Section ADirections: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase tbat is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet. Section BDirections: There are ten questions in this section, Each question is a sentence with something missing, Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet. Section ADirections: Put the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1. Scientific research aims to create knowledge about how the world works. Knowledge accumulates when scientists conduct studies and share their findings with others. Sharing allows other scientists to identify flaws or to extend the findings to get more knowledge. Members of this center will build platforms to ensure the transparency of findings. This practice can provide scientists with incentives to conduct original research and to replicate previous studies to verify their accuracy. Important new findings are challenged, replicated and reinterpreted by many independent scientists to confirm their validity. This center will encourage openness, accessibility and reproducibility across all phases of the research work flow.
科研的目的是增加对世界工作方式的了解。当科学家从事研究并与他人分享成果时,就积累了知识。成果分享能使科学家发现不足或把成果延伸到其他领域获得更多的知识。本中心的成员将建立平台确保成果透明。此做法能激励科学家从事原创性研究并复制以前的研究项目,以便验证这些项目的准确性。许多独立的科学家对重大发现进行挑战、复制和重新解读,以便证明它们是合理的。本中心鼓励在研究流程的每一个阶段都要做到信息公开、成果分享和研究结果可以复制。
[解析] 英译汉难点说明:
1.通常allow somebody to do...表示“允许”,但有时更确切的意义是“使……能做……”。
2....incentives to conduct original research and to replicate...中的不定式结构充当定语修饰incentives,也就是“做……的动力”。
3.与constitution,contract,law或theory等词连用时,interpret的意义是“解释”或“理解”,不是“口译”,如legal interpretations(司法解释)。
4.accessibility或inaccessibility不好翻译,最好不要草率地译为“可接近”。例如,inaccessibility of healthcare翻译成“看病难”,而improve the availability and accessibility of anti-cancer drugs可翻译为“方便抗癌药的使用”,也就是“使更多的患者有能力使用抗癌药”。在此段中,accessibility可泽为“可分享相关的数据或信息”。
Section BDirections: Put the following paragraph into English, Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1. 尽管健康越来越重要,然而多数人生病时才发现健身的价值。适量的运动无疑有益于健康,但城市居民面临的问题是缺少理想的运动场所。与森林不同,繁忙街道两侧的公园容易受到空气污染,在此锻炼不能提高身体抵抗力,却可能诱发慢性病。
Despite the increasing importance of health, most people do not become aware of the value of fitness until they fall ill. Moderate physical activity (exercise) can undoubtedly benefit health / is undoubtedly conducive to health / There is no doubt (question) that..., but the problem facing city dwellers (urban residents) is the lack of ideal places for physical activity. Unlike forests, parks on either side of a busy street are vulnerable to air pollution, where physical activity will not enhance the body's resistance, but instead can induce chronic diseases.
[解析] 汉译英难点说明:
1.多数学生见到“尽管”就想起although或though,而忽略了despite或in spite of。建议同学们更多使用despite,能用despite解决问题的时候就没必要使用从句。
请看下列句子:
Despite orders to evacuate, some people unwisely chose to ride out the storm.(名词+不定式,表示“撤离的命令”)
He smoked incessantly, despite the fact that he had lost part of one lung.(名词+同位语从句)
Despite the huge changes that have taken place in this country, there are many formidable social problems.(名词+定语从句)
Despite the importance attached to science, there is little comparable work that might help primary school teachers put in place key early skills in this area.(名词+过去分词)
Despite his old age, he has shown wonderful understanding of the challenges of today's world.(形容词+名词)
Despite having lived here over a year already, I'm still not completely used to the weather.(动名词完成时)
2.人们倾向于首选more and more翻译“越来越……”,而忽略了其他有“越来越”含义的表达方式,包括increasing /increasingly/growing/mounting /improving/deteriorating/widening。另外一种不完美的翻译是用系动词翻译“越来越”,如although health is more and more important。“越来越”是个变化过程,最好用进行时,如...is becoming,getting more (and more) important。
3.翻译“直到……才”可用not...until,也可用笔头英语中常用的it is not until...that...。翻译“生病”时尽量避免使用have an illness/have disease等结构,更好的是are ill/are sick,也可用成语do not feel oneself/be under the weather(感觉不舒服),最好用动态词fall ill/become ill。
4.“有益于健康”可灵活翻泽。许多学生不熟悉benefit的正确用法,提供的错误译文有:
...is benefit for health
...is benefit to health
...benefits to health
...benefits for health
...is benefit health
可接受的译法有:
Exercise benefits health.
Exercise is of health benefit.
Exercise is of benefit to health.
Exercise is good to health.
Exercise is conducive to health.
Exercise does good to health.
Exercise contributes to health.
5.“某人面临的问题……”有多种译法,最简单的是the problem facing sb. is...。常见的译法还有the problem sb. is faced with /is confronted with...。错误的表达方式包括:
the problem faced sb.is....
the problem sb. faces with is....
the problem sb. is faced is....
the problem sb. is facing with is....
the problem sb. faced with is....
同样,下面这个句子也是错误使用face:
Facing with the threat of death, this policeman looked quite calm.
正确的表达方式是faced with...或facing the threat of death。
6.同benefit一样,lack既是及物动词,也是名词,而lacking往往是形容词。所以“是缺乏理想的……”可直接翻译为is a(the) lack of ideal...,而不应该使用lacking。特别常见的错误使用lack的句式是we are lack of something,正确的译法是we lack something。充当名词时,lack没有复数形式,而shortages比较常见。“运动场所”的合适译法是places for exercise (to exercise),不能直译为sports areas或exercise places。
7.由于不了解different与unlike的异同,不少人滥用这两个词,同时也混淆the same和like,在应该使用like的场合错误使用了the same,如The same as my father, I enjoy reading。实际上,充当表语时以different为主,但unlike也可以,而充当状语时,几乎都使用unlike,如Unlike Chinese, English seems easier to Europeans。所以,“与森林不同”最好翻译为unlike forests。
8.“街道两侧的公园”可用on both sides/on either side of the street,要注意名词的单复数、冠词和介词的使用。
9.“容易”一词一定要灵活翻译,不能动辄就使用easy,否则很容易出错。要注意easy,prone,susceptible (vulnerable)之间的区别。“容易患某种疾病或遭受破坏”可用vulnerable,而“容易出错”或“容易遭灾”不妨用prone,所以,本文中“容易受到空气污染”可翻译为...are vulnerable (prone) to air pollution。很多同学把此句译为parks...are easy to be polluted in the air或the air in parks...is easy to be polluted,都是典型的语法错误。以后要避免使用somebody/something is difficult/easy/hard/possible to do something或somebody is difficult/easy/hard /possible to be done,此类错误很常见。
10.最后一句中,很少有人想到用instead翻译。表达“不(没)……却……”时用instead就是地道的用法,如She didn't feel grateful to me, but instead felt hurt。
11.“诱发”通常用induce翻泽,其他有“诱发”含义的词有trigger或cause。
12.“很可能”不妨用be likely to do,还可用probably, in most cases或nine out of ten times。
13.“慢性病”是chronic diseases,“急性病”是acute diseases,但chronic还有“长期的”含义,如chronic exposure to radiation和chronic sustainable development。