Sentence Correction(句子改错) Each of the sentence correction questions presents a sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. Follow the requirements of standard written English to choose your answer, paying attention to grammar, word choice, and sentence construction. Select the answer that produces the most effective sentence; your answer should make the sentence clear, exact, and free of grammatical error. It should also minimize awkwardness, ambiguity, and redundancy.
1. According to United States census data, while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home.
A.while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home
B.there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home in 1975; in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home
C.in 1975 about one-third of mothers with young children worked outside the home; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home
D.even though in 1975 there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000
E.with about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000
A B C D E
C
[解析] Idiom; Logical predication The sentence presents two pieces of data, one from the 1975 census and one from the 2000 census. It does not attempt to explain a logical relationship beyond the numerical difference. The incorrect versions of the sentence attempt but fail to make a logical connection between the two data (while..., even though..., and with...) and/or introduce unnecessary wordiness with the phrase there was or there were. The most efficient way to present the two data for reader comparison is in two parallel independent clauses joined by a semicolon. To avoid the confusion of misplaced or squinting modifiers, these clauses are best structured with subjects designating percentage of mothers with children, followed by participial phrases that indicate that these mothers worked or were employed outside the home. A. The phrase there was introduces unnecessary wordiness, and the singular verb was does not agree with the plural predicate nominative one-third of mothers with children. The placement of the modifier working outside the home immediately after children suggests that the children rather than the mothers were externally employed. B. There were introduces unnecessary wordiness; because of its placement, the relative clause who worked outside the home appears to describe children rather than mothers. C. Correct. The two pieces of data are presented in parallel independent clauses, joined by a semicolon, allowing the reader to note the numerical difference. D. The introductory phrase even though suggests a relationship between the two pieces of data that the sentence does not support; there were introduces unnecessary wordiness; who worked outside the home appears to describe young children. E. The introductory word with nonsensically suggests the simultaneity of the two pieces of data; the placement of the modifier working outside the home attaches it to young children rather than mothers. The correct answer is C.
2. Variability in individual physical traits both are determined through genetic factors, environmental factors, and interaction between these factors.
A.both are determined through genetic factors, environmental factors, and interaction between
B.are both determined by genetic factors, environmental factors, as well as interaction among
C.both is determined by genetic factors, environmental factors, and interaction between
D.is determined through genetic factors, environmental factors, as well as interaction among
E.is determined by genetic factors, environmental factors, and interaction between
A B C D E
E
[解析] Agreement; Grammatical construction In discussing the factors that produce variations in individuals' physical traits, the sentence uses the structure both... and... unnecessarily and incorrectly: this structure can coordinate exactly two elements of a sentence, whereas here, three elements (genetic factors, environmental factors, and interaction between them) are named. The preposition by is more idiomatic than through with determined. The subject of the sentence is the noun phrase variability in...traits, so the verb of which it is subject must be singular, whereas are is plural. The preposition among (unlike between) is normally used to indicate some relationship involving more than two elements. A. This has multiple problems, as indicated. Replacing both are determined through with the phrase is determined by would greatly improve the overall structure of the given sentence. B. The verb are is plural but should be singular, since its subject is singular. The word both should be omitted. Introducing as well as into the sentence without certain other changes is not an improvement; the phrase is not substitutable for and without further changes elsewhere in the sentence. C. The word both in this case raises the expectation that exactly two elements would be coordinated, but this does not occur here. D. The preposition through is unidiomatic with determined. The phrase as well as cannot be used in the same way as and can (in this case, to coordinate three elements in a series). E. Correct. The singular verb is has variability as its subject. Three elements in a series are coordinated, using two commas plus and. The preposition between is correctly used to refer to a relationship involving two sets of factors. The correct answer is E.
3. Marconi's conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.
A.Marconi's conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is
B.Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is
C.Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become
D.Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become
E.Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,
A B C D E
C
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Logical Predication The main point of this sentence is to explain that while Marconi felt the radio would substitute for the phone as an instrument of private communication, in fact it has become an instrument of mass communication. It is less wordy to use Marconi as the subject of the active verb conceived than to use the subject conception with the static verb was. The pronoun it positioned as the subject of the final verb has become refers back to radio. Versions of the sentence that use the relative pronoun which indicate that the telephone has become a mass medium. A The nominalized subject, conception, leads to a wordy and awkward sentence. B The reference for the relative pronoun which is ambiguous; the sentence as a whole is awkward. C Correct. An active verb makes the first clause more concise; it in the second clause clearly refers to the radio. D Conceived of... should be followed by as rather than to be. E Conceived of... should be followed by as rather than to be; other than what it is is awkward, wordy, and redundant, overlapping the meaning of precisely the opposite The correct answer is C.
4. The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
A.that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses
B.that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
C.creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses
D.to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious
E.who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
A B C D E
A
[解析] Agreement; Rhetorical Construction; Logical Predication This sentence describes a cause-and-effect sequence; in the underlined portion of the sentence, the relative pronoun that refers to the plural noun reactions. The verb in the relative clause must therefore be a plural verb. The causal sequence is most clearly expressed by a relative clause that turns the object emotional reactions (from the clause lying causes emotional reactions in an individual) into the subject (that) of a new clause (that in turn create unconscious physiological responses). In turn is best placed before the verb of the second relative clause, create, to clarify that a chain of events is being described. A Correct. This construction clearly indicates the causal sequence. B The singular verb creates does not agree with the subject referenced by the relative pronoun that (reactions). C This construction is less successful at clarifying the chain of events because creating seems to refer back to lying; if used as a participial, creating would have to be preceded by a comma. D This construction does not make clear the causal chain of events, because it is unclear which noun to create should attach to; the infinitive construction implies intent, which does not really make sense. E Because reactions is not a person, who is the wrong relative pronoun to use. The correct answer is A.
5. Industry analysts said that the recent rise in fuel prices may be an early signal of the possibility of gasoline and heating oil prices staying higher than usually through the end of the year.
A.of the possibility of gasoline and heating oil prices staying higher than usually through
B.of the possibility that gasoline and heating oil prices could stay higher than usual throughout
C.of prices of gasoline and heating oil possibly staying higher than usually through
D.that prices of gasoline and heating oil could stay higher than they usually are throughout
E.that prices of gasoline and heating oil will stay higher than usual through
A B C D E
E
[解析] Verb form; Idiom This sentence describes analysts' prediction about prices for gasoline and heating oil. The speculative nature of the analysts' comments is communicated through the modal verb may be, so there is no need to reiterate that idea with the wordy phrase of the possibility of. The correct idiom to contrast prices with the norm is higher than usual—not usually, as written. The correct idiom to indicate the span of time from the present to the end of the year is through the end of the yearn A simple future tense verb would concisely communicate the analysts' prediction: prices will stay higher than usual through the end of the year. A. The unnecessary phrase of the possibility of makes the sentence wordy; higher than usually is not a proper idiom. B. The unnecessary phrase of the possibility that makes the sentence wordy; throughout the end of the year is not a proper idiom. C. Possibly is redundant with may and is not needed to indicate the speculative nature of the prediction; higher than usually is not a proper idiom. D. The conditional verb tense could stay is incorrect since the modal verb may has already introduced the concept of possibility; throughout the end of the year is not a proper idiom. E. Correct. The simple future tense verb will stay expresses the analysts' prediction, and idioms are used correctly. The correct answer is E.
6. Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, it had not been announced until February 1968.
A.Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, it had not been announced until February 1968.
B.Although not announced until February 1968, in the summer of 1967 graduate student Jocelyn Bell observed the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted.
C.Although observed by graduate student Jocelyn Bell in the summer of 1967, the discovery of the first sighted pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, had not been announced before February 1968.
D.The first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, but the discovery was not announced until February 1968.
E.The first sighted pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, was not announced until February 1968, while it was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell.
A B C D E
D
[解析] Verb form; Logical predication; Rhetorical construction This sentence presents conditions that are followed by an unexpected outcome: a delayed announcement of the discovery of a pulsar. A compound sentence using a coordinating conjunction but is an effective way to present the conditions of the first pulsar sighting and then information about the subsequent announcement of the discovery. The sentence must clarify that it is not about the first pulsar, but the first pulsar... to be sighted. The verbs in the sentence must all be in past tense; using a past-perfect verb to present information about the announcement of the discovery indicates that this announcement illogically took place before the pulsar was first sighted. A. The subject of the opening dependent clause is pulsar, and the verb is was. The clause needs to indicate not just that the pulsar existed but that it was observed by Bell; the past-perfect verb tense is inappropriate in the concluding clause. B. The opening participial phrase functions as an adjective, but it has no logical noun or noun phrase to attach to; Bell herself was not announced in 1968. C. Grammatically, the opening participial phrase describes the first noun that follows, but it makes no sense to say that the discovery of the pulsar was observed; discovery of the first sighted pulsar is also imprecise; one does not discover a first sighting. D. Correct. The sentence presents the sequence of events clearly and in the past tense. E. This sentence presents events in a way that is confusing; as a conjunction, while indicates simultaneous events, but this sentence is about events that occurred in a sequence. The correct answer is D.
7. Bengal-born writer, philosopher, and educator Rabindranath Tagore had the greatest admiration for Mohandas K. Gandhi the person and also as a politician, but Tagore had been skeptical of Gandhi's form of nationalism and his conservative opinions about India's cultural traditions.
A.for Mohandas K. Gandhi the person and also as a politician, but Tagore had been
B.for Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also
C.for Mohandas K. Gandhi not only as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also
D.of Mohandas K. Gandhi as a person and as also a politician, but Tagore was
E.of Mohandas K. Gandhi not only as a person and as a politician, but Tagore had also been
A B C D E
B
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Parallelism This sentence describes the writer and philosopher Tagore's two types of feelings for Gandhi. The underlined part of the sentence has to express correctly the time line of these two feelings (they happened simultaneously). The underlined part also has to express the correct relationship between the complements of admiration and skepticism. A To maintain parallelism, it is important for two conjoined phrases to be of the same grammatical type. Thus, it is appropriate to conjoin Gandhi the person and the politician, or Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but it is nonstandard in English to mix and match. In addition, the use of the past perfect tense had been places the skepticism earlier on the time line than the admiration, which is misleading. B Correct. This version correctly conjoins two parallel phrases, Gandhi as a person and as a politician, and, in using two simple past tenses to introduce the two emotions, marks them as holding at the same time. C The phrase not only X but also Y matches the meaning of this sentence: Tagore had not only admiration but also skepticism. However not only has to precede admiration for this rhetorical construction to be parallel. D The noun admiration as it is positioned in this sentence should take the preposition for, not of, since it refers to a person. The adverb also is redundant because it expresses the same meaning as the conjunction and. E As in (D), the noun admiration should take the preposition for. As in (C), the rhetorical structure of not only X but also Y is violated. Finally, the use of the past perfect tense had been is misleading with respect to the time line. The correct answer is B.
8. The completion in 1925 of the Holland Tunnel, linking Manhattan with New Jersey's highways, which permitted 2,000 cars to pass through each tube every hour and was hailed as the decade's $48 million engineering masterpiece.
A.Tunnel, linking Manhattan with New Jersey's highways, which permitted 2,000 cars to pass through each tube every hour and
B.Tunnel, linking Manhattan with New Jersey's highways and permitting 2,000 cars to pass through each tube every hour, it
C.Tunnel, linking Manhattan with New Jersey's highways and permitting 2,000 cars to pass through each tube every hour,
D.Tunnel linked Manhattan with New Jersey's highways, which permitted 2,000 cars to pass through each tube every hour and
E.Tunnel linked Manhattan with New Jersey's highways, permitting 2,000 cars to pass through each tube every hour,
A B C D E
C
[解析] Grammatical construction; Parallelism The sentence (not a properly grammatical sentence as it stands) reports that the completion of the Holland Tunnel was hailed as an engineering masterpiece. Parenthetically, it seeks to describe characteristics of the tunnel that made it useful and perhaps help explain its enthusiastic reception. Questions to consider include: what is the proper antecedent of the relative pronoun which? And how would the tunnel's two major characteristics be best described? A. The relative pronoun which is adjacent to New Jersey's highways, but contextually, the completion of the Holland Tunnel (or perhaps the Holland Tunnel) seems to be the pronoun's antecedent. The relative clause has two verbal phrases permitted... and was hailed... coordinated with and. However, there is no properly grammatical sentence here, since there is no independent clause. B. The participial phrases linking...highways and permitting... hour are parallel and coordinated by and. This portion is correct and describes two characteristics of the tunnel. However, the addition of the pronoun it makes what precedes it into a mere sentence fragment, so there is no properly grammatical sentence here. C. Correct. The complex phrase linking... hour correctly exhibits parallelism between two participial phrases and modifies the Holland Tunnel. The phrase functions parenthetically, and the sentence as a whole has a coherent grammatical structure. D. The antecedent of the relative pronoun which is unclear and makes this version fail. Is it New Jersey's highways, the whole preceding clause, or the completion of the Holland Tunnel? The relative pronoun is the subject both of permitted and of was hailed in the complex relative clause and must have the same antecedent in both cases. As the subject of was hailed, the pronoun's antecedent is the completion of the Holland Tunnel. As the subject of permitted, the pronoun cannot grammatically have that as its antecedent. Thus the complex relative clause which permitted... masterpiece is grammatically incoherent. E. This version makes was hailed... masterpiece into a mere sentence fragment, not properly coordinated with the remainder of the sentence. The correct answer is C.
9. Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schist.
A.Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
B.Empire, fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
C.Empire, either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
D.Empire and either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
E.Empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
A B C D E
E
[解析] Logical Predication; Parallelism The sentence makes two claims about the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India: They date from the Kushan Empire, and they are made from sandstone or schist. The clearest, most effective way to incorporate these two claims into a single sentence is to provide two parallel predicates for the single subject, the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India. The two options of media, presented as either/or choices, must also be given in parallel structure: either from... or from... or from either... or.... A Placement of the modifier fashioned...suggests that the Empire (the closest noun), not the images of the deities, was fashioned out of these materials; to parallel either from, the preposition from should also follow or. B Parallelism requires that either precede the first appearance of from or that the second appearance of from be eliminated. C As in (A) and (B), the placement of the modifier after Empire is misleading; parallelism requires that the phrase fashioned from, or another comparable verb and preposition, follow or. D Parallelism requires that a verb follow or, since a verb follows either. E Correct. Two verbs, date and were fashioned, introduce parallel predicates for the subject, earliest known images; the choices of media are correctly presented with the structure either from... or from. The correct answer is E.
10. A researcher claims that a tornado of a given size and strength is likely to cause more deaths, both proportionately and in absolute numbers, in the southeastern region of the United States than in the northeastern.
A.A researcher claims that a tornado of a given size and strength is likely to cause more deaths, both proportionately and in absolute numbers, in the southeastern region of the United States than in the northeastern.
B.A researcher claims that a tornado, if of a given size and strength, is likely both proportionately and in absolute numbers to cause more deaths in the southeastern region of the United States than in the northeastern.
C.A researcher claims that, with a tornado of a given size and strength, it is likely to cause more death, both proportionately and in absolute numbers, in the southeastern rather than in the northeastern region of the United States.
D.If a tornado is of a given size and strength, a researcher claims, it is more likely, both proportionately and in absolute numbers, to cause death if it is in the southeastern region of the United States rather than in the northeastern region.
E.Both proportionately and in absolute numbers, a researcher claims that a tornado of a given size and strength is likely to cause more deaths in the southeastern region of the United States rather than in the northeastern.
A B C D E
A
[解析] Grammatical construction; Diction The sentence clearly and correctly reports a researcher's claim about the relative incidence of fatalities from a tornado of any given size in two different regions of the United States. It states that the incidence of fatalities in the southeastern region would be greater both in number and as a percentage of the affected population than would the incidence in the northeastern region. Some issues to note about the erroneous sentences are: use of rather than instead of simply than; use of the singular death instead of the plural; the placement of the adverbial phrase both proportionately...numbers; and the use of if-statements. A. Correct. The sentence, though expressing a complex thought, does so clearly and coherently and avoids errors related to the issues mentioned. B. The researcher's claim is not that a tornado of a certain magnitude is likely to cause more fatalities in the southeastern than in the northeastern region; rather the claim is that a tornado of any given magnitude will cause more deaths in the southeastern region than in the northeastern. C. This sentence is unnecessarily awkward because of the adverbial phrase beginning with and the use of it to refer to a tornado. The singular death does not go well with the mention of numbers, which indicates the counting of individual deaths. The number of deaths in one region is being compared with the number in another; for that purpose, rather than is unidiomatic, as opposed to than. D. Beginning the sentence with this if-clause suggests that the claimed likelihood of variation in regional incidence of fatalities is conditional on the tornado being of a certain minimum size and strength. Nothing suggests that this is the claim that the given sentence meant to attribute to the researcher. Also, the matter at issue is not whether there would be any death (singular) but rather what the incidence of fatalities (plural) would be in each of two different regions. Another error is that the placement of the adverbial phrase both proportionately... numbers makes it function as a modifier of the verbal phrase is more likely. E. The placement of the adverbial phrase both proportionately...numbers seems nonsensically to make it modify the verb claims, and does not reflect the intended meaning of the given sentence. The use of rather than instead of than is an incorrect usage for the comparison intended. The correct answer is A.
11. About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering rangeland worthless.
A.States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering
B.States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering
C.States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia having milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering
D.States, having been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders
E.States, having been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia that has milky sap giving mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering
A B C D E
B
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction The sentence explains that leafy spurge causes mouth sores in cattle and also displaces other plants eaten by cattle. However, the structure of the sentence seems, illogically, to indicate that displacing grasses modifies either the immediately preceding phrase (that gives mouth sores to cattle) or the main subject of the sentence (about 5 million acres in the United States). A clearer way to express the effects of the leafy spurge invasion is with a compound predicate in the subordinate clause: that gives mouth sores... and displaces grasses. A Displacing grasses appears illogically to modify either about 5 million acres in the United States or that gives mouth sores to cattle. B Correct. The effects of the leafy spurge invasion are expressed clearly with a compound predicate in the subordinate clause: that gives mouth sores... and displaces grasses. The parenthetical commas around with milky sap make it clear that the entire phrase that gives... and displaces... rendering... is intended to modify a herbaceous plant from Eurasia. Although the sap may well be the means by which the plant gives mouth sores to cattle, the sentence can be well formed and meaningful without making a definite commitment to whether that is the case. C Having and displacing should not be expressed in parallel form since the first is a permanent characteristic of leafy spurge and the second refers to an effect of the plant's invasion. D The subject of the sentence, 5 million acres is not clearly paired with a verb. The structure of the sentence suggests that 5 million acres may be the intended subject of both displaces and renders but it is illogical to say that 5 million acres displaces grasses and renders rangeland worthless. E The subject of the sentence, 5 million acres is not clearly paired with a verb. The structure of the sentence suggests that 5 million acres may be the intended subject of both displaces and renders but it is illogical to say that 5 million acres displaces grasses and renders rangeland worthless. The correct answer is B.
12. Whereas a ramjet generally cannot achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of a rocket, high speeds can be attained by scramjets, or supersonic combustion ramjets, in that they reduce airflow compression at the entrance of the engine and letting air pass through at supersonic speeds.
A.high speeds can be attained by scramjets, or supersonic combustion ramjets, in that they reduce
B.that high speeds can be attained by scramjets, or supersonic combustion ramjets, is a result of their reducing
C.the ability of scramjets, or supersonic combustion ramjets, to achieve high speeds is because they reduce
D.scramjets, or supersonic combustion ramjets, have the ability of attaining high speeds when reducing
E.scramjets, or supersonic combustion ramjets, can attain high speeds by reducing
A B C D E
E
[解析] Rhetorical construction The underlined portion of the original sentence is wordy and ineffective. Transforming it from passive (high speeds can be attained by scramjets) to active voice (scram jets can attain high speeds) eliminates much of the problem. As the subject of the main clause, scram jets correctly parallels a ramjet, the subject of the subordinate clause; the contrast is thus clearly and effectively drawn. In that they reduce is wordy and awkward; it can be replaced by the more concise phrase by reducing. A. Passive voice contributes to a wordy, awkward, and ineffective construction; in that they reduce is also wordy and awkward. B. Passive voice and subordinate (that) clause constructions are wordy, awkward, and ineffective. C. The ability...is because is not a grammatical construction; scramjets, not the ability, should be parallel to a ramjet. D. Have the ability of attaining is wordy; when does not indicate the cause-and-effect relationship. E. Correct. &ramjets parallels a ramjet for an effective contrast in this sentence; the active voice is clear and concise; by reducing shows how scramjets attain high speeds. The correct answer is E.
13. Around 1900, fishermen in the Chesapeake Bay area landed more than seventeen million pounds of shad in a single year, but by 1920, overfishing and the proliferation of milldams and culverts that have blocked shad migrations up their spawning streams had reduced landings to less than four million pounds.
A.that have blocked shad migrations up their spawning streams had reduced landings to less
B.that blocked shad from migrating up their spawning streams had reduced landings to less
C.that blocked shad from migrating up their spawning streams reduced landings to a lower amount
D.having blocked shad from migrating up their spawning streams reduced landings to less
E.having blocked shad migrations up their spawning streams had reduced landings to an amount lower
A B C D E
B
[解析] Diction; Verb form The point of this sentence is to explain how overfishing and interference with shad spawning streams affected the size of shad landings. The sentence makes this point by comparing the sizes of annual landings before and after 1920. The sentence most efficiently compares the poundage of pre- and post-1920 landings with the comparative form [from] more than... to less than A. The present-perfect tense of have blocked inappropriately describes an event that caused something to happen before 1920. In addition, migrations up their spawning streams is incorrect. B. Correct. The comparison of poundage is efficiently explained, and the sequence of tenses makes sense. Despite a possible superficial appearance of a comparison between countable things (pounds), less is more appropriate than fewer for the comparison. The fishermen landed different amounts offish; they did not land the number of pounds in terms of which those amounts are measured. C. The comparative expression to a lower amount is unnecessarily wordy. The past- perfect form had reduced would make the temporal relationships somewhat clearer than does the past tense reduced. D. The present-perfect participial phrase, having blocked... streams, should be set off in commas; as it stands, it does not make sense. The past-perfect form had reduced would make the temporal relationships somewhat clearer than does the past tense reduced. E. The present-perfect participial phrase must be set off'with commas; the pronoun their, which is also in (A), nonsensically refers to migrations, and the comparative expression to an amount lower is unnecessarily wordy. The correct answer is B.
14. Nearly unrivaled in their biological diversity, coral reefs provide a host of benefits that includes the supply of protein for people, protecting shorelines, and they contain biochemical sources for new life-saving medicines.
A.coral reefs provide a host of benefits that includes the supply of protein for people, protecting shorelines,
B.coral reefs provide a host of benefits: they supply people with protein, they protect the shorelines,
C.coral reefs provide a host of benefits that include supplying protein for people, as well as shoreline protection,
D.a coral reef provides a host of benefits; they supply protein for people, the protecting of shorelines,
E.a coral reef provides a host of benefits, including protein for people, protecting shorelines,
A B C D E
B
[解析] Parallelism; Agreement When listing several items (here, benefits of coral reefs), they should be expressed in a parallel way, such as by using all noun phrases or all full clauses. Also, pronoun subjects in one clause that refer to the subject of a preceding clause should agree in number. A. The three items after includes are not parallel (the supply; protecting shorelines; they contain). B. Correct. The three items after benefits are parallel (they supply; they protect; they contain). The subject of the next clause (they) is correctly plural given that its antecedent is coral reefs. C. The three items after include are not parallel: supplying, shoreline protection, they contain. D. The three items after benefits are not parallel (they supply; the protecting off they contain), and in the next clause they is the incorrect pronoun given that the antecedent here is the singular a coral reef E. The three items after benefits are not parallel (protein; protecting; they contain), and in the next clause they is the incorrect pronoun given that the antecedent here is the singular a coral reef. The correct answer is B.
15. In 1913, the largely self-taught Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan mailed 120 of his theorems to three different British mathematicians; only one, G. H. Hardy, recognized the brilliance of these theorems, but thanks to Hardy's recognition, Ramanujan was eventually elected to the Royal Society of London.
A.only one, G. H. Hardy, recognized the brilliance of these theorems, but
B.they were brilliant, G. H. Hardy alone recognized, but
C.these theorems were brilliant, but only one, G. H. Hardy recognized;
D.but, only one, G. H. Hardy, recognizing their brilliance,
E.only one G. H. Hardy recognized, but these theorems were brilliant
A B C D E
A
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction The point of the sentence is that only one of the British mathematicians with whom Srinivasa Ramanujan initially shared his theorems recognized their brilliance, but that recognition was sufficient to earn Ramanujan acclaim. The sentence has been correctly constructed, with the phrase only one referring clearly to British mathematicians and the noun theorems repeated to avoid confusion. A Correct. The phrase only one refers clearly to British mathematicians, and the noun theorems is repeated to avoid confusion. B They is intended to refer to theorems but instead refers to mathematicians, causing confusion. C Structured in this way, the sentence does not make sense. Only one is intended to refer to G. H. Hardy but instead seems to refer to theorems, causing confusion. If only one is taken to refer to G. H. Hardy, the absence of a comma after the name and the absence of an object for recognized make the sentence ungrammatical. D The sentence is ungrammatical because G. H. Hardy serves as the subject of a clause but is not paired with a verb. E Only one G. H. Hardy recognized incorrectly implies (in an awkwardly inverted wording structure) that Hardy recognized only one theorem; these theorems were brilliant thanks to Hardy's recognition illogically suggests that Hardy's recognition is what made the theorems brilliant. The correct answer is A.
16. Normally a bone becomes fossilized through the action of groundwater, which permeates the bone, washes away its organic components, and replaces them with minerals.
A.which permeates the bone, washes away its organic components, and replaces them
B.which permeates the bone, washes away its organic components, and those are replaced
C.which permeates the bone, washing away its organic components, to be replaced
D.permeating the bone, washing away its organic components, to be replaced
E.permeating the bone, washing away its organic components and replacing them
A B C D E
A
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction The sentence explains the process by which groundwater produces fossilization of bones. The grammatically correct sentence describes a series of three stages in the process. A Correct. Three parallel verbal phrases—permeates..., washes..., and replaces...—are correctly coordinated within a relative clause that has which as its subject referring to groundwater. B The third component of the series, and those are replaced, is nonparallel, and therefore incorrect. This renders the sentence ungrammatical. C This lacks the appropriate parallelism; based on structure, the phrase to be replaced... should modify which, a relative pronoun referring to groundwater. But this would not express the thought intended in the given sentence, which indicates that organic components are replaced. D The participles permeating and washing away should, based on structure, have the subject of the sentence, a bone, as their implicit subject. But this produces nonsense. It is unclear what the phrase to be replaced modifies: based on the intended meaning, it should be its organic components, but the structure does not indicate this, given that the subject of the sentence is a bone. E The three participles permeating, washing away, and replacing have the subject of the sentence (a bone) as their implicit subject. This produces nonsense. Also, any three-element series must have a comma immediately following each of its first two elements. The correct answer is A.
17. Clouds are formed from the evaporation of the oceans' water that is warmed by the sun and rises high into the atmosphere, condensing in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust.
A.Clouds are formed from the evaporation of the oceans' water that is warmed by the sun and rises high into the atmosphere, condensing in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust.
B.Clouds form by the sun's warmth evaporating the water in the oceans, which rises high into the atmosphere, condensing in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust.
C.Warmed by the sun, ocean water evaporates, rises high into the atmosphere, and condenses in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust to form clouds.
D.The water in the oceans evaporates, warmed by the sun, rises high into the atmosphere, and condenses in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust, which forms clouds.
E.Ocean water, warmed by the sun, evaporates and rises high into the atmosphere, which then condenses in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust to form as clouds.
A B C D E
C
[解析] Rhetorical construction; Logical predication This sentence describes a multistep process by which ocean water is transformed into clouds. These steps are most clearly presented in chronological order, with ocean water as the main subject of the sentence. A. This sentence provides no sense of steps and illogically suggests that the oceans' water evaporates after it rises high into the atmosphere. B. The antecedent for the relative pronoun which is ambiguous, again suggesting that oceans rise high. C. Correct. The sequence of steps in a cloud's formation is clear. D. The nonchronological order of the steps by which clouds are produced is confusing, suggesting that dust forms clouds. E. The relative pronoun which grammatically refers to atmosphere, creating a nonsensical claim that the atmosphere, rather than the water, condenses. The correct answer is C.
18. Over a range of frequencies from i00 to 5,000 hertz, monkeys and marmosets have a hearing sensitivity remarkably similar to humans, above which the sensitivity begins to differ.
A.Over a range of frequencies from i00 to 5,000 hertz, monkeys and marmosets have a hearing sensitivity remarkably similar to humans
B.Compared to humans, the hearing sensitivity of monkeys and marmosets are remarkably similar over a range of frequencies from 100 to 5,000 hertz
C.Compared to humans over a range of frequencies from 100 to 5,000 hertz, the hearing sensitivity of monkeys and marmosets is remarkably similar
D.The hearing sensitivity of monkeys and marmosets, when compared to humans over a range of frequencies from 100 to 5,000 hertz, is remarkably similar
E.The hearing sensitivity of monkeys, marmosets, and humans is remarkably similar over a range of frequencies from 100 to 5,000 hertz
A B C D E
E
[解析] Logical predication; Agreement This sentence expresses two ideas: the similarity in monkey, marmoset, and human hearing in the stated frequency range, and the divergence in hearing sensitivity above that range. The second idea is introduced by above which. Above which should be immediately preceded by the antecedent of which, that is, the 100-5,000 Hz range. Also, the subject and verb must agree in number. A. In this construction, above which... illogically modifies either humans or a hearing sensitivity remarkably similar to humans, rather than the frequency range. B. The singular subject in this version, the hearing sensitivity..., is not accompanied by the correct singular verb form (is). C. Above which is incorrectly preceded by similar, rather than by the expression of the frequency range. The sentence appears, illogically, to compare humans over a range of frequencies with monkeys' and marmosets' hearing sensitivity. D. Above which is incorrectly preceded by similar, rather than by the expression of the frequency range. The sentence appears, illogically, to compare humans over a range of frequencies with monkeys' and marmosets' hearing sensitivity. E. Correct. Above which is correctly preceded by a range of frequencies..., and the verb is is in its proper singular form. The correct answer is E.
19. The Life and Casualty Company hopes that by increasing its environmental fund reserves to $1.2 billion, that it has set aside enough to pay for environmental claims and no longer has to use its profits and capital to pay those claims bit by bit, year by year.
A.that it has set aside enough to pay for environmental claims and no longer has
B.enough has been set aside with which environmental claims can be paid and it will have no longer
C.it has set aside enough for payment of environmental claims and thus no longer having
D.enough has been set aside to pay for environmental claims, thus no longer having
E.it has set aside enough to pay for environmental claims and will no longer have
A B C D E
E
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Logical Predication All predicates need a proper logical subject. Here, the relevant predicates are the verbs increase, set aside, and have. With it as the subject for set aside—referring back to the Life and Casualty Company—all three verbs should have this as their understood subject. With a different subject for set aside, at least one of the other verbs lacks a proper logical subject. Also, this sentence uses the word that after hope to start the subordinate clause, but then incorrectly repeats the that after the initial adverbial phrase (by increasing... billion). Only the first that is grammatically correct. A The additional that makes the sentence ungrammatical. Also, because in this context the hope is forward-looking (bit by bit, year by year), it would be preferable to use the future tense, will no longer have to, instead of the present no longer has to. B With enough as the subject of set aside, the next subject (it) is naturally interpreted as enough, but this is not a logical choice for the subject of use. C The phrase no longer having is ungrammatical when connected to the rest of the sentence by and, which should connect two regular clauses; no longer having... is a mere phrase, not a clause, and no longer has would be correct. D For no longer having, illogically, the implied subject is enough; the implied subject, instead, should be the company referred to at the beginning of the sentence. E Correct. There is only one that, and will no longer have to use has its proper logical subject (it) from the clause preceding it. The correct answer is E.
20. Researchers studying the brain scans of volunteers who pondered ethical dilemmas have found that the basis for making tough moral judgments is emotion, not logic or analytical reasoning.
A.the brain scans of volunteers who pondered ethical dilemmas have found that the basis for making tough moral judgments is
B.the brain scans of volunteers who pondered ethical dilemmas and found the basis to make tough moral decisions to be
C.the brain scans of volunteers pondering ethical dilemmas and found that the basis for making tough moral decisions is
D.volunteers' brain scans while pondering ethical dilemmas have found the basis to make tough moral judgments to be
E.volunteers' brain scans while they pondered ethical dilemmas have found that the basis for making tough moral judgments is
A B C D E
A
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction The sentence reports that researchers got volunteers to ponder ethical dilemmas and make moral judgments. Brain scans revealed that the volunteers' judgments were based on emotion rather than logical analysis. The main clause of this sentence is Researchers... have found that...; embedded within this sentence, the present participial phrase studying... describes the researchers, the relative clause who pondered... describes the volunteers, and the object of the main verb appears as a noun clause that the basis... is A Correct. The sentence is coherent and grammatically correct. B The use of the conjunction and immediately before found indicates that the past tense verbs pondered and found both have volunteers as subject, but this changes the original sentence, making it a long noun phrase rather than a complete sentence. C The conjunction and leaves the verb found without a subject, and this changes the original sentence into a sequence of incoherently connected phrases rather than a complete sentence. D The phrase the basis to make is unidiomatic, a sufficient reason for rejecting this option. The placement of the modifier while pondering appears in a form parallel to studying and means that the researchers, not the volunteers, were pondering ethical dilemmas. This does not make the sentence incoherent, but creates a sentence that fails to capture the meaning clearly intended in the original sentence. E Because the word volunteers' is a possessive form, and functions adjectivally as a modifier of brain scans, they must refer back to researchers rather than to volunteers'. This is not incorrect in itself, but, as with (D), the resulting sentence fails to capture the intended meaning of the original sentence. The correct answer is A.
21. It stood twelve feet tall, weighed nine thousand pounds, and wielded seven-inch claws, and Megatherium americanum, a giant ground sloth, may have been the largest hunting mammal ever to walk the Earth.
A.It stood twelve feet tall, weighed nine thousand pounds, and wielded seven-inch claws, and Megatherium americanum, a giant ground sloth,
B.It stood twelve feet tall, weighing nine thousand pounds, and wielding seven-inch claws, Megatherium americanum was a giant ground sloth and
C.The giant ground sloth Megatherium americanum, having stood twelve feet tall, weighing nine thousand pounds, and wielding seven-inch claws, it
D.Standing twelve feet tall, weighing nine thousand pounds, and wielding seven-inch claws, Megatherium americanum, a giant ground sloth,
E.Standing twelve feet tall, weighing nine thousand pounds, it wielded seven-inch claws, and the giant ground sloth Megatherium americanum
A B C D E
D
[解析] Grammatical construction; Parallelism The point of the sentence is to describe several features of Megatherium americanum, to identify this creature as a giant ground sloth, and to speculate about its status as the largest hunting mammal in Earth's history. Megatherium americanum is therefore the sole subject of the sentence. When its features are presented as parallel adjective phrases and its common identification is presented as an appositive, a single main verb may have been is all that is required to complete the sentence. When the conjunction and constructs a compound sentence, the subjects it and ground sloth or Megatherium americanum appear to name separate entities. A. The compound sentence structure suggests that it and Megatherium americanum are two separate entities, making it unclear what, if anything, the pronoun refers to. B. As in (A), it and Megatherium americanum appear to name different entities. This a run-on sentence; the comma after claws is not sufficient to join the two main clauses in a single sentence. The series describing the sloth is also nonparallel. C. The present-perfect tense of the first participial phrase in the series (having stood) is not parallel with the (timeless) present tense of the other two participials. The introduction of the main subject it leaves ground sloth without a verb. D. Correct. The series of present-tense participial phrases describes the main subject, Megatherium americanum, which is clarified by the common name expressed as an appositive. E. The identity of it is ambiguous, and the second subject of the compound sentence giant ground sloth appears to name something other than it. This makes the sentence ungrammatical. The correct answer is D.
22. Recently declassified information from military satellites in orbit thousands of miles above the Earth show the planet continually bombarded by large meteoroids that explode with the power of atomic bomb blasts.
A.show the planet continually bombarded by
B.show continual bombarding of the planet by
C.show a continual bombardment of the planet from
D.shows continually that the planet is bombarded from
E.shows that the planet is continually bombarded by
A B C D E
E
[解析] Agreement; Idiom The sentence indicates that information shows the planet to be continually bombarded by meteors. However, the plural verb show incorrectly corresponds to the word satellites in the prepositional phrase from military satellites, rather than to the singular subject information. The correct combination of subject and verb is information shows. A. The singular subject information does not agree with the plural verb show. B. The singular subject information does not agree with the plural verb show. The verbal noun bombarding (rather than bombardment) is awkward and unnecessary. C. The singular subject information does not agree with the plural verb show. Bombardment from is an unidiomatic way of expressing the intended relationship. This construction appears to indicate, illogically, that someone or something located on the large, exploding meteoroids is sending the bombardment to Earth. D. Continually should modify bombarded, not shows. Bombardment from is an unidiomatic way of expressing the intended relationship.. This construction appears to indicate, illogically, that someone or something located on the large, exploding meteoroids is sending the bombardment to Earth. E. Correct. The singular subject information agrees with the singular verb shows. The correct answer is E.
23. Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climates, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle.
A.the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle
B.the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts in part of their life cycle
C.freshwater snails which become the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycles
D.freshwater snails which become the hosts of the parasite during the parasite's life cycles
E.parasite's hosts, freshwater snails which become their hosts during their life cycles
A B C D E
A
[解析] Rhetorical construction; Agreement This sentence explains the increased incidence of schistosomiasis as a consequence of the enlarged habitat of the kind of freshwater snails that host the parasitic worm responsible for the disease. The definite article is necessary before freshwater snails because the sentence identifies a particular type of snail, namely, those that host the parasite. The correct preposition to express duration in combination with host is for, not in. As the parasite is referred to as singular, the possessive pronoun in the final phrase must also be singular. A. Correct. The sentence is clear with all pronouns and verbs in agreement. B. The preposition in is inappropriate for expressing duration; the plural possessive pronoun their does not agree with the singular antecedent parasite. C. A definite article should precede freshwater snails to identify a particular type of snail; the plural cycles is inappropriate because its refers to a singular parasite, which only has one life cycle. D. A definite article is needed before freshwater snails; repetition of the word parasite makes the final phrase unnecessarily wordy; cycles should be singular. E. The repetition of hosts makes the final phrase unnecessarily wordy; cycles should be singular; their hosts should be its hosts; the referent for the second appearance of their is unclear—does it refer to snails or the parasite? The correct answer is A.
24. Unlike the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants, situated underground or in pieces of wood, raider ants make a portable nest by entwining their long legs to form "curtains" of ants that hang from logs or boulders, providing protection for the queen and the colony larvae and pupae.
A.the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants,
B.the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants, which are
C.leaf cutters and most other ants, whose nests are
D.leaf cutters and most other ants in having nests
E.those of leaf cutters and most other ants with nests
A B C D E
C
[解析] Logical Predication As worded, this sentence draws a contrast between raider ants and the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants. The appropriate contrast would be with leaf cutters and most other ants themselves, not their nests. A As indicated above, the appropriate contrast is between raider ants and other kinds of ants (namely leaf cutters and most ants). As worded, this version of the sentence says something obviously true: of course the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants do not make portable nests. B Like (A), this sentence compares nests with raider ants. Also, the referent of the relative pronoun which is ambiguous, possibly modifying ants, and possibly modifying nests. C Correct. This version correctly draws the contrast between raider ants and other kinds of ants. Furthermore, unlike in (B) and (D), it is clear here that situated underground or in pieces of wood applies to the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants. D This sentence correctly compares leaf cutters and other ants with raider ants, but the prepositional phrase in having nests suggests that it is raider ants, not leaf cutters and most other ants, that have nests situated underground or in pieces of wood; however, the rest of the sentence indicates that in fact raider ants' nests are not situated in such locations. E The referent of those is unclear; presumably it refers to nests, but grammatically it has no clear antecedent. If it is taken to refer to nests, those creates an illogical comparison with raider ants. The correct answer is C.
25. The 19-year-old pianist and composer performed his most recent work all over Europe, Asia, and North America last year, winning prestigious awards in both London as well as Tokyo for his achievement at so young an age, and he is hoping to continue composing now that he has returned to Chicago.
A.winning prestigious awards in both London as well as Tokyo for his achievement at so young an age, and he is hoping
B.winning prestigious awards both in London and Tokyo for his achievement at such a young age, and hoping
C.having won prestigious awards both in London and Tokyo for his achievement at so young an age, hoping
D.winning prestigious awards in both London and Tokyo for his achievement at such a young age, and he hopes
E.having won prestigious awards both in London as well as Tokyo for his achievement at so young an age, and he hopes
A B C D E
B
[解析] Idiom; Grammatical Construction This sentence is about the past accomplishments and the future ambitions of a musician who recently won awards on a world tour. In some of the versions of the sentence, the phrase as well as is redundant with the word both before London and Tokyo. Idiomatically, the simple conjunction and completes the phrase beginning with both. A The phrase as well as between London and Tokyo is not idiomatic (the idiomatic formula is both X and Y). The present progressive verb is hoping is unnecessarily wordy. B Because hoping is parallel with winning, it suggests that the hoping and winning are contemporaneous, whereas in fact the musician won his awards last year but is now, in the present, upon his return, hoping to continue composing. C The present-perfect participial phrase having won suggests that his winning took place before his performance tour. Furthermore, the use of hoping in this version of the sentence suggests that hoping is something the pianist did while on his performance tour last year, but the final phrase, now that he has returned to Chicago, indicates this is not so. D Correct. This version of the sentence uses the correct idiomatic formula (both X and Y). E The participial phrase having won... inaccurately states that the musician won his awards prior to his performance tour. Furthermore, both in London as well as Tokyo is unidiomatic, as indicated in the discussion of (A) above, and unparallel (in should either precede both, or else in should be added before Tokyo). The correct answer is D.
26. The nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.
A.The nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.
B.To the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote two letters, being the only eyewitness accounts of the great eruption of Vesuvius.
C.The only eyewitness account is in two letters by the nephew of Pliny the Elder writing to the historian Tacitus an account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.
D.Writing the only eyewitness account, Pliny the Elder's nephew accounted for the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.
E.In two letters to the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.
A B C D E
E
[解析] Logical predication; Rhetorical construction The challenge in this sentence lies in the correct placement of a prepositional phrase. In the original version, the placement of in two letters to the historian Tacitus appears to suggest that Vesuvius erupted in the letters themselves. Placing the phrase at the beginning of the sentence solves the problem. A. The sentence suggests that the eruption of Vesuvius took place in the letters themselves. B. Beginning the sentence with to the historian Tacitus is clumsy and unclear. The verb phrase being... seems illogically to modify the nephew, creating the awkward suggestion that the nephew was the eyewitness accounts. C. The sentence's meaning is unclear due to an extended sequence of prepositional phrases. D. An account is a narrative record; to account for means to be the cause of. Using both in the same sentence is confusing and here suggests that the nephew caused the eruption. The sentence also suggests that the eruption of Vesuvius took place in the letters themselves. E. Correct. The placement of the prepositional phrase at the beginning of the sentence clarifies the meaning of the sentence; the construction of the rest of the sentence is straightforward. The correct answer is E.
27. In keeping with her commitment to her Christian faith, Sojourner Truth demonstrated as a public speaker a dedication both to the nonviolent abolition of slavery as well as for women to be emancipated.
A.a dedication both to the nonviolent abolition of slavery as well as for women to be emancipated
B.her being dedicated to both the nonviolent abolishing of slavery as well as for women's emancipation
C.a dedication to both the nonviolent abolition of slavery and the emancipation of women
D.that she was dedicated both to abolishing slavery nonviolently and to emancipate women
E.her dedication both to the nonviolent abolition of slavery and emancipation of women
A B C D E
C
[解析] Parallelism; Rhetorical construction The sentence describes Sojourner Truth's dedication, as a public speaker, to the nonviolent abolition of slavery and to the emancipation of women. It thus provides a list of two things that Sojourner Truth was dedicated to: the nonviolent abolition of slavery and the emancipation of women. Although there are various ways of describing this list, the two dements need to be described in a parallel fashion. A. This sentence begins the description of the list with the beginning of the construction both to... and to. If implemented properly, this construction will describe the elements of the list in parallel. However, as the sentence is written, the second element of the list, as for women to be emancipated, is not parallel to the first element, to the nonviolent abolition of slavery. B. This sentence, with to before both, begins the description of the list with a somewhat different construction than Sentence A does. In this case, the nonviolent abolishing of slavery needs to be made parallel with for women's emancipation. As written, the sentence presents a severe case of lack of parallelism. C. Correct. This sentence correctly implements the construction to both... and.... In particular, the nonviolent abolition of slavery is parallel to the emancipation of women. D. This sentence begins the description of the list with the same construction as in sentence A, both to... and to In this case, abolishing slavery nonviolently is not parallel to emancipate women. E. This sentence uses the same construction as in sentences A and D: both to... and to In this case, to the nonviolent abolition of slavery is not parallel to emancipation of women. If to the were inserted immediately before emancipation of women, then the parallelism issue would be resolved. The correct answer is C.
28. Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor.
A.the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor
B.the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and strange electromagnetic signals were detected hours before the temblor
C.the upward thrust threw one man straight into the air, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected
D.one man was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected
E.one man who was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and strange electromagnetic signals that were detected hours before the temblor
A B C D E
A
[解析] Parallelism; Grammatical construction Some of the earthquake's mysteries are described in a series of three correctly parallel elements: (1) the unexpected power..., (2) the upward thrust..., and (3) the strange electromagnetic signals Each of the three elements begins with an article (the), a modifier, and a noun. This parallelism is crucial, but each mystery is allowed the further modification most appropriate to it, whether a prepositional phrase (1), a clause (2), or a participial phrase (3). A. Correct. This sentence correctly provides a parallel series of three mysteries. B. The is omitted before strange. The verb were detected makes the last element not parallel to the previous two. C. Because they use complete independent clauses, the last two elements are not parallel to the first, and the sentence is ungrammatical D. The constructions beginning one man and hours before are not parallel to the construction beginning the unexpected power. E. The grammatical constructions describing the mysteries are not parallel. The correct answer is A.
29. Almost like clones in their similarity to one another, the cheetah species' homogeneity makes them especially vulnerable to disease.
A.the cheetah species' homogeneity makes them especially vulnerable to disease
B.the cheetah species is especially vulnerable to disease because of its homogeneity
C.the homogeneity of the cheetah species makes it especially vulnerable to disease
D.homogeneity makes members of the cheetah species especially vulnerable to disease
E.members of the cheetah species are especially vulnerable to disease because of their homogeneity
A B C D E
E
[解析] Agreement; Logical Predication Genetic homogeneity is presented as a cause of cheetahs' vulnerability to disease. The opening adjectival phrase refers to the fact that individual cheetahs are almost like clones of one another because of how genetically similar they are. This adjectival phrase should be followed by what it describes, individual cheetahs. But the structure of the sentence makes it seem that this adjectival phrase is meant—illogically—to describe the cheetah species' homogeneity. The sentence structure also fails to make clear that the intended reference is to just one (the only) cheetah species. A The sentence nonsensically presents the opening phrase as describing homogeneity. B The resulting sentence opens with a reference to a plurality of individuals (to one another), but confusingly identifies this with a single (collective) entity, a species. C The resulting sentence nonsensically presents the opening phrase as describing homogeneity. D The resulting sentence nonsensically presents the opening phrase as describing homogeneity. E Correct. The sentence is clear and the opening phrase correctly modifies members of the cheetah species. The correct answer is E.
30. The use of the bar code, or Universal Product Code, which was created in part to enable supermarkets to process customers at a faster rate, has expanded beyond supermarkets to other retail outlets and have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when it was first introduced in 1974.
A.have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when it was first introduced in 1974
B.has become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when they were first introduced in 1974
C.have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when first introduced in 1974
D.has become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when the bar code was first introduced in 1974
E.bar codes have become readily accepted despite some initial opposition when it was first introduced in 1974
A B C D E
D
[解析] Agreement; Rhetorical Construction The subject of this sentence is the use of the bar code, the main noun of which is the singular use; thus, the corresponding main verb should be in the singular form has, not the plural have. The actual subject for this verb is merely understood, but when it is present, any pronoun that refers back to it must agree with it in number. A The verb form have does not agree with the sentence's subject. The referent of it is potentially unclear. B Has is correct; however, the rest of its clause is badly worded, because its subject they does not clearly refer back to the singular Universal Product Code (or bar code); a better choice is it. C The plural have does not agree with the singular subject use. D Correct. The verb is in the correct form has, and using bar code as the last clause's subject avoids an agreement problem. E Restating the subject as the plural bar codes allows the following verb to be have, but it is then incorrect to use it later in the sentence, since it does not agree in number with bar codes. The correct answer is D.
31. In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910-1911.
A.did its return in 1910-1911
B.had its 1910-1911 return
C.in its return of 1910-1911
D.its return of 1910-1911 did
E.its return in 1910-1911
A B C D E
C
[解析] Parallelism; Verb Form; Logical Predication The single subject of this sentence is Halley's Comet, and its single verb phrase is did cause. The comparison presented by the sentence is between adverbial phrases describing times when the comet was seen. Grammatically, the items being compared are parallel prepositional phrases beginning with the preposition in: in no other sighting and in its return in 1910-1911. This is the clearest, most economical way of presenting the information, The options that introduce a second verb (did or bad) violate the parallelism and introduce a comparison between the comet itself (subject of the verb did cause) and the comet's return (subject of the verb did or had). A This sentence implies a comparison between the comet and its return. B This sentence implies a comparison between the comet and its return; bad is the wrong auxiliary verb form because it must be followed by caused instead of cause. C Correct. The parallel prepositional phrases in this sentence correctly compare times when the comet was sighted. D This sentence implies a comparison between the comet and its return. E This sentence violates parallelism, implying a comparison between a prepositional phrase and a noun phrase. The correct answer is C.
32. Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins, heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year—they are often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises—heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand.
A.Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins, heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year
B.Although heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year, appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins
C.Although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins, heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year
D.Grown from seeds saved during the previous year, heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins
E.Heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year, although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins
A B C D E
B
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Grammatical Construction The intended meaning could be communicated more effectively by mentioning heirloom tomatoes as early as possible in the sentence, so that we know that the writer is comparing heirloom tomatoes with supermarket tomatoes. The placement of heirloom tomatoes and heirlooms makes the sentence ungrammatical. A This is ungrammatical. If heirloom tomatoes is the subject of are more flavorful... then heirlooms has no predicate and is nonsensically superfluous. If heirlooms is the subject, heirloom tomatoes has no predicate. B Correct. The noun heirloom tomatoes is mentioned early in the sentence, followed by a parenthetical definition, and is the subject of the verb appear, and heirlooms is the subject of are. C The noun heirloom tomatoes appears too late in the sentence. Parsing is made harder by introducing the pronoun they and revealing its antecedent later in the sentence. The sentence is also ungrammatical. If heirloom tomatoes is the subject of are more flavorful... then heirlooms has no predicate and is nonsensically superfluous. If heirlooms is the subject, heirloom tomatoes has no predicate. D Beginning the sentence with the explanatory clause grown from seeds...gives it too much importance. It could be construed as the reason why heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing, which is contrary to the truth. The sentence is also ungrammatical. E Rhetorical structure requires that although appear in the beginning of the clause to which it pertains. Placing it later necessitates the pronoun they with antecedent heirloom tomatoes, which is redundant. ]-he sentence is also ungrammatical. The correct answer is B.
33. Like embryonic germ cells, which are cells that develop early in the formation of the fetus and that later generate eggs or sperm, embryonic stem cells have the ability of developing themselves into different kinds of body tissue.
A.embryonic stem cells have the ability of developing themselves into different kinds of body tissue
B.embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into different kinds of body tissue
C.in embryonic stem cells there is the ability to develop into different kinds of body tissue
D.the ability to develop themselves into different kinds of body tissue characterizes embryonic stem cells
E.the ability of developing into different kinds of body tissue characterizes embryonic stem cells
A B C D E
B
[解析] Idiom; Grammatical construction Two constructions create problems in the original sentence. The first is the unidiomatic construction have the ability of developing; ability must be followed by an infinitive, to develop, not a phrase. The second problematic construction is to develop themselves into. In this biological context, the verb develop means to progress from an earlier to a later stage; it is used intransitively, which means that it cannot take an object. The pronoun themselves acts as an object, creating a construction that is not grammatical or logical. Omitting the pronoun removes the problem. A. Ability is incorrectly followed by of developing; a pronoun cannot follow develop, when it is used, as it is here, in its intransitive sense. B. Correct. Ability is properly followed by the infinitive in this sentence, and the pronoun themselves is omitted. C. This awkward and wordy construction violates the parallelism of like embryonic germ cells...embryonic stem cells D. The two parts of the comparison must be parallel; like embryonic germ cells must be followed by embryonic stem cells, not the ability to develop. E. Ability is followed by the unidiomatic of developing rather than to develop; the main clause must begin with embryonic stem cells to balance and complete like embryonic germ cells. The correct answer is B.
34. Global warming is said to be responsible for extreme weather changes, which, like the heavy rains that caused more than $2 billion in damages and led to flooding throughout the state of California, and the heat wave in the northeastern and midwestern United States, which was also the cause of a great amount of damage and destruction.
A.which, like the heavy rains that caused more than $2 billion in damages and led to flooding throughout the state of California,
B.which, like the heavy rains that throughout the state of California caused more than $2 billion in damages and led to flooding,
C.like the heavy flooding that, because of rains throughout the state of California, caused more than $2 billion in damages,
D.such as the heavy flooding that led to rains throughout the state of California causing more than $2 billion in damages,
E.such as the heavy rains that led to flooding throughout the state of California, causing more than $2 billion in damages,
A B C D E
E
[解析] Grammatical construction: Logical predication This sentence introduces the claim that global warming is considered to be the cause of extreme weather changes and then illustrates these changes with two examples introduced by the phrase such as. The correct causal sequence of events in the first example is heavy rain, which caused significant damage and flooding. The relative pronoun which, referring to changes, is lacking a verb to complete the relative clause. A. The relative pronoun, which, is without a verb. The phrase which, like the heavy rains incorrectly suggests that the extreme weather is something different from the heavy rains and the heat wave, and that each of these three phenomena separately caused damage and destruction. B. As in (A), the relative pronoun has no verb to complete the phrase, and the sequence of events in the first example positions costly destruction and flooding as two separate or unrelated results of the rain. C. The causal sequence in the first example is confusing, suggesting, somewhat implausibly, that heavy flooding occurred on its own but caused damage only because of the rain. D. The sequential logic of the first example is confused—indicating, implausibly, that flooding caused heavy rain and that the rain, but not the flooding, caused more than $2 billion in damages. E. Correct. This version of the sentence correctly uses the phrase such as to introduce the two examples of extreme weather changes, and it correctly identifies the sequence of events in the first example. The correct answer is E.
35. The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his "Essay on Heat and Light," a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.
A.a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a
B.a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of a
C.a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as well
D.critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision of
E.critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own envisioning of
A B C D E
A
[解析] Parallelism; Rhetorical Construction The main objective of the sentence is to describe "Essay on Heat and Light" as Davy's presentation of his own experiments and to further explain that the essay served as both a critique of previous chemistry and a vision of a new kind of chemistry. The clearest, most effective form for providing this explanation of the essay's function is to make critique and vision both appositives of "Essay on Heat and Light," and to present them in a parallel structure. A Correct. The phrases describing the essay's function are presented in parallel form. B Critique and his envisioning are not parallel; the phrase and also his envisioning is unnecessarily wordy; it is also unclear to whom his refers. C The two descriptors are not parallel. D The two descriptors are not parallel. E The meaning is confused in the assertion that Davy critiqued his own vision of chemistry. The correct answer is A.
36. While Noble Sissle may be best known for his collaboration with Eubie Blake, as both a vaudeville performer and as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying an independent career as a singer with such groups as Hahn's Jubilee Singers.
A.and as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying
B.and writing lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying
C.and a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, he also enjoyed
D.as well as writing lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals, he also enjoyed
E.as well as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, he had also enjoyed
A B C D E
C
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Idiom; Parallelism As worded, this sentence opens with a dependent clause (a clause that cannot stand on its own), which requires a main clause (also known as an independent clause) to complete the sentence; however, there is no main clause. Also, given the placement of as before both, the as before a lyricist is incorrect. It would be acceptable to write as both a vaudeville performer and a lyricist or to write both as a vaudeville performer and as a lyricist, it is not acceptable to mix the two forms, as is done here. A The dependent clause, While... Broadway musicals, is followed by a participial phrase rather than a main clause and is therefore ungrammatical. Furthermore, the word as before a lyricist violates the parallel structure required by the phrase both... and. B The construction as both a performer and writing lyrics is incorrect. Also, like (A), this version of the sentence does not supply a main clause. C Correct. Unlike (A) and (B), this version has a main clause. Also, unlike the other version, it correctly uses the both x and y form. D Although this version does supply the main clause anticipated by While its use as both a vaudeville performer as well as writing lyrics is incorrect. E This version's use of both x as well as y instead of both x and y is incorrect. It also introduces an inexplicable past perfect verb, had... enjoyed, in the main clause. The correct answer is C.
37. Until 1868 and Disraeli, Great Britain had no prime ministers not coming from a landed family.
A.Until 1868 and Disraeli, Great Britain had no prime ministers not coming
B.Until 1868 and Disraeli, Great Britain had had no prime ministers who have not come
C.Until Disraeli in 1868, there were no prime ministers in Great Britain who have not come
D.It was not until 1868 that Great Britain had a prime minister—Disraeli—who did not come
E.It was only in 1868 and Disraeli that Great Britain had one of its prime ministers not coming
A B C D E
D
[解析] Verb form; Idiom This sentence explains how Disraeli marked a turning point in British history: he was the first prime minister who did not come from the landed gentry. The placement of the double negative is crucial. While no prime ministers not coming from... is hard to untangle, [n]or until... that Great Britain had a prime minister who did not come... separates the negatives into separate clauses, making them easier to decode. An appropriate way to express the temporal relationship is to use the idiomatic phrase not until... that. A. The phrase noprime ministers not coming is unnecessarily confusing. It is also confusing to follow the preposition untilwith two very different types of objects—a date and a person. B. As in (A), the double negative and unlike objects of the prepositional phrase starting with until are confusing. Additionally, the verb form have not come, which is the present-perfect tense, is inappropriate following the past perfect had had in this context. C. The present-perfect tense (have not come) is inappropriate after the past tense were in this context. Until Disraeli is imprecise and incomplete. Before Disraeli's term in 1868... or Until Disraeli became prime minster in 1868 would work. D. Correct. This version correctly uses the idiomatic construction not until... that, and it correctly uses past tense throughout. E. While it makes sense to say that a historical change occurred in 1868, it does not make sense to say that it occurred in Disraeli. It is unidiomatic to say had one ofitsprime ministers not coming. The correct answer is D.
38. November is traditionally the strongest month for sales of light trucks, but sales this past November, even when compared with sales in previous Novembers, accounted for a remarkably large share of total vehicle sales.
A.but sales this past November, even when compared with sales in previous Novembers,
B.but even when it is compared with previous Novembers, this past November's sales
C.but even when they are compared with previous Novembers, sales of light trucks this past November
D.so that compared with previous Novembers, sales of light trucks this past November
E.so that this past November's sales, even compared with previous Novembers' sales,
A B C D E
A
[解析] Logical Predication; Agreement This sentence identifies November as traditionally being the month with the strongest sales of light trucks, and then goes on to indicate that even when compared to previous Novembers, this past November's sales accounted for a notably large portion of overall sales. It makes sense to make a comparison between sales in one November with sales in other Novembers. It does not make sense to compare sales to months, as in (C) and (D). A Correct. This version makes the correct comparison between sales in one particular November and sales in previous Novembers. B The antecedent of the word it is unclear. The sentence begins with the word November, which is used to refer not to a specific November, but to the month generally. If the antecedent of it is taken to be November, then the sentence compares November, taken generally, to previous Novembers. But previous to what? Since taking November to be the antecedent renders the sentence nonsensical, we may be inclined to look for the antecedent elsewhere; the only other possible candidate, however, is this past November's sales, which is ruled out because it is singular and sales is plural. C The antecedent of the pronoun they is sales, making the comparison between they and previous Novembers illogical. D The sentence illogically compares sales of light trucks with previous Novembers. The conjunction so that nonsensically introduces a causal relationship between November's typically strong sales and the aforementioned comparison. E Like (D), this sentence introduces a nonsensical causal relationship, in this case between the fact that November typically has the strongest sales and the fact that this past November's sales accounted for a remarkably large share of total vehicle sales. The correct answer is A.
39. Covering 71 percent of Earth's surface, the oceans play an essential role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land, moderating temperature by the absorption of heat and carbon dioxide, and giving pure water back to the atmosphere through evaporation.
A.Covering 71 percent of Earth's surface, the oceans play an essential role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land, moderating
B.Covering 71 percent of Earth's surface and playing an essential role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land, the oceans moderate
C.The oceans cover 71 percent of Earth's surface and play an essential role in maintaining conditions for human existence on land, and by moderating
D.The oceans cover 71 percent of Earth's surface, play an essential role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land, and moderate
E.The oceans cover 71 percent of Earth's surface, playing an essential role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land, and they moderate
A B C D E
A
[解析] Parallelism; Rhetorical Construction; Grammatical Construction This sentence about the essential role oceans play in maintaining conditions for human existence on land begins with a participial phrase describing the vastness of the oceans, followed by the main clause (oceans play an essential role...). The object, role, is modified by a prepositional phrase that indicates what kind of role the oceans play (it plays a role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land). This statement about the ocean's role in maintaining terrestrial conditions is elucidated by two parallel participial phrases that describe the oceans, explaining how they maintain conditions essential for human existence on land (moderating... and giving...). A Correct. This version of the sentence effectively conveys the means by which the ocean plays an essential role in maintaining the conditions for human existence on land, using parallel verb forms. B This version of the sentence is ungrammatical; and giving... suggests that this is part of a series of participial phrases, but it is not. C The conjunction followed by a prepositional phrase and by moderating... anticipates a new subject—an agent that does something by moderating—but this subject never appears. D This version of the sentence is structured as a series of verbs—cover, play, and moderate—all describing things the oceans do; the final participial phrase giving... water... violates the parallel structure set up in the sentence. E This version of the sentence correctly makes playing an essential role... a function of the oceans' coverage of Earth's surface, but the introduction of a new main verb moderate fails to indicate that what follows (moderating temperature and returning pure water) identifies the role oceans play in maintaining conditions for human existence on land. Furthermore, the participial phrase and giving pure water... violates the parallel structure set up by the series of main verbs that appear earlier in this version of the sentence. The correct answer is A.
40. In some types of pine tree, a thick layer of needles protects the buds from which new growth proceeds; consequently they are able to withstand forest fires relatively well.
A.a thick layer of needles protects the buds from which new growth proceeds; consequently they are able to withstand forest fires relatively well
B.a thick needle layer protects buds from where new growth proceeds, so that they can withstand forest fires relatively well
C.a thick layer of needles protect the buds from which new growth proceeds; thus, they are able to withstand relatively well any forest fires
D.since the buds from which new growth proceeds are protected by a thick needle layer, consequently they can therefore withstand forest fires relatively well
E.because the buds where new growth happens are protected by a thick layer of needles, they are able to withstand forest fires relatively easily as a result
A B C D E
A
[解析] Grammatical Construction; Rhetorical Construction This sentence is fine as written. It uses the correct from which to introduce the relative clause modifying buds and avoids redundant expressions of causation, such as consequently... therefore, or because... as a result. A Correct. The relative clause starting with from which is in the correct form, and the causality is expressed efficiently and clearly with one word, consequently. B In this context, needle layer is less precise than the more standard layer of needles, which makes it clear that the layer is composed of needles rather than being, for example, a layer of a needle. From where is not the correct form, because it is redundant in using two words that express the idea of location (from and where) instead of one. C The short direct object any forest fires is separated from its verb withstand by an adverb phrase; this word order is awkward, and is acceptable only with very long direct objects and in some cases where there is no other reasonable way to eliminate ambiguity. D This version is unnecessarily redundant in expressing causation, using all of since, consequently, and therefore. As in answer choice B, layer of needles would be more precise than needle layer. E This version is unnecessarily redundant in expressing causation, using both because and as a result. The correct answer is A.
41. In her presentation, the head of the Better Business Bureau emphasized that companies should think of the cost of conventions and other similar gatherings as not an expense, but as an investment in networking that will pay dividends.
A.as not an expense, but as
B.as not expense but
C.not an expense, rather
D.not as an expense, but as
E.not in terms of expense, but
A B C D E
D
[解析] Parallelism; Idiom This sentence is constructed around not as X, but as Y, which must start with the word not in accordance with this idiomatic pattern, and express both parts in a parallel way. A This sentence improperly places as before not. B This sentence improperly places as before not. C This version lacks the required words as and but. D Correct. The idiom has all of its parts and expresses the two opposed concepts in parallel terms. E Although in terms of is an acceptable substitute for as, the construction is no longer parallel due to the lack of a second in terms of(or as) after but. The correct answer is D.
42. Faced with an estimated $2 billion budget gap, the city's mayor proposed a nearly 17 percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the city's major cultural institutions and to subsidize hundreds of local arts groups.
A.proposed a nearly 17 percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the city's major cultural institutions and to subsidize
B.proposed a reduction from the previous year of nearly 17 percent in the amount it was allocating to maintain the city's major cultural institutions and for subsidizing
C.proposed to reduce, by nearly 17 percent, the amount from the previous year that was allocated for the maintenance of the city's major cultural institutions and to subsidize
D.has proposed a reduction from the previous year of nearly 17 percent of the amount it was allocating for maintaining the city's major cultural institutions, and to subsidize
E.was proposing that the amount they were allocating be reduced by nearly 17 percent from the previous year for maintaining the city's major cultural institutions and for the subsidization
A B C D E
A
[解析] Rhetorical construction; Parallelism The original sentence contains no errors. It uses the parallel construction to maintain and to subsidize to show clearly the two areas where the 17percent reduction in funds will be applied. In addition, the 17 percent reduction is closely followed by the amount allocated the previous year, making it clear what is being reduced by 17 percent. A. Correct. The sentence uses parallel construction and a well-placed modifier. B. To maintain and for subsidizing are not parallel. The sentence is imprecise, and it does not have a clear antecedent. C. For the maintenance and to subsidize are not parallel, and the sentence is wordy. D. For maintaining and to subsidize are not parallel, it does not have a dear antecedent, and the sentence structure makes it unclear just what the writer is claiming. E. Maintaining and the subsidization are not parallel, they does not have a clear antecedent, and the sentence structure makes it unclear just what the writer is claiming. The correct answer is A.
43. Heating oil and natural gas futures rose sharply yesterday, as long-term forecasts for much colder temperatures in key heating regions raised fears of insufficient supplies capable of meeting the demand this winter.
A.of insufficient supplies capable of meeting
B.of supplies that would be insufficient for meeting
C.of insufficient supplies that are unable to meet
D.that there would be supplies insufficient for meeting
E.that supplies would be insufficient to meet
A B C D E
E
[解析] Rhetorical Construction; Verb Form The wording of the underlined portion of this sentence is incoherent because it suggests that supplies that are "insufficient" are "capable of meeting the demand." The phrase fears of insufficient supplies is awkward and unclear: it suggests that the object of the fears already exists, i.e., that supplies are already insufficient. How can the intended meaning—regarding a fear that something might occur—be best expressed in the context of the sentence as a whole? A This produces an incoherent sentence that forces us to guess at what might have been intended. B This is wordy and unnecessarily awkward. The phrase insufficient to meet would be more idiomatic than insufficient for meeting. C The present tense are fails to express the future-oriented nature of the fears: that future supplies might turn out to be insufficient relative to demand. D The awkward expression here is misleading. What the fears were about was not that there would be supplies but that the supplies would be insufficient. E Correct. What was feared was the following: future supplies will be insufficient to meet the demand. Because we are told that the fears were raised in the past, the futurity of the feared occurrence must be expressed by would be (rather than by will be) in the context of the that-clause, which clearly conveys what was feared (the object of the "fears"). The correct answer is E.
44. The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.
A.which results in loss in vigor, and spread
B.resulting in loss in vigor, or spreading
C.with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading
D.resulting in loss of vigor, or spread
E.with a resulting loss of vigor, and spread
A B C D E
D
[解析] Idiom; Parallelism This sentence uses the construction either x or y; x and y must be grammatically parallel. In this case, and spread must be or spread. The antecedent of which is unclear; replacing which results with resulting clarifies the meaning. A. Either is incorrectly followed by and; which has no clear referent. B. Or spreading is not parallel to either become. C. With the result of is wordy and awkward. Or spreading is not parallel to either become. D. Correct. The phrase resulting in loss of vigor concisely modifies the first clause; the either/or construction is correct and parallel in this sentence. E. Either is incorrectly followed by and; with a resulting loss is wordy. The correct answer is D.
45. Not trusting themselves to choose wisely among the wide array of investment opportunities on the market, stockbrokers are helping many people who turn to them to buy stocks that could be easily bought directly.
A.stockbrokers are helping many people who turn to them to buy stocks that could be easily
B.stockbrokers are helping many people who are turning to them for help in buying stocks that they could easily have
C.many people are turning to stockbrokers for help from them to buy stocks that could be easily
D.many people are turning to stockbrokers for help to buy stocks that easily could have been
E.many people are turning to stockbrokers for help in buying stocks that could easily be
A B C D E
E
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction; Verb Form This sentence is intended to be about people who, because they do not trust themselves to make wise investment decisions, turn to stockbrokers for advice. As the sentence is worded, however, it is stockbrokers who do not trust themselves to choose wisely. The sentence is made even more incomprehensible by the peculiar placement of the adverbs in the phrase, could be easily bought directly. A This version of the sentence incorrectly identifies the subject described by the opening modifier as stockbrokers; the adverb easily is misplaced in the phrase could be easily bought. B As in (A), the opening clause illogically modifies stockbrokers rather than many people. The tense of the verb phrase could easily have bought does not match the tense of are helping earlier in the main clause. C Although the opening modifier is correctly attached to people rather than stockbrokers, the sentence is unnecessarily wordy (for help from them). D To buy is not idiomatic in this context—in buying would be correct—and the tense of the verb could have been does not match the tense of the verb earlier in the clause; the point is not that people are turning to stockbrokers for help in buying stocks that at some earlier time could have been bought directly, but rather that the stocks could be bought by the people directly at the very time they are seeking help from the stockbrokers. E Correct. The opening clause correctly modifies many people, and the adverb is correctly placed. The correct answer is E.
46. The English physician Edward Jenner found that if experimental subjects were deliberately infected with cowpox, which caused only a mild illness, they are immune from smallpox.
A.which caused only a mild illness, they are immune from
B.causing only a mild illness, they become immune from
C.which causes only a mild illness, they are immune to
D.causing only a mild illness, they became immune from
E.which caused only a mild illness, they would become immune to
A B C D E
E
[解析] Verb Form This sentence describes the result of infecting volunteers with cowpox. A conditional verb form is used to describe the cowpox infection: if experimental subjects were deliberately infected. The sentence then incorrectly uses simple present tense for the effects of that infection: they are immune. However, since the effects are dependent on an action that may or may not occur, the correct way to express those effects is by using another conditional verb form: they would become immune. A The effects of a conditional situation are incorrectly expressed using the simple present tense verb are. B The participle causing suggests that infecting the subjects with cowpox caused a mild illness only in some of the cases—but this does not seem to be the intended meaning. The effects of a conditional situation are incorrectly expressed using the simple present tense verb become. The preposition from is incorrect with immune; it should be to. C The effects of a conditional situation are incorrectly expressed using the simple present tense verb are. D See above the comment on causing in (B). The effects of a conditional situation are incorrectly expressed using the simple past tense verb became. The preposition with immune should be to. E Correct. The effects of a conditional situation are correctly expressed using the conditional verb would become. The preposition to (rather than from) is correct with immune. The correct answer is E.
47. Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.
A.Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated
B.Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated
C.Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating
D.Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
E.Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating
A B C D E
B
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction In this sentence, the there are ... that ... construction contributes nothing more than unnecessary words. The sentence needs to make clear whether provisions or code is the subject of the main verb stimulated. A The there are ... that ... construction is unnecessarily wordy; in the predicate nominative instead of the subject position, provisions is not an obvious referent for the pronoun they. B Correct. In this sentence, the new maritime code is clearly the antecedent of it in the main clause and thus the subject of has already stimulated. C Under provisions of the new maritime code is a misplaced modifier, seeming to describe sea areas; the sentence does not make clear what is stimulating ... disputes. D The referent of this is unclear. E The sentence is a fragment, opening with a dependent clause (Because ... code) and concluding with a relative clause, but lacking a main, independent clause. The correct answer is B.
48. The type of behavior exhibited when an animal recognizes itself in a mirror comes within the domain of "theory of mind," thus is best studied as part of the field of animal cognition.
A.of "theory of mind," thus is best
B."theory of mind," and so is best to be
C.of a "theory of mind," thus it is best
D.of "theory of mind" and thus is best
E.of the "theory of mind," and so it is best to be
A B C D E
D
[解析] Grammatical construction; Idiom This sentence links two independent clauses; in such sentences, the clauses must normally be set off from each other (by a semicolon, for example), or else the second clause must be introduced by and or some other conjunction, not merely an adverb like thus. Also, a noun like domain normally is followed by the preposition of immediately preceding the noun phrase describing the domain. A. The second clause incorrectly lacks an introducing conjunction. B. The phrasing is best to be studied is awkwardly unusual and unidiomatic; is best studied is a better choice. C. The second clause incorrectly lacks an introducing conjunction. The phrase a "theory of mind" would refer to one particular theory rather than (as intended) to a theoretical domain. D. Correct. And introduces the second clause, which uses the concise wording best studied. E. The beginning of the second clause is redundant and wordy: the word and is unnecessary because the conjunction so is used, and best to be studied is unidiomatic. The correct answer is D.
49. As business grows more complex, students majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming increasingly successful in the job market.
A.majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming increasingly
B.who major in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more
C.who majored in specialized areas such as those of finance and marketing are being increasingly
D.who major in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming more and more
E.having majored in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are being increasingly
A B C D E
B
[解析] Verb form; Diction The subordinate clause as business grows more complex uses the present-tense verb grows to describe an ongoing situation. The main clause describes an effect of this growing complexity; the verbs in the main clause should also use present- tense verbs. The present perfect progressive have been becoming is incorrect. The preferred way to introduce examples is with the phrase such as, rather than with the word like, which suggests a comparison. A. Like should be replaced by such as. Have been becoming is an incorrect verb tense. B. Correct. In this sentence, major and are becoming are present-tense verbs; such... as is the preferred form for introducing examples. C. Majored is a past-tense verb; those of is unnecessary and awkward. Becoming is preferable to being for describing an unfolding pattern of events. D. Like should be replaced by such as. Those of is unnecessary and awkward. Have been becoming is an incorrect verb tense. E. Having majored is an awkward past participle. Becoming is preferable to being for describing an unfolding pattern of events. The correct answer is B.
50. The remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region can, in part, be explained as a very rapid movement of people from one end of North America to the other.
A.The remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region can, in part, be explained as
B.Thule artifacts being remarkably similar throughout a vast region, one explanation is
C.That Thule artifacts are remarkably similar throughout a vast region is, in part, explainable as
D.One explanation for the remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region is that there was
E.Throughout a vast region Thule artifacts are remarkably similar, with one explanation for this being
A B C D E
D
[解析] Logical Predication; Grammatical Construction; Rhetorical Construction The intended meaning of the sentence is that the rapid movement of people across North America is one explanation of the similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region. As worded, however, the sentence is illogical: The sentence indicates that the similarity in artifacts was a rapid movement of people, which makes no sense. Instead of equating similarity with movement, the sentence needs to identify this movement of people as a cause of similarity among artifacts. A As worded, this version of the sentence makes the illogical statement that the similarity among artifacts is explainable as a very rapid movement. It should specify that the similarity of artifacts may be a consequence of the rapid population movement. B This version of the sentence is syntactically awkward, and leaves unclear what the main subject, one explanation, is supposed to be an explanation of. C Like (A), this version of the sentence equates the similarity of artifacts with the movement of people, when a causal connection is what is intended. D Correct. This version adequately expresses the intended causal connection. E This version is awkward, introducing the causal connection with the unnecessarily wordy and indirect string of prepositional phrases, with one explanation for this.... The correct answer is D.