
4. In the sentence "Maybe you have to take them..." (Para. 4) the word "them" best refers to ______.
A.Neuroscientists and psychologists
B.Shaw and his colleagues
C.the experiments by Shaw and his team
D.Shaw's findings
A B C D
C
[解析] 句义题。从这后半句可以找到答案:“Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues arc intriguing. ”意思是:也许你不得不对他们有所保留,但是Shaw和他的同事们所做的试验还是有趣的。
5. The important condition for the Mozart-trained kids to outsmart the control group is ______.
A.being particularly trained to tackle math problems
B.listening to a specific Mozart and playing the piano
C.having extra courses designed exclusively for them
D.studying the piano for its breathtaking complexity
Passage Five Neuroscientists now understand at least some of the physiology behind a wide range of unconscious states, from deep sleep to coma, from partially conscious conditions to a persistent vegetative state, the condition diagnosed in Ms. Schiavo. New research, by laboratories in New York and Europe, has allowed for much clearer distinctions to be made between the uncounted number of people who at some time become comatose, the 10,000 to 15,000 Americans who subsist in vegetative states and the estimated 100,000 or more who exist in states of partial consciousness. This emerging picture should make it easier for doctors to judge which brain-damaged patients have some hope of recovering awareness, experts say, and already it is providing clues to the specific brain processes that sustain conscious awareness. "Understanding what these processes are will give us a better sense of how to help the whole range of people living with brain injuries," said Dr. Nicholas Schiff, an assistant professor of neurology and neuroscience at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell hospital. "That is where this field is ultimately headed: toward a better understanding of what consciousness is." The most familiar unconscious state is sleep, which in its deepest phases is characterized by little electrical activity in the brain and almost complete unresponsiveness. Coma, the most widely known state of impaired unconsciousness, is in fact a continuum. Doctors rate the extent to which a comatose person shows pain responses and reactions to verbal sounds on a scale from 3, for no response, to 13, for consistent responses. As in sleep, people in comas may move or make sounds and typically have no memory of either. But they almost always emerge from this state in two to three weeks, doctors say, when the eyes open spontaneously. What follows is critical for the person's recovery. Those who are lucky, or who have less severe injuries, gradually awaken. "The first thing I remember was telling my ex-boyfriend, who was at the foot of the bed, to shut up," said Trisha Meili, who fell into a coma after being beaten and raped in 1990, and wrote about the experience in the book, I Am the Central Park Jogger. In the days after this memory, Ms. Meili said, she slipped in and out of conscious awareness, "as if my body was taking care of the most important things first, and leaving my moment to moment awareness for last." In fact, researchers say, this is precisely what happens. The primitive brain stem, which controls sleep-wake cycles as well as reflexes, asserts itself first, as the eyes open. Ideally, areas of the cerebral cortex, the seat of conscious thought, soon follow, like lights flicking on in the upper rooms of a darkened house. But in some cases—Ms. Schiavo's was one of them—the cortical areas fail to engage, and the patient's prognosis becomes dire. Neurologists were all but unanimous in diagnosing the condition of Ms. Schiavo, whose heart stopped temporarily in 1990, depriving her brain of oxygen. Brain cells and neural connections wither and die without oxygen, like marine life in a drained lake, leaving virtually nothing unharmed. People with these kinds of injuries—Nancy Cruzan, whose case reached the Supreme Court in 1990 is an example—almost always remain unresponsive if they have not regained awareness in the first months after the injury. In medical terms, they become persistently vegetative, a diagnosis first described in 1972 by Dr. Fred Plum of Cornell University and Dr. Bryan Jennett, a neurosurgeon at Glasgow University in Scotland. In a sense, the description of the diagnosis began the modem study of disorders of consciousness. "Before 1972 people talked about permanent comas, or irrecoverable comas, but we defined a different state altogether, with the eyes open, some reflex activity, but no sign of meaningful psychological responsiveness," Dr. Jennett, now a professor emeritus, said in an interview. In an exhaustive review of the medical histories of more than 700 persistently vegetative patients, a team of doctors in 1994 reported that about 15 percent of those who suffered brain damage from oxygen deprivation, like Ms. Schiavo, recovered some awareness within three months. After that, however, very few recovered and none did so after two years. About 52 percent of people with traumatic wounds to the head, often from car accidents, recovered some awareness in the first year after the injury, the study found; very few recovered after that. "It's the difference between taking a blow to the brain, which affects a local area—and taking this global, whole-brain hit," said Dr. Joseph Fins, chief of the medical ethics division of NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell hospital. Yet these statistics cannot explain the stories of remarkable recovery that surfaced during the debate over Ms. Schiavo's fate. There was Terry Wallis, a mechanic in Arkansas who regained awareness in 2003, more than 18 years after he fell into unconsciousness from a car accident; Sarah Scantlin, a Kansas woman who, also a victim of a car accident, emerged from a similar state after 19 years; and several others, whose collective human spirit seemed to defy the experts, and trump science. Researchers say these cases can be accounted for by recent studies that indicate the existence of yet another state of subdued responsiveness, one that represents a clear break from the vegetative.
1. The author mainly discusses neurologist's understanding of ______.
A.brain-damaged patients who have some hope of recovering awareness
B.the whole range of people living with brain injuries
C.the physiology behind a wide range of unconsciousness
D.clues to the specific brain processes that sustain conscious awareness
2. The goal of researchers on unconscious states is ______.
A.to allow clearer distinctions to be made
B.to make it easier for doctors to make judgements
C.to gain a better understanding of what consciousness is
D.to help patients in comas emerge from this state
A B C D
C
[解析] 文章第四段主要阐述了神经学专家们研究的目标。根据Dr. Nicholas Schiff "Understanding what these processes are will give us a better sense of how to help the whole range of people living with brain injuries, that is where this field is ultimately headed: toward a better understanding of what consciousness is. ”(理解这些过程可以使我们更好地明白如何帮助那些大脑受伤的人,那也就是这个领域的最终目的:更好地理解意识是什么。)可知正确选项是C。
3. Which of the following statement does the author say in the article?
A.It was the consensus of the neurologists in diagnosing the condition of Ms. Schiavo.
B.Researchers may never understand the physiology behind unconscious states.
C.People in comas never move or make sounds.
D.Those who have less severe brain damages may never awaken.
A B C D
A
[解析] 从倒数第七段第一句话“Neurologists were all but unanimous in diagnosing the condition of Ms. Schiavo, whose heart stopped temporarily in 1990, depriving her brain of oxygen. ”我们得知神经学家在诊断Ms. Schiavo的病情时意见一致,因此A是正确答案。
4. Persistent vegetative state was first diagnosed ______.
Passage Six Most patients respond to the awareness that they have a terminal illness with the statement, "Oh no, this can't happen to me." After the first shock, numbness, and need to deny the reality of the situation, the patient begins to send out cues that he is ready to "talk about it". If we, at that point, need to deny the reality of the situation, the patient will often feel deserted, isolated, and lonely and unable to communicate with another human being what he needs so desperately to share. Most patients who have passed the stage will become angry as they ask the question, "Why me?" Many look at others in their environment and express envy, jealousy, anger, and rage toward those who are young, healthy, and full of life. These are the patients who make life difficult for nurses, physicians, social workers, clergymen, and members of their families. Without justification they criticize everyone. What we have to learn is that the stage in terminal illness is a blessing, not a cure. These patients are not angry at their families or at the members of the helping professions. Rather, they are angry at what these people represent: health and energy. Without being judgmental, we must allow these patients to express their anger and dismay. We must try to understand that the patients have to ask, "Why me?" and that there is no need on our part to answer this question concretely. Once a patient has ventilated his rage and his envy, then he can arrive at the bargaining stage. During this time, he's usually able to say, "Yes, it is happening to me—but". The "but" usually includes a prayer to God: "If you give me one more year to live, I will be a good Christian."
1. The first stage of most patients facing death is the stage of ______.
A.anger
B.denial
C.acceptance
D.cooperation
A B C D
B
[解析] 文章开篇谈到了面临死亡的病人对这一事实的态度:Oh no, this can't happen to me,他们认为这不可能发生在他们身上,对此持否认态度,选项B正确。
2. Terminally ill people will get angry and be rude to everyone because ______.
A.they think it is unfair that only they are seriously ill
[解析] 结尾段落,作者谈到了应该如何对待晚期病人:must allow these patients to express their anger and dismay“必须允许病人们表达自己的愤怒和沮丧”,must try to understand that the patients have to ask, "Why me?"“必须理解他们提出‘为什么会是我?’这一感慨的心情”,而面临他们的这些抱怨和疑问时,我们并不需要answer this question concretely“明确回答他们的问题”,选项A、B、C的内容在文中都有叙述。
5. How many stages can a patient with terminal illness pass through in facing death?