Passage One During the past 30 years or so, health care has increasingly become a form of business. In addition, the environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the advent of more sophisticated medical technologies and increased specialization. It is no longer true to say that doctors regard their profession as a sacred calling, and while the doctor-patient relationship still remains, it is not the relationship based solely on trust which it used to be. Of course there are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the transparency of their behavior as medical professionals, and patients can receive effective treatment when such doctors work closely together and share notes. An example of such cooperation can be found in the field of remote health care, which has been introduced on an experimental basis in several regions. Since most medical specialists live in cities, patients who live in the country have to travel a long distance to consult a specialist. This is especially hard on the elderly, both financially and physically. Through a computer network, patients who live in the country can consult a medical specialist in the city, tell him their symptoms, and receive advice without the need for a journey to the specialist's office. Also, with several doctors being assigned to a single patient, the transparency of each doctor's behavior is further ensured. On the other hand, however, it is also true that remote health consultation is not generally regarded as a form of medical treatment. For any sort of consultation to be regarded as medical treatment, most people feel that the patient must actually visit the doctor, and undergo an examination by the doctor in person. Remote health care is essentially a means for doctors to work as a team. In order for this to be practicable, it is important to establish a system whereby financial support can be extended to a doctor who, as a member of a medical team, provides only information. Establishment of such a system will further advance the cause of" free access to information" in the health care field.
1. Which is the best title for the passage?
A.Doctors: Patients' Reliable Friends.
B.Health Care in a Dilemma.
C.Information Technology Applied to Medical Services.
D.Doctor-patient Relationships.
A B C D
C
[解析] 主旨题。全文主要介绍了计算机在医疗服务中的应用。
2. As a result of the altered environment surrounding health care, medical practice ______.
A.has experienced great changes
B.has changed its nature
C.has abolished the doctor-patient relationship
D.has lost its trust on the part of doctors and patients
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。答案在第一段。该段介绍了医疗环境的改变,故选项A正确。
3. When they work closely together and share notes, doctors can ______.
A.work in a remote area
B.transparentize their behavior
C.set up a relationship with patients
D.treat financially and physically disadvantaged patients
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。答案在第一段。第一段最后讲到很多医生努力increase the transparency of their behavior(增加其行为的透明度),这就需要这些医生work closely together and share notes(紧密协作,分享记录)。
4. The writer urges that ______.
A.remote health care be implemented
B.doctors be sent to the country
C.people turn down traditional medical treatment
D.a system offering doctor's financial aid be set up
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。从文章倒数第二句可知作者强烈要求建立一套为医生提供财政援助的体系。
5. It can be concluded that ______.
A.information will play an important part in the field of medical treatment
B.medical professionals will be more specialized
C.the difference between cities and the country will never be eliminated
D.it is impossible for patients to be treated without seeing doctors themselves
Passage Two A little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it's inaccurate or confusing even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies eco-credentials, some of dubious quality Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify. The confusion is evident from the New Scientists' analysis of whether public perception of companies' green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered "green" have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy. At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emission, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as a Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled. Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water use. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert. Similar problems bedevil "green" labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council show the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world's leading, professional association for technology. Other schemes, such as the "sustainability index" planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Devising rigorous standard for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work. Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. The market forces will drive companies to lean up their acts. Let's hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy—and it's the quality of information, as well as the quality, that will count.
1. "The confusion" in the first paragraph refers to ______.
A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable way
B.an array of consumer products to choose
C.a fog of unreliable green information
D.little information on eco-credibility
A B C D
C
[解析] 指代题。第一段中的“confusion”指的是______。confusion应该指代的是前句中提到的“dubious quality green labels”,再根据文章首句告诉我们,信息量虽然很大,但不准确或者迷惑人的大量信息可能更加危险。因而答案为C。
2. From the New Scientists analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ______.
Passage Three It is the year 2050, and April blizzards have gripped southern England for the third successive year while violent storms batter the North Sea coast. The Gulf Stream, whose warming waters once heated our shores, has long since disappeared, destroyed by a deluge pouring south from the melting Arctic icecap. In the United States, much of Alaska has turned into a quagmire as permafrost and glaciers disintegrate. In Colorado, chair lift pylons stand rusting in the warm drizzle, reminders that the nation once supported a billion-dollar ski industry, while the remnants of Florida are declared America's second island state. Africa is faring badly. Its coastline from Cairo to Lagos is completely folded and many of the major cities have been abandoned. Tens of millions of people have been forced to flee and are struggling to survive in a parched, waterless interior. In Asia there is a similar, terrifying picture. Bangladesh is almost totally inundated and the East Indies have been reduced to a few scrappy drippy islands. Tens of millions stand on the brink of death. It is a startling scenario worthy of a science fiction disaster film. And it would be easy to dismiss, were it not for the uncomfortable fact that these visions are the result of rigorous scientific analysis by some of the world's most distinguished climatologists. As the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) points out in its recent Climate Change 2001 report, global warming is likely to trigger a cascade of unpleasant effects: elderly people will suffer and die in smoggy, polluted cities; crops will fail; and wildlife and livestock will perish on a scorched and miserable planet. That report was the combined work of several thousands of the world's leading meteorological experts and scientists whose views George Bush has now dismissed as "questionable" and whose work in creating the Kyoto 10 protocol has been utterly undone. The US decision to pull out of the international accord on climate change has caused predictable international alarm. Kyoto merely pledged developed countries to restrict their industrial output. "It was an excellent first step towards reversing climate change," according to Southampton University's professor Nigel Arnell. Kyoto was, in effect, a statement of intent. The industrial nations, which had, after all, initiated the problem of global warming, would show their commitment by making the first crucial, self-sacrificing moves. Then the Third World could be drawn in, and the first decreases in carbon-dioxide emissions agreed over the next few years. "Bush has now made the attainment of these next crucial steps much more difficult," says Arnell. In fact, most experts believe he has made them impossible. If the West won't act, why should the rest of the world?
1. What is incorrect according to Paragraph 1?
A.The blizzards have gripped southern England for 3 years.
B.The blizzards will take place in April 2050.
C.Violent storms batter the North Sea coast in April 2050.
D.The Gulf Stream has been destroyed by the year 2050.
A B C D
B
[解析] 从文章第一段第一句话It is the year 2050, and April blizzards have gripped southern England...,注意其中时态的变化。描述的情形是对2050年的设想。而后半个分句用的是现在完成时,4月的暴风雪已是连续三年侵袭英格兰南部地区,同时狂风暴雨又在重击北海海岸。墨西哥流也遭到了破坏。可见暴风雪不是2050年才开始爆发的。
2. We can infer from the passage that ______.
A.in 2050 Florida will become America's second island state
B.floods will destroy the whole Africa
C.tens of millions of people will die in 2050
D.global warming will lead to a catastrophe for the whole human world
4. Concerning the global climate, the IPCC did NOT ______.
A.work out a Climate Change 2001 report
B.point out a lot of unpleasant effects led by global warming in the report
C.plan to create the Kyoto protocol
D.all think George Bush should dismiss their views
A B C D
D
[解析] 文章中提到政府间气候变化研究小组提交了《2001年气候变化》报告,指出全球变暖可能会引发一些令人不快的结果,他们还着手创设《京都议定书》,但乔治·布什认为科学家们的观点有问题,因而不予考虑,而科学家们创设《京都议定书》的工作也已被全部取消(whose views George Bush has now dismissed as "questionable" and whose work in creating the Kyoto protocol has been utterly undone)。此题考察考生对whose引导的定语结构的理解是否正确。
5. Which of the following statements is incorrect about Kyoto protocol?
A.It is the first move towards reversing climate change.
B.It suggests the developed countries take the initiative to solve the problem of global warming.
C.It is merely confined to poor countries.
D.It intents to restrict developed countries' emissions of exhaust gas first and then to draw the Third World into protect the environment.
A B C D
C
[解析] 文章最后一段指出,《京都议定书》是使气候变化好转的第一步,它是一份意向声明,主要是想让发达国家先对环境保护采取行动,然后the Third World could be drawn in,第三世界国家加入。如果西方大国不准备有所行动,其他国家就没理由积极地参与,因此可见这一议定书主要是针对西方大国的。
Passage Four Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs. Sucking, which is the infant's means of gaining both food and emotional security, conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation. If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body contact as well as good milk intake, if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires, and if both the child and mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment, the child is more likely to thrive both physically and emotionally. On the other hand, if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him or her off from the milk supply before either the child's hunger or sucking need is satisfied, or handles the child hostilely during the feeding, or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child, the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age. If, in addition, the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance, he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivation throughout life. Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments. If an individual's family eats large quantities of food, then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts. If an individual's family eats mainly vegetables, then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables. If mealtime is a happy and significant event, then the person will tend to think of eating in those terms. And if a family eats quickly, without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table, then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely affected by it. This conditioning to food can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake. Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced by religious beliefs and other customs so that, for example, a Jew, whose religion forbids the eating of pork, might have guilt feelings if he or she ate pork. An older Roman Catholic might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Friday, traditionally a fish day.
1. A well-breast-fed child ______.
A.tends to associate foods with emotions
B.is physiologically and emotionally satisfied
C.cannot have physiologic and emotional problems
D.is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the future
Passage Five Smoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body's mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks down old skin whole the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up the fibers that from collagen (胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 per cent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body's natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 per cent. He says that this combined effects of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what cause premature skin ageing in smokers. In both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. "This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says, "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation." Morita doesn't know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we've only done this in the lab," he says." We don't know exactly what happens in the body yet—that might take some time." Other dermatologists are impressed by the work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish, director of the Center for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we've long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin."
1. Health skin lies in ______.
A.a well-kept balance between two working processes
Passage Six When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not. Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have. It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very tong on the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand years from now man's societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion. The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units. The units may be "secondary"—machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials, if this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compound and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle. Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.
1. What does the word "cheer" (Para. 1, Line 2) imply?
A.Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.
B.Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.
C.Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.
D.Imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理题。根据文章第一段中“they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. ”可知,富有想象力的人们为外太空或许存在着生命而高兴。故答案为D。
2. Humans on Earth are characterized by ______.
A.their existence as free and separate beings
B.their capability of living under favorable conditions
C.their great power and effectiveness
D.their strong desire for living in a close-knit society
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理题。本题可用排除法。根据第二段中“They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives”可知选项B与原文不符;由第二段最后一句话可知,人类社会拥有强大的力量和效率而非人类自己,故排除C项;从第二段第二行“...a strong sense of personality”可知,人类有很强的个人意识,排除D项。故答案为A。
3. According to this passage, some people believe that eventually ______.