10. In general, lasers operate by creating an intense amount of light and energy which is then converted into heat and used to control bleeding or destroy diseased tissue.
Part Ⅱ Cloze Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. And too many people are using 1 therapies, even while there are a few treatments that do work. Millions of Americans lie awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or 2 a pill, hoping it will make them sleepy. But experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea, and the causes of chronic insomnia remain 3 . Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping, and about 10 percent have symptoms of daytime 4 that signal true insomnia. But 5 the complaints, scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia, its health consequences and how best to treat it, a panel of specialists brought together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday. The panel called for a broad range of research into insomnia, 6 that if scientists understood its 7 causes, they could develop better treatments. Most, but not all, insomnia is thought to accompany other health problems, from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. The question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping 8 complicates those other problems. Other diseases aside, the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more common among women, especially after their 50s. Smoking, caffeine and numerous 9 drugs also affect sleep. The NIH is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research, some 10 to specific disorders and others examining the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. The agency was awaiting the panel's review before deciding what additional work should be directed at insomnia.
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Fear is often a 11 emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your heartbeat and 12 quicken; your pupils expand to admit more light; large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline (肾上激素) are poured into your bloodstream. 13 a fire or an accident, fear can 14 life-saving flight. Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical, fear can force you to take self-protective measures. It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger 15 that it becomes a problem. Some people are simply more vulnerable 16 fear than others. A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of their births, a few fortunates respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cry out with profound fright. From birth, he or she is more 17 learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more 18 . Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly 19 and determine our later fears. A young man named Bill, for example, grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a 20 obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage. Using his father as a model, Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problems.