Section A Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] M: I need a doctor right now. W: Tell me the problem, sir. M: My wife just passed out. W: Sir, it's difficult to understand you. Please take a deep breath and calm down. Q: Why does the man make the call?
[解析] 男士说“My wife just passed out”可知,男士的妻子昏迷,失去意识了。注意对话中pass out表示昏倒,失去知觉,而选项A的pass away表示去世。只有B项unconscious符合男士妻子的状态,故选B。
2.
A.Animal abuse or cruelty.
B.The evolution of animals.
C.The history of animal hunting.
D.An endangered animal species.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: The Siberian tigers are the largest living animals in the cat family. Unfortunately, there are only a few hundred alive now. M: My great grandfather was a hunter and he used to hunt the Siberian tigers. I really wish he hadn't. Q: What are the two speakers talking about?
[解析] 女士首先提到了“Siberian tigers”和其现存数量“only a few hundred”,后面男士提到他祖父猎杀西伯利亚虎,可知,对话主要是在讲濒危的西伯利亚虎。故选D。
3.
A.He stayed up very late at the party.
B.He didn't go home after the party.
C.He suffers from sleeplessness.
D.He used to be in poor health.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] W: You look so bad. What's up? M: My head is spinning. I had a bunch of my friends over last night and we partied until the wee hours. I guess I just can't take late nights like I used to. Q: What is true about the man?
[解析] 男士说“My head is spinning. I had a bunch of my friends over last night and we partied until the wee hours”可知,男士状态不好是因为昨晚跟朋友聚会到很晚。这里wee hours表示凌晨。故选A。
4.
A.To drop her business proposal.
B.To give more details about her proposal.
C.To weigh losses and gains of the business.
D.To submit the proposal before the deadline.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W:Would you like to hear about my new business proposal? I've been thinking about it for a long time, and I think it could be really profitable to start exporting medical 3D printers to China. M: Exporting medical 3D printers to China? I think you need to elaborate. Q: What is the woman asked to do?
[解析] 女士想让男士听下她关于3D打印的新提案,女士认为其有利可图。男士说“I think you need to elaborate”可知,男士想让女士详细解释说明下。故选B。
5.
A.Cough.
B.Headache.
C.Diarrhea.
D.Fever.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] M: Good afternoon. Have a seat. So, what have you come in for today? W: Thank you. I'm feeling ill. I've got quite a bad cough, but I don't seem to have a fever. While I've also got a headache and a little bit of diarrhea. Q: Which of the following is NOT a symptom that the woman has?
[解析] 题目问的是哪一个不是女士生病的症状。女士说“I'm feeling ill. I've got quite a bad cough, but I don't seem to have a fever. While I've also got a headache and a little bit of diarrhea”可知,女士不舒服,主要症状是咳嗽厉害,头疼,腹泻,但并没有发烧。故选D。
[听力原文] M: Let's eat out tonight, shall we? W: I'm broke. I've gone through my paycheck for the week already. M: Don't worry about it. It's my treat. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?
[解析] 女士说“I'm broke I've gone through my paycheck for the week already”,由此可知女士这周没钱了。男士说“It's my treat”可知,这次由男士请客。故选C。
7.
A.The woman arrived ahead of schedule.
B.The woman failed to meet her tennis appointment.
C.The man did not play the tennis game by the rule.
D.The man helped put the woman on the waiting list.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: I reserved a tennis court, but it's taken over by someone else. M: Yes, Ma'am, I understand. But we have a policy that if a party is more than fifteen minutes late for a starting time, we schedule the court for other waiting guests. Q: What can we learn from the conversation?
[解析] 男士说“But we have a policy that if a party is more than fifteen minutes late for a starting time, we schedule the court for other waiting guests”,由此可知,因为女士比预约时间晚到了15分钟,他们就安排其他等候的客人上场了。故选B。
8.
A.Jack's personality.
B.Jack's appearance.
C.Jack's career.
D.Jack's age.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] M: Jenny, I know you like Jack a lot, but what do you like about him? W: Well I he's gentle, patient, successful and mature. I think he's my Mr. Right. M: Mature is a good word, but don't you think he's a little old for you? He's almost twice as old as you are. Q: What is the man concerned about?
[解析] 男士说“He's almost twice as old as you are”可知,男士认为Jack的年纪对于女士来说太大了。故选D。
9.
A.The little boy is restless and naughty.
B.The man will help take care of the little boy.
C.The woman has to spend the day in the lab.
D.The woman's son should not stay in the lab.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: Hi, Tony, this is my son, Philipe. There was a problem with his daycare today, so he'll be spending the day here in the lab with me. I'll teach him all about doing research. M: Well, I'm not sure this is a good place for a little boy. Q: What does the man mean?
[解析] 男士说“I'm not sure this is a good place for a little boy”可知,男士认为实验室并不适合一个小男孩。故选D。
10.
A.Minor.
B.Moderate.
C.Intense.
D.Severe.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] M: How strong is the pain exactly? On a scale of one to ten, how would you describe the intensity of the pain? W: Well, I'd say the pain is about a one on a scale of one to ten, like I say it's not really bad. It just keeps coming back. Q: Which of the following would best describe the woman's pain?
[解析] 女士说“the pain is about a one on a scale of one to ten, like I say it's not really bad. It just keeps coming back”可知,女士描述的疼痛级别是1级,并不是很严重,就是会反复发作。故选A。
[听力原文] W: Neither my ankle nor my elbow is broken? Not even a little bit? M: Neither of them. They're both bruised but not broken. Here's the X-ray reports. Q: What can we learn about the woman's injury?
[解析] 女士说“Neither my ankle nor my elbow is broken? Not even a little bit?”,这里女士连续两个反问说明了女士不敢相信自己伤势不重。故选C。
12.
A.He is a baby sitter.
B.He is an oncologist.
C.He is a pediatrician.
D.He is an obstetrician.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] M: Now would you please lie down on the couch? I'll take a look at the baby. I'll just measure to see what height it is. The baby seemed slightly small. W: How do you know that? M: I measure from the top of your womb to your pubic bone. The number of centimeters is roughly equal to the number of weeks you're pregnant. Q: What does the man do?
[听力原文] W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night? Should I stay home from work? M: Well, that's not necessary. Just remember to stay calm Don't worry so much about things at work. Just do as I said and you'll sleep well. Q: What is the woman expected to do?
[解析] 女士想改善睡眠问题,问男士建议,男士说“Just do as said and you'll sleep well”,由此可知女士被要求按男士所说的来做,就能解决问题。故选C。
14.
A.With Dr. Smith at 10 on Wednesday.
B.With Dr. Smith at 10 on Tuesday.
C.With Dr. Jones at 10 on Wednesday.
D.With Dr. Jones at 10 on Tuesday.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] M: I need to come in and see the doctor. I have really itchy skin and think I may have to have it looked at. W: I have times available for Tuesday or Wednesday. Which one would work best for you? M: I want to come in on Wednesday. W: I can fit you in on that day at ten, Dr. Smith or Dr. Jones is available. M: I would prefer Dr. Smith. Q: What is the man's appointment?
[解析] 由男士说“I want to come in on Wednesday”“I would prefer Dr. Smith.,可知,男士想跟Dr. Smith约在周三上午十点。故选A。
15.
A.Management of cancer patients.
B.Relief of the worries of caregivers.
C.Emotional struggle while caregiving.
D.Emotional support for cancer patients.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] M: Dr. White, I've been a cancer patient and a caregiver to a cancer patient. I know care giving was hard. What was going on emotionally that seems so hard? W: Well, when you're caregiving, you're undergoing chronic stress. You're worrying about your loved one. Q: What are the two speakers talking about?
[解析] 男士问女士“What was going on emotionally that seems so hard(看护过程中,哪些情感是艰难的)”,女士说“when you're caregiving, you're undergoing chronic stress. You're worrying about your loved one(在护理的过程中会经历长期压抑,会担忧你的爱人)”。由此可知双方是在谈论护理中的情感问题。故选C。
Section B Directions: In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages, after each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] W: Mr. Baxter, may I ask you some questions? M: Yes. W: Can I start at the beginning? Can I check your age? M: (42) W: What sort of work do you do? M: I'm a teacher. W: So, I can assume you haven't been exposed to any nasty toxic chemicals. M: Well, we get films from a photocopier, but nothing else. W: Well, now tell me how long you've been unwell. M: Really, only about two weeks. W: What were the main problems? M: I just got weaker and weaker. I ran out of the energy and fainted in the clinic yesterday. W: Have you got any bruising? M: Yes, I noticed some on my thighs and one of my forearms, where I had my blood taken. W: Oh, dear. Any bleeding from the gums? M: No. W: Have you had any problem with infection recently? M: No. Well, I had flu about two months ago. W: Has anyone in your family had blood problems? M: Well, my Granny had anemia and was treated with iron. W: Um...I was thinking of more serious blood diseases. M: Not that I know of. W: Are there any other things you think I should know about? M: No. Do you think it is leukemia, Doctor? W: Well, I've still got to take more blood to confirm the diagnosis, but I've seen the results of the previous test, and I'm afraid that is a 95 percent chance that it is leukemia. Have you any questions before we take the extra blood?
How old is the man?
[解析] 女士问男士的年纪,男士说“42”。故选D。
2.
A.He is a doctor.
B.He is a teacher.
C.He is a chemist.
D.He is a photographer.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What does the man do?
[解析] 女士问男士职业,男士说“I'm a teacher”。故选B。
3.
A.On his forearms and forelegs.
B.On his forearm and forehead.
C.On his thighs and forelegs.
D.On his thighs and forearms.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] Where are the man's bruises?
[解析] 女士问男士是否有淤青,男士说“I noticed some on my thighs and one of my forearms.where I had my blood taken”可知,男士的淤青出现在抽血处的大腿、前臂。故选D。
4.
A.Anemia.
B.Influenza.
C.Leukemia.
D.Insomnia.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What is the man most probably suffering from?
[解析] 女士说“I'm afraid that is a 95 percent chance that it is leukemia”可知,女士判断有95%的可能性是白血病。故选C。
5.
A.To check the recurrence of the disease.
B.To determine the type of flu virus.
C.To prepare for blood transfusion.
D.To confirm the diagnosis.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] Why does the woman want to administer another blood test?
[解析] 女士说:“I've still got to take more blood to confirm the diagnosis”可知,女士想通过再一次抽血来确诊。故选D。
[听力原文] Robots have been in the news a lot lately, and recent poll found that a third of the UK public is concerned that robot will take over their lobs. But what about robots in the home? One of the most popular robots for the home is a robot vacuum cleaner, which can automatically clean your home with very little human input. Nieto Robotics is a company started by a group of robotics engineers from Stanford University. They wanted to use robots to perform human chores at an affordable price. The technology they developed for their vacuum cleaners uses a laser guide system to map out the home in 360 degrees. This enables the machine to avoid obstacles and dangers like stairs. A lot of southern European countries are embracing this category and also in Scandinavia. The Scandinavian market has been very interesting. They've done a lot of research in trying to modernized their wealth, where they have a growing aging population and they are looking to deploy robotic vacuum cleaners in old people's homes to actually do the cleaning. And now almost 30 percent of the users are over 55 years of age. It's a very broad spectrum of people. In the UK, there has been a relatively slow adoption of robots in the home. I think maybe as a culture, we are a bit more skeptical on how good can these robots really perform and take the place of doing my vacuuming. I believe it will take a while before robots are able to do everything for us, at least in the UK.It's also depends on people's willingness to allow these machines into our daily lives.
What was the concern in the recent poll?
[解析] 根据录音内容“and recent poll found that a third of the UK public is concerned that robot will take over their jobs”可知,最近投票中有三分之一的英国人关心的是机器人会取代他们的工作。A项中的render sb. jobless表示使……失业。故选B。
2.
A.It is well developed for home use.
B.It still has technical obstacles to overcome.
C.It can work in dangerous places or situations.
D.It has the potential to be built with a laser device.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What can we learn about the Nieto robot vacuum cleaner?
[解析] 根据录音内容“Nieto Robotics is a company started by a group of robotics engineers from Stanford University They wanted to use robots to perform human chores at an affordable price”可知,Nieto机器人主要是帮人们做家务(chores)。故选A。
3.
A.Rising cost of labor.
B.Increasing amount of wealth.
C.Growing number of aged people.
D.Pressing needs for modernization.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What is the major reason behind the popularity of the cleaner in the Scandinavian markets?
[解析] 根据录音内容“The Scandinavian market has been very interesting...where they have a growing aging population and they are looking to deploy robotic vacuum cleaners in old people's homes to actually do the cleaning”可知,斯堪的纳维亚市场对于清洁机器人感兴趣是因为该国老年人口激增,需要机器人来做家庭清洁。故选C。
4.
A.Enthusiastic.
B.Indifferent.
C.Doubtful.
D.Resentful.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] How do people in the UK reacts to the robot vacuum cleaner?
[解析] 根据录音内容“In the UK, there has been a relatively slow adoption of robots in the home”“are a bit more skeptical on how good can these robots really perform and take the place of doing my vacuuming”可知,英国人对于扫地机器人是持怀疑态度的。故选C。
5.
A.People's affordability.
B.People's acceptance.
C.Technical advances.
D.Market promotion.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What is important to the wide used of robots in the future?
[解析] 根据录音最后“It's also depends on people's willingness to allow these machines into our daily lives”可知,机器人能否广泛应用取决于人们是否愿意接受这些机器进入我们的生活。故选B。
We hear all the time that they're really bad for us, especially for teens, but we all drink them anyway. So are energy drinks really that bad? First, let's rewind back to 1997 when Red Bull became the first energy drink to reach the market in the U. S. Since then, energy drinks like Red Bull have skyrocketed in popularity. But things started getting intense in 2011, when the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children should never drink energy drinks. The reason why they were so worried? Caffeine. The caffeine is in a ton of things like coffee, tea, soda and even chocolates, and the dangers of caffeine really boil down to how much you have. A cup of coffee usually has between 95 to 200 milligrams of caffeine. So, for adults, the experts recommend no more than 400 milligrams a day and for kids no more than 100 milligrams. So, a little bit of caffeine probably not that bad, but high doses can be lethal. Well, in 2011, a paper published in the journal Pediatrics reviewed the effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents and young adults. The research has found that age affects the body's response to caffeine and energy drinks to be especially risky for kids with heart problems, ADHD or diabetes. So, given these concerns, it may come as no surprise that some places have pushed the completely banning the sales of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18. As far as we can tell, that hasn't passed locally here in the US, but in 2014, Lithuania became the first country to actually banned the sale of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18.But not everyone is a fan of these ideas. Some think these restrictions are unfair. If you aren't worried about selling coffee or tea to kids, why single out energy drinks?So,the American Beverage Association, the trade groups representing many of these energy drinks, came up with another idea, voluntary guidelines for labeling energy drinks.
When did energy drink first appear in the American market?
[解析] 根据录音内容“let's rewind back to 1997 when Red Bull became the first energy drink to reach the market in the U.S.”可知,第一款能量饮料红牛是在1997年问世的。故选B。
2.
A.Its benefits to health.
B.Its improper use in soft drinks.
C.The amount of caffeine.
D.The consumption of energy drinks.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] When it comes to caffeine, what seems to be the issue?
[解析] 根据录音内容“The caffeine is in a ton of things like coffee, tea, soda even chocolates, and the dangers of caffeine really boil down to how much you have”可知,咖啡因存在于千百件物品中,并且危险在于摄入的量上。故选C。
3.
A.Age affects the body's response to caffeine.
B.Other ingredients also make energy drinks unsafe.
C.Caffeine in beverages greatly improves performance.
D.Energy drinks are easily for people with heart problems.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] Which of the following findings is reported in the journal Pediatrics?
[解析] 根据录音内容“The research has found that age affects the body's response to caffeine and energy drinks to be especially risky for kids with heart problems, ADHD or diabetes”可知,研究发现年龄会影响身体对咖啡因的反应,能量饮料会对有心脏病、多动症或糖尿病的孩子尤其危险。故选A。
4.
A.Because they are insufficiently investigated.
B.Because they are not judged as fairly as coffee or tea.
C.Because they are more beneficial than harmful to kids.
D.Because they are not the primary caffeine sources for kids.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] Why do some disagree with the restrictions on energy drinks to kids?
[解析] 根据录音内容“Some think these restrictions are unfair. If you aren't worried about selling coffee or tea to kids, why single out energy drinks?”可知,有些人不同意禁售能量饮料,认为其本身是对能量饮料的不公平。因为如果咖啡和茶都能销售,能量饮料也应该能。故选B。
5.
A.Strict.
B.Official.
C.Voluntary.
D.Compulsory.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] Which of the following can best describe the labeling guidelines from the American Beverage Association?
[解析] 根据录音最后“the American Beverage Association, the trade groups representing many of these energy drinks, came up with another idea, voluntary guidelines for labeling energy drinks”可知贴标签行为是美国饮料协会(American Beverage Association)提出的,属于自愿而不是强制性的。故选C。
PartⅡ Vocabulary
Section A Directions: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Gradually he lost his ______ and wasted away till he was nothing but skin and bones.
2. There are many ways to purify water, among which distillation is the best process for water ______ because the water does not contain other impurities.
4. A ______ of more than 1,000 philosophers, teachers and students by the authoritative Philosophers' Magazine placed Charles Darwin' s The Origin of Species as the third most important work.
9. Some measures of the hospital can better serve the patients; ______, the feedback valuation of the patients can also improve the medical quality of the hospital.
A.in turn
B.nevertheless
C.however
D.whereas
A B C D
A
[解析] 医院的一些措施可以更好地为患者服务;相对的,对患者的反馈评估也可以提高医院的医疗质量。 in turn反过来,转而;nevertheless然而,虽然如此;however然而;whereas然而,鉴于。根据句意,此处表示医院和患者相互促进的关系,并没有转折的语气,只有in turn最适合。故选A。
10. Armed with this tooling, analysts no longer ______ diagrams for knowledge in the same way.
Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. The war's impact on the population of the country was catastrophic.
6. With the rapid development of aerial technology, aircraft security and reliability are ever increasing. However, insecure events related to aircraft up-keeping by people are on the rise.
PartⅢ Cloze Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, them are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. "Looking at someone's eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. 1 , we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the 2 of social learning," Michalska said. To examine these questions, Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women's faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 3 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were 4 shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was paired with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and 5 one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream. "We examined participants' eye contact when the face was not expressing any emotions, to 6 if children make more eye contact with someone who is associated with something bad or 7 , even when they are not expressing fear at that moment. We also looked at whether children's anxiety scores were 8 to how long children made eye contact." The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study: 1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 9 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues. 2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were 10 the faces. 3. The more children avoided eye contact: the more afraid they were of the faces. The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next. However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater fear experience.
1.
A.But
B.And
C.Therefore
D.So
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题考查的是语义辨析。but但是;and而且;therefore副词,因此;so连词,因此。根据空格前一句,我们了解adults的眼神注视与下一步行动,但“we know much less about eye patterns in children”,less这个词将adults和children的情况形成对比,所以选择转折关系but。 [内容概要] 本文介绍了卡里娜·米卡尔斯卡的最新研究。她通过研究发现焦虑的儿童会避免和让他们害怕的人有眼神上的接触,但这可能会对他们的成长产生负面的影响。 [参考译文] “注视他人的眼睛帮助我们了解这个人是否有悲伤、生气、害怕或惊讶的情绪。作为成年人,我们可以由此决定如何回应并进行下一步的行动。但是,我们对孩子们的注视模式的了解要少得多——所以,理解孩子们的注视模式可以帮助我们更多地了解社会性学习的开发,”米卡尔斯卡说道。 为了研究这些问题,米卡尔斯卡和她的研究团队给82个9到13岁的孩子在电脑屏幕上展示了两个女性的脸部图像。电脑上安装有视觉跟踪设备,因此可以测试出孩子们看的是哪一张图,看了多久。最初,每位女性的照片共向孩子们展示四次,然后其中一位女性的照片在展示时会配上一声尖叫和恐惧的表情,最后会将没有声音和尖叫的两张照片展示给孩子们。 “当孩子们的面部没有任何表情时,我们观察了他们的眼神接触,并以此来确定孩子们是否会与坏事关联的或者有威胁性的人有更多的眼神接触,即使他们当时并没有表现出恐慌。我们也调查了孩子们的焦虑程度是否与眼神交流的时长有关系。” 从研究中可以得出下述结论: 1.对于两张图像,所有的孩子都花了更多时间去看曾伴有尖叫的图像,这说明他们在没有外界暗示的时候也会对潜在的威胁更关注。 2.比较焦虑的孩子在实验的三个阶段都会避免和两张图片的眼神接触。这取决于他们对两张脸的害怕程度。3孩子越避免眼神接触,说明他们对某张脸越恐惧。 研究结论表明,当孩子们先看到恐怖的东西时,他们会花更多的时间注视人的眼睛,这表明他们更关注潜在的危险信息,以此来了解更多的情况,并计划下一步该怎么做。然而,焦虑的孩子尽量想避免眼神接触,会带来更恐惧的经历。 [难句解析] 1.The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure where on the screen children were looking, and for how long. ...that allowed them to...引导的为定语从句,修饰限定device;and for how long是省略句,完整应为and for how long children were looking。句意为:电脑上安装有视觉跟踪设备,因此可以测试出孩子们看的是哪一张图,看了多久。 2.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next. 整句的意群划分为1)The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face 2)when previously paired with something frightening, 3)suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information 4) as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next。 2) 句为省略句,补全为when they were previously paired with something frightening;3)句是伴随状语,是对前面整个句子的解释说明,可变换成定语从句,变成which suggests they pay...。句意为:研究结论表明,当孩子们先看到恐怖的东西时,他们会花更多的时间注视人的眼睛,这表明他们更关注潜在的危险信息,以此来了解更多的情况,并计划下一步该怎么做。
[解析] 本题考查的是语义搭配。what什么;where哪里;why为什么;the place这个地方。这个句子还原成陈述句为“the children were looking on the screen”,句意为“因此可以测试出孩子们看的是屏幕上的什么地方”,所以答案为where。
4.
A.constantly
B.originally
C.always
D.presumably
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查的是语义辨析。constantly不断地;时常地;originally最初,起初;always一直,总是;presumably大概;推测起来。根据空格下一句“Next, one of the images...”,next表示下一步,推理得知空格处表示的是第一步实验流程,所以答案为originally。
5.
A.another
B.other
C.the other
D.others
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题考查的是语义辨析。another三者以上中的另一个;other另外一个;the other两者中的另一个;others其他人。根据前文,屏幕上只有两幅图片,前文中提到one of the images...,这里指的是两者中的另一个,所以答案为the other。
[解析] 本题考查的是语义辨析+语法。related有联系的,be related to与……有关;decide动词,决定,decided明确的,显然的;坚决的,果断的;relation(名词)关系;叙述;decision(名词)决定。空格所在句意为“我们也调查了孩子们的焦虑程度是否与眼神交流的时长______”,根据语境逻辑,答案为related,考查词组be related to。
[解析] 本题考查的是语法。这里考查词组be afraid of对……感到害怕。“how afraid they were 60 the faces”还原成陈述句they were how afraid 60 the faces,所以答案为of。
PartⅣ Reading Comprehension Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it. Certainty, Bowlby's analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children' s development. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.
1. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation ______.
A.still needs more statistical studies
B.has been found negative is more serious
C.is obvious
D.is more serious in modern times
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“根据文章,父母和孩子分离的结果______”。第四段提到“However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial.”说明还需要更多的数据分析,符合A项。而其他三项在文中都没有明确的涉及或与文中意思不符,故选A。 [内容概要] 本文从波尔比的研究出发,指出一些人认为在早教阶段,父母的缺失会对小孩的成长造成影响;也有一部分人不同意这个观点,认为现代社会和传统社会差别巨大,不能同一而论。此外,早教时期父母的作用和日托机构的评价还没有定论。 [参考译文] 英国心理分析学家约翰·波尔比认为在孩子出生到3岁这段敏感的“依恋期”中,和父母分离可能会伤害到孩子的性格形成,并使他们在未来容易出现情感问题。 有人由此得出结论,认为孩子在3岁之前不应该交给日托机构,因为这会造成孩子和父母的分离。很多人都相信这种说法。有人认为由外人照料的3岁以下婴儿由于和父母分开会受到伤害,但同样也存在反对这种观点的论断。 然而传统社会和现代社会有极大的不同,因此只在一点上进行比较是没有多少说服力的。首先,人类学家指出现代社会常见的父母子女分开的情况基本不存在于传统社会。例如,在像恩戈尼这样的原始部落里,孩子的父母不仅抚养自己的孩子——远远不止。 当然,波尔比的分析提出了童年时所受的照料可能会有后续的影响。只有靠数据才能分析导致更多,比如说,15或20年后的精神疾病或者犯罪倾向的可能性。然而,这类数据研究还没完全展开,而且即使有这样的研究,研究成果肯定也会非常复杂并具有争议性。其次,常识告诉我们如果孩子的抚养人——父母发现日托对孩子造成负面影响的话,日托机构是不会像今天这样普遍的。第三,在过去的十年里,许多精细的针对日托机构中儿童的美国研究报告都一致指出,照顾这件事对孩子的成长只有中性或少许正面的影响。 不论这种分离的长期效果如何,父母有时发现即时影响就很难处理。3岁以下的孩子在离开父母的时候常常通过抗议手段来表达自己的不满。到了3岁或3岁半的时候,几乎所有的孩子都变得比较容易送去托儿所,这无疑是越来越多父母在这个时候选择儿童看护机构的原因。这个问题实际上还远远没有定论,尽管经验和可获得的证据都表明对婴儿来说,早期的看护是合理的。 [难句解析] 1.It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. 这是个复合句,it作形式主语,that引导的主语从句是真正的主语。句子主干是An infant under three... may suffer...has been argued。主语从句中who引导的who is cared for outside the home是定语从句,修饰先行词infant。because of引导的短语说明孩子痛苦的原因。句意是:有人认为由外人照料的3岁以下婴儿由于和父母分开会受到伤害。 2.The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. 这是个复合句,主干为The possibility...can only be explored...that。引导的that such care might lead to more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later是possibility的同位语从句。say是语气词,作插入成分。by the use of statistics是动词explore的动作发出者。mental头脑的,思想的:explore研究,探索。句意为:只有靠数据才能分析导致更多,比如说,15或20年后的精神疾病或者犯罪倾向的可能性。
2. The author thinks that John Bowlby's concern ______.
A.is relevant and justifiable
B.is too strong to believe
C.is utterly groundless
D.has something that deserve our attention
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“作者认为约翰·波尔比的观点______”。第四段开头提到“Certainty,Bowlby's analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects.”这说明作者承认Bowlby的观点指出了童年时所受照料对成年可能会有影响,也就是值得我们注意。A,B和C项都过于武断,故选D。
3. What's the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?______
A.The children's unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.
B.The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.
C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children's development.
D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it's practiced by so any people nowadays.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“在过去十年里,美国针对儿童在日托机构的研究结果是什么?”第四段最后提到“Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.”在过去的十年里,许多研究报告都一致指出照顾这件事(即父母和孩子分开)对孩子的成长只有中性或少许正面的影响,这符合C的说法,故选C。
4. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?______
A.They don't know about day care's negative effect.
B.They are too busy to care for their children.
C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.
D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是“根据文章,下列哪一个有可能是父母把3岁以下的孩子送到日托机构的原因?”最后一段提到“At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.”到了3岁或3岁半的时候,几乎所有的孩子都变得比较容易送去托儿所,这无疑是越来越多父母在这个时候选择儿童看护机构的原因。A项说父母不了解日托机构的负面效果;B项说父母太忙了没时间照顾小孩;C项说父母希望孩子能够尽早独立;D项说父母希望可以帮助小孩在3岁左右适应育儿机构。B和C文中没有涉及;文中虽有提到日托的负面效果,但并没有确认,相反还提到如果日托有很多负面影响,父母是不会送孩子去那里的,因此也不对;最后,父母送孩子去育儿机构一方面是因为3岁左右的小孩比较容易适应离开父母,另一方面就是他们的主观愿望了,这需要我们进行合理推测。育儿机构是儿童离开家庭适应社会的第一步,因此父母的举动反映了他们希望孩子适应机构的愿望,故选D。
5. What's the author' s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?______
A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby' s proposition is well-grounded.
B.He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.
C.He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.
D.He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.
Passage Two By the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much. Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta. The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home. Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton (浮游植物) is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. "'Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years," says Moore, "Animals can't change their behavior that quickly." A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection. Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they're easier to deploy," he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.
1. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.
A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animals
B.increase the average world temperature by four degrees
C.cause more damages to the whole world than expected
D.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“根据作者,在21世纪末全球变暖将______”。文章第一段提到“到21世纪,全球平均温度预计将上升1到4度,但是在受气候变化影响最严重的北极,温度上升幅度可能会达到平均值的两倍。”这说明北极受到的影响会更大,故选D。 [内容概要] 本文首先指出北极的气候变暖问题对加拿大北部产生影响,然后具体陈述了肯特·摩尔参与的一项国际性海洋生态系统研究。这项研究一方面指出气候变化对动植物的影响,另一方面也指出对人类活动的影响。最后提到在研究中使用了新技术无人机来采集数据。 [参考译文] 到21世纪,全球平均温度预计将上升1~4度,这将对雨林、海平面和动物栖息地产生广泛的影响。但是在受气候变化影响最严重的北极,温度上升幅度可能会达到平均值的两倍。 了解北极变暖将会对加拿大北部的居民、动植物、海洋生物和经济活动产生何种影响对加拿大的未来是非常重要的,肯特·摩尔如是说。这位来自多伦多大学密西沙加校区的大气物理学家正在参与一项长期的针对从阿拉斯加到马更些三角洲的波弗特海沿岸海洋生态系统的国际性研究。 这项研究将让我们对众多事物了解更多:该地区的海冰覆盖范围,鱼类种群的变化,哪些地区会成为石油和天然气开采的目标区域,以及对将这个地区看成家乡的原住民的影响。 摩尔已经在北极地区工作的二十多年,他在研究报告中指出变薄的海冰和风向正在使得海洋中的食物链发生巨大变化:浮游植物的开花期提前了两到三个星期。许多动物会在食物充足的时候选择迁徙到北极地区,因为它们还没有适应提前的植物开花期。“动物行为需要经过很长的时间才能改变,但是气候在十年内而不是百年内就完成了这些变化,”摩尔说,“动物没有办法这么快就改变自己的行为模式。” 由于西北通道在夏天可以通航,同时资源的开发变得更加灵活,温暖的北极预计将对该地区的人类活动产生重要影响。从研究中得到的信息将帮助政府、工厂和社团在资源管理、经济开发和环境保护上做出决定。 摩尔还提到,这项由来自加拿大、美国和欧洲的研究者和政府机构参与的项目将采用全新的技术来收集气象数据:远程遥控无人机。“无人机拥有大型研究飞行器的研究能力,同时更加容易部署,”他指出无人机可以让研究者比使用人工驾驶飞机时更有规律性地采集信息。 [难句解析] 1. Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta. 这是个复合句。前半句主干是Understanding how Arctic warming will affect...are important...。主语为understand引导的现在分词短语,how引导的句子是作understanding的宾语,be动词are是这句的动词,后面为表语部分。后半句中Kent Moore和an atmospheric physicist...delta部分为同位语,主要介绍了说话人的身份;who引导的定语从句进一步修饰Kent Moore,最后from to...介词词组作状语,用来定义Beaufort Sea。affect影响,participate参加。句意为:了解北极变暖将会对加拿大北部的居民、动植物、海洋生物和经济活动产生何种影响对加拿大的未来是非常重要的,肯特·摩尔如是说。这位来自多伦多大学密西沙加校区的大气物理学家正在参与一项长期的针对从阿拉斯加到马更些三角洲的波弗特海沿岸海洋生态系统的国际性研究。 2.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain. 这是个复合句。句子的主干为Moore...says his research has...found that...。who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Moore,从句中that引导的宾语从句作found的宾语。pattern模式,food chain食物链。句意为:摩尔已经在北极地区工作的二十多年,他在研究报告中指出变薄的海冰和风向正在使得海洋中的食物链发生巨大变化。
2. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.
A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of Toronto
B.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change
C.involves so many countries for different investigations
D.is intended to deal with various aspects in research
4. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic ______.
A.becomes more difficult than ever before
B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region
C.will surely lower the average world temperature
D.needs the research-based supporting information
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“根据作者,在北极开展正常的人类活动______”。倒数第二段提到“Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection”,即“从研究中得到的信息将帮助政府、工厂和社团在资源管理、经济开发和环境保护上做出决定。”由此可知,在北极开展的正常的人类活动需要研究中得到的信息来支持,与D项相符,故选D。
5. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will ______.
A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now
B.get more data to be required for their research
C.use more novel technologies in research
D.conduct their research at a regular basis
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“正如摩尔预测的那样,随着无人机的使用,研究者将______”。最后一段提到“'The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they're easier to deploy,' he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft”,即“无人机拥有大型研究飞行器的研究能力,同时更加容易部署,”他指出无人机可以让研究者比使用人工驾驶飞机时更有规律性地采集信息。由此可知使用无人机,可以获取更多的信息,与B项相符,故选B。
Passage Three Having too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby's liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood. Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future. In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high doses (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) ,and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1 ,which is important for growth. Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, "Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity." These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans. Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."
1. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?______
A.Lower birth weight.
B.Smaller stress.
C.Liver development problem.
D.Growth problem.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“下列哪项不是摄入咖啡因母鼠产下的幼仔遇到的问题?”第一段提到“Having too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby's liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development”,即“《内分泌学杂志》刊登的一篇研究声称,孕期如果摄入过多的咖啡因可能会影响婴儿肝的发育,同时也会提高孩子成年后患肝病的风险。摄入咖啡因的怀孕母鼠生下的幼仔体重偏低,发育迟缓,应激激素水平较低,并且肝发育受损”,分别对应A,C和D项,只有B未提到,故选B。 [内容概要] 本文介绍了一篇关于孕期咖啡因接触对胎儿的肝发育有负面影响,且会增加成年后患肝病概率的论文。虽然研究成果还没有人体的证实,但专家建议女性在孕期要避免咖啡因的摄入。 [参考译文] 《内分泌学杂志》刊登的一篇研究声称,孕期如果摄入过多的咖啡因可能会影响婴儿的肝的发育,同时也会提高孩子成年后患肝病的风险。摄入咖啡因的怀孕母鼠生下的幼仔体重偏低,发育迟缓,应激激素水平较低,并且肝发育受损。这项研究表明每天摄入2-3杯咖啡中所含的咖啡因量可能会改变应激激素和成长激素的水平,从而伤害肝的发育,并且增加成年后得肝病的风险。 早先的研究已经指出孕妇每天摄入300毫克/天以上的咖啡因,也就是相当于每天喝2-3杯咖啡,会导致新生儿出生时体重偏低。动物实验进一步指出孕期过多摄入咖啡因可能对肝发育产生长期不利的影响,同时增加非酒精性脂肪肝的发病率。这种病一般被认为与肥胖和糖尿病有关。然而,孕期摄入咖啡因和受损肝发育的潜在关系还未被大多数人了解。更好地理解咖啡因是如何造成这样的影响可以帮助人们在未来预防这些健康问题。 来自武汉大学的王辉教授和她的同事们在研究中调查了怀孕母鼠摄入的低剂量(相当于2-3杯咖啡)和高剂量(相当于6-9杯咖啡)咖啡因对幼仔的肝功能和激素水平的影响。受到孕期咖啡因的影响,幼仔出生时肝部激素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)较低,而应激激素和皮质类固醇水平较高。然而,出生后,肝的发育会有一段补偿性的“追赶”时期,表现在对生长极其重要的IGF-1的水平快速增长。 文章的共同署名人温博士说:“我们的研究结果表明孕期摄入的咖啡因会在母体中引起过度的应激激素活动,这将抑制孩子出生前肝的发育。然而,身体的补偿机制在出生后随着IGF-1的活跃和应激激素指数的降低,加速肝的发育并恢复到肝功能的正常水平。母体咖啡因暴露引起的脂肪肝的风险上升很可能是这种出生后的增强型补偿性IGF-1活动引起的。” 这些发现不仅证实了孕期咖啡因接触会导致新生儿体重偏低和产前肝发育受损,而且拓宽了我们对这些变化背后的激素变化的理解,也指出了未来肝病风险上升的潜在机制。然而,这些动物实验的结果还需要在人体中得到证实。 温博士说:“虽然我们的发现还需要人体的证实,但我们认为孕期咖啡因对孕妇和胎儿都没有好处,因此我建议女性在怀孕期间要避免摄入咖啡因。” [难句解析] 1.The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood. 这是个复合句,主句是The study findings indicate,从句是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句里面的that从句是定语从句,修饰先行词manner。equivalent to相当于,adulthood成年期。句意为:这项研究表明每天摄入213杯咖啡中所含的咖啡因量可能会改变应激激素和成长激素的水平,从而伤害肝的发育,并且增加成年后得肝病的风险。 2.However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signaling decreases. 这是个复合句。主句是compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function,从句是as引导的原因状语从句。compensatory补偿性的,mechanism机制。句意为:然而,身体的补偿机制在出生后随着IGF-1的活跃和应激激素指数的降低,加速肝的发育并恢复到肝功能的正常水平。
2. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?______
A.Her weight will get lower and lower.
B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.
C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.
D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“如果孕妇喝了3杯咖啡,那可能会发生什么?”第二段提到“Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children”,即“早先的研究已经指出孕妇每天摄入300毫克以上的咖啡因,也就是相当于每天喝2-3杯咖啡,会导致新生儿出生时体重偏低”,所以第一个影响是体重偏低。而A选项说的是孕妇体重越来越轻,B选项说的是婴儿体重越来越轻,原文并 没有提到体重降低的问题,故可排除这两个选项。接下来又提到“Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes.”即“动物实验进一步指出孕期过多摄入咖啡因可能对肝发育产生长期不利的影响,同时增加非酒精性脂肪肝的发病率。这种病一般被认为与肥胖和糖尿病有关”。因此还会影响婴儿肝的发育,增加非酒精性脂肪肝的发病率,进而可能会变得肥胖或患糖尿病。C项“母亲将长期受非酒精性脂肪肝的折磨”,文中没有提及,可排除。D项“由于肝的问题,孩子更容易发胖或患糖尿病”,与寒意相符,故选D。
3. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?______
A.A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.
B.4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.
C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.
D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.
A B C D
A
[解析] 综合判断题。题目问的是“根据文章,下列哪项不正确?”A项“更好地理解咖啡因及其效果的关系的目标已经完成”,B项“每天喝4-5杯咖啡属于中度咖啡因摄入”,C项“由于增长的生长因素,肝的发育问题很可能在出生后得到修复”,D项“这个研究大多是在老鼠身上,而不是人体中进行”。第二段“However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood.”提到孕期摄入咖啡因和受损肝发育的潜在关系还未被大多数人了解,由此可知,A与之矛 盾;根据第三段“low(equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee)and high doses(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee)caffeine”可知,中间值4-5杯属于中剂量,B选项正确;第四段“compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function”可知身体的补偿机制在出生后随着IGF-1活动的活跃和应激激素指数的降低,加速肝的发育并恢复到肝功能的正常水平,C选项正确;文中一直讨论的都是在老鼠身上进行的实验,同时倒数第二段提到“these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.”这些动物实验的结果还需要在人体中得到证实,可知这些实验还没在人体上进行,D选项正确。综上所述,只有A选项不正确,故选A。
4. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?______
A.Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.
B.Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.
C.Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.
D.Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“孕期摄入咖啡因的时候,应激激素和肝发育的关系是怎样的?”第三段提到 “Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth.”即“受到孕期咖啡因的影响,幼仔出生时肝部激素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)较低,而应激激素和皮质类固醇水平较高。”A项“出生前应激激素和体重都偏低”,B项“出生前应激激素偏高,生长激素偏低”,C项“出生后应激激素偏高,体重加速增长”,D项“出生后应激激素偏低,肝部生长速度偏慢”。根据第三段信息,正确答案应该是“出生前应激激素偏高,体重偏低;出生后应激激素降低,肝部生长速度加快”,结合四个选项,故B正确。
5. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?______
A.The research hasn't been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.
B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.
C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.
D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems.
A B C D
C
[解析] 总结题。题目问的是“下列哪项是对最后一段最佳的概括?”最后一段引用了温博士的话“Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy”,即“虽然我们的发现还需要人体的证实,但我们认为孕期咖啡因对孕妇和胎儿都没有好处,因此我建议女性在怀孕期间要避免摄入咖啡因。”最后一句是概括句,也是对本段的总结,与C选项相符,故选C。
Passage Four The bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleep. How many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record. In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there. There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed. At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed. The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away. The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers." Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made. The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, "The eyes are open but their sense is shut." The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep? Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, "Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.
1. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that ______.
A.no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredible
B.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people's life
C.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary stories
D.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是“第二段第二句话的意思是______”。第二段第二句话“...but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.”即“如果大多数感人的故事都是不可信的,那剩下的就是有迹可循的。”这表示就算大多数故事不可信,还有一些是可信的。A项“没人知道答案,但肯定所有的梦游故事都有些可信的地方”,这和原文意思不符;B项“梦游故事就像生活里加了的调味料”,文中没有提到;C项“梦游故事是从平凡故事中挑选出来的最迷人的故事”,文中没有提及。综上所述,只有D项最符合,故选D。 [内容概要] 本文首先介绍了一些梦游的案例,然后从科学的角度对梦游进行探讨:梦游是一种科学事实,是梦境的外化,是情感混乱的表现。最后指出梦游的人是处于半睡半醒间的。 [参考译文] 几百年来,梦游者古怪的行为让警方困惑,让科学家苦恼,也让作家们着迷。有无数关于梦游者的故事。据说,人们会在他们的睡梦中,爬上陡峭的屋顶,解决数学难题,创作音乐作品,从平板玻璃穿过,甚至自杀。 这些故事有多少是有现实基础,又有多少是纯粹虚构的呢?没人知道,如果大多数感人的故事都是不可信的,那剩下的就是有迹可循的。 在马萨诸塞州的里维尔,一百名警察在一个滨海住宅区搜寻一个失踪的男孩。这个孩子在睡梦中离开了家,五小时之后,他在一个陌生客厅里的沙发上醒来,完全不知道自己是如何到这里来的。 有一份早期的医学记录是关于一个在梦中写小说的梦游者。伟大的法国作家伏尔泰认识一个梦游者,他会在梦中起身穿上衣服,礼貌地鞠躬,然后跳完一曲小步舞,再脱衣回到床上。 据说一个艾奥瓦大学的学生会在半夜起床,然后步行3/4英里到爱荷华河里游泳,之后再回到自己的房间睡觉。 世界上最有名的梦游者是印度人潘迪特·拉姆拉克哈。他在毫无意识的情况下沿着一条危险的道路走了16英里。排在第二的是一个维也纳主妇或者一个英国农民。这名主妇在睡梦中在繁忙的街道上完成了所有的购物。而那位农民则在睡着的时候拜访了几英里以外的兽医。 美国顶级睡眠研究专家声称自己从未见过一个梦游者。这位专家是来自芝加哥大学的生理学家纳撒尼尔·柯勒特曼博士。据说他比世界上其他人都更了解睡眠,在过去的25年里,他为了观察别人的睡觉情况牺牲了自己大量的睡眠时间。他说:“当然,我知道有梦游者的存在,因为我从报纸上看过关于他们的报道。但是我的研究对象们都不会在睡着的时候走路,而且如果我公开征集梦游者参加实验,我怀疑不会有多少人报名。” 无论如何,梦游都是一种科学事实。就像催眠一样,梦游是贴近于幻想的一种充满戏剧性的、怪异的、令人敬畏的现象。这使得梦游本身充满了争议和误解。我们能确定的是,梦游是情感混乱的一个表现,唯一能治愈它的方法就是要去除导致梦游的担忧和焦虑。医生认为梦游比我们想象中的还要普遍。有人估计在美国就有600万梦游者。还有人认为这个数字更大。许多梦游者没有寻求过帮助,因此也不会被记录在案。这意味着我们永远无法得到一个确切的人数。 对梦游最简单的解释是把它看成这是生动梦境的外化。这种梦通常源于罪恶感、担忧、紧张或其他感情上的冲突。最经典的梦游者是莎士比亚笔下的麦克白夫人。她每晚的梦游源于谋杀他人产生的罪恶感。莎士比亚在剧中写道:“他们的眼睛是睁着的,但是感觉是闭着的。” 一个由来已久的问题是:梦游者到底是醒着的还是睡着的?科学家已经得出结论,那就是他们处在半梦半醒间。就像麦克白夫人一样,梦游者脑子里想着非常重要的问题。研究这个课题已经10年的泽尔达·泰普利兹博士说:“有些人整夜不睡,担心他们的问题,而梦游者则是在睡眠中研究解决这些问题。他们的肌肉功能是醒着的,而感知功能是睡着的。”换句话说,一个人可以在睡眠中行走、移动或做其他事情,但是不会思考自己在做什么。 [难句解析] 1...., a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there. 这是个复合句。a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy为主句,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词boy。从句部分为and连接的并列结构。with介词短语作状语,表示男孩的醒来的状态。comb梳理,waterfront临水的。句意为:一百名警察在一个滨海住宅区搜寻一个失踪的男孩。这个孩子在睡梦中离开了家,五小时之后,他在一个陌生客厅里的沙发上醒来,完全不知道自己是如何到这里来的。 2...., what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. 这是个复合句。what is certain about sleepwalking为主语从句作整个句子的主语;两个that引导的是表语从句,用and进行连接;最后的that cause it为定语从句,修饰worries and anxieties。symptom症状,disturbance打扰,anxiety焦虑。句意为:可以确定的是,梦游是情感混乱的一个表现,唯一能治愈它的方法就是要去除导致梦游的担忧和焦虑。
2. ______ was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.
A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleep
B.The man danced a minuet in his sleep
C.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous road
D.The boy walked five hours in his sleep
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“______被认为是世界上最有名的梦游者”。第六段提到“The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.”即“世界上最有名的梦游者是印度人潘迪特·拉姆拉克哈。他在毫无意识的情况下沿着一条危险的道路走了16英里。”这和C项相符,故选C。
3. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.
A.emotional disorder
B.a vivid dream
C.lack of sleep and great anxiety
D.insanity
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“根据文章,梦游是______的结果”。第八段提到“...what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,...”,即“我们能确定的是,梦游是情感混乱的一个表现……”。A项意为“情绪混乱”,符合定义;B项意为“生动的梦境”,倒数第二段说“对梦游最简单的解释是把它看成这是生动梦境的外化”,所以是外化,而不等于梦境;C项意为“缺乏睡眠或极度焦虑”,D项意为“疯狂”,这两项文中都没有提及。综上所述,答案为A。
4. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to ______.
A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous acts
B.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory area
C.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injury
D.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是“泽尔达·泰普利兹博士看起来______”。倒数第一段提到“Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area”,即“有些人整夜不睡担心他们的问题,而梦游者则是在睡眠中研究解决这些问题。他们的肌肉功能是醒着的,而感知功能是睡着的”。这说明,梦游者以梦游的方式去解决问题,但由于处于半梦半醒,对周边的危险没有任何感知。A项“同意梦游有时会导致危险行为”,B项“得出结论说梦游者在感知上面是清醒的”,C项“不同意梦游者对伤害免疫的说法”,D项“认为梦游会转变为疯狂”。A和D没有提及,可排除,B项和文中“他们的肌肉功能是醒着的,而感知功能是睡着的”相矛盾,只有C符合,故选C。
5. The writer makes it obvious that ______.
A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangers
B.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injury
C.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalking
Passage Five Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives": aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud's drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking. The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. "What I was seeing," he says, "was the urge to do stuff." Panksepp called this seeking. To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. "Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects," says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically." Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pens. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a lowlevel phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the "seeking" emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed. Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. "Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes," says Panksepp. "Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it." Perhaps it's not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.
1. Freud believed that aggression and libido ______.
A.were the only two sources of psychic energy
B.could sometimes surface in our conscious life
C.affected our behavior unconsciously
D.could appear clearly on our dreams
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“弗洛伊德相信攻击和性力______”。第一段提到弗洛伊德提出两类心理能量“攻击”和“性力”,并且指出“...these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.”即“……这些动机都是无意识的,不需要借助我们清醒的头脑就能塑造我们的行为;它们透过重重伪装,只浮现在我们的梦里。”由此可知,攻击和性力对我们的行为产生无意识的影响。A项说这是仅有的两个心理能量,“仅有的”并未在文中提到;B项说两种能量有时会出现在有意识的生活中,这和前面提到的能量只浮现在梦里相矛盾;C项和第一段内容相符;D项说它们只会清楚地出现在我们的梦里,这与前面提到的“透过层层伪装浮现在梦里”相矛盾。综上所述,正确答案为C。 [内容概要] 本文从弗洛伊德的动机理论出发,用潘克塞普和索姆斯的研究成果表明弗洛伊德的观点在今天仍然具有指导作用。 [参考译文] 在基本的寻找食物和避免疼痛的动物本能之上,弗洛伊德提出两种心理能量,称之为“动机”:攻击和性力。他的理论的关键是这些动机都是无意识的,不需要借助我们清醒的头脑就能塑造我们的行为;它们透过重重伪装,只浮现在我们的梦里。在过去的半个世纪里,心理学和神经科学的工作轻视了无意识的普遍动机的作用,而把重点放在有意识的生活的理性过程上。但是,研究者已经有了证据证明弗洛伊德所说的动机是真实存在的,这些动机源于大脑的边缘系统,这个原始大脑系统的活动大多发生在意识层面之下。现在的动机由五部分组成:愤怒、恐慌、分离悲伤、欲望和性力的一个变体,有时称之为寻求。这五个动机有一个更常见的称呼,叫作情绪。 对研究者来说,寻求动机是一个成果特别丰富的课题。虽然跟其他动机一样源于边缘系统,但是这种动机也用到了前脑——更高级精神功能的诞生地。在20世纪80年代,俄亥俄州鲍林格林大学的神经生物学家雅克·潘克塞普对大脑里皮质附近一个被称为腹侧盖区的地方很感兴趣,这个区域就位于人的发际线上面一点的地方。当潘克塞普对老鼠的相应区域给予刺激的时候,老鼠会吸吸气,四处走,就好像在寻找什么东西。它是饿了吗?不。老鼠会径自走过一盘食物,或者其他潘克塞普认为老鼠想要的东西。看起来,脑组织引起来想要新东西的欲望。“我观察到的这个行为,”他说,“是想做些什么的冲动。”潘克塞普将它称之为寻求。 对来自伦敦大学学院的神经心理学家马克·索姆斯来说,这种动机和性力非常相似。“弗洛伊德需要某种普遍的、引起食欲的渴望在物质世界寻求快乐,”索姆斯说,“潘克塞普从神经学的角度发现了弗洛伊德从心理学角度发现的东西。”索姆斯对梦的研究用到了同样的大脑区域。从20世纪70年代起,神经病学家已经知道梦产生于一种特别的睡眠形式——REM(快速眼动)——这和大脑中原始部分脑桥有关。因此,他们认为做梦是一种没有心理意义的低级现象。当索姆斯深入研究的时候,他发现做梦的关键结构实际上是腹侧盖区,也就是潘克塞普称之为“寻求”情绪发源的地方。看起来,梦源自性力——这也正是弗洛伊德坚信的。 弗洛伊德的心理地图在很多方面都有瑕疵,但是以我个人经验来看,也是最连贯、含义最丰富的心理理论。“弗洛伊德应该和达尔文归在一起,因为达尔文生活在基因发现之前的时代,”潘克塞普说,“而弗洛伊德让我们可以一窥精神结构。我们需要对这个结构进行讨论、开发和测试”。也许我们并不需要去证明弗洛伊德是对还是错,只要把他的工作继续做完就好。 [难句解析] 1.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. 这是个复合句。分号前的句子,主语为the key to his theory,动词是is,后面是that引导的表语从句。现在分词短语shaping...表示伴随状态,作状语。分号后是简单句,heavily disguised是插入语,表示they的状态,作状语。unconscious无意识的,mediation思考,冥想,disguise伪装。句意是:这些动机都是无意识的,不需要借助我们清醒的头脑就能塑造我们的行为;它们透过重重伪装,只浮现在我们的梦里。 2.When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the "seeking" emotion. 这是个复合句。when引导时间状语从句,主句为it作形式主语的主语从句,that后面的部分是真正的主语。最后一个分句里的that引导的定语从句用来修饰先行词structure。look into调查/观察,identify辨别。句意为:当索姆斯深入研究的时候,他发现做梦的关键结构实际上是腹侧盖区,也就是潘克塞普称之为“寻求”情绪发源的地方。
2. Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?______
A.Emotion.
B.Lust.
C.Seeking.
D.Urge.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“下列哪一个术语相当于弗洛伊德所说的性力?”第一段提到“Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.”即“现在的动机由五部分组成:愤怒、恐慌、分离悲伤、欲望和性力的一个变体,有时称之为寻求。”此处明确提到性力的一个变体是寻求,这和C相符,故选C。
3. Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive ______.
A.originates in the limbic system
B.involves parts of the forebrain
C.controls how we respond to stimulus
D.exists in many other animals
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“雅克·潘克塞普对老鼠的研究证明寻求动机______”。第二段提到“Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions”,即“虽然跟其他动机一样源于边缘系统,但是这种动机(寻求)也用到了前脑——更高级精神功能的诞生地”。这说明寻求动机和前脑有关联。A项说寻求动机源于边缘系统,是正确的,但是这并不是潘克塞普实验的目的;C项和D项并没有涉及,故选B。
4. According to Mark Solms, dreaming ______.
A.takes place during the whole sleeping period
B.involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pens
C.originates in the forebrain
D.just takes place in a certain period
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“根据马克·索姆斯,做梦______”。第三段最后提到“When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the 'seeking' emotion”,即“当索姆斯深入研究的时候,他发现做梦的关键结构实际上是腹侧盖区,也就是潘克塞普称之为‘寻求’情绪发源的地方”。由此可知,寻求动机和做梦都与腹侧盖区有关。同时,在上一小题说到寻求动机和前脑有关,因此可推断做梦也与前脑有关。A项“梦在整个睡觉过程中发生”,这与第四段“梦产生于一种特别的睡眠形式”相矛盾;B项“梦和大脑中原始部分脑桥有关”,而第三段提到REM和脑桥有关,而不是做梦;D项“梦只在某个阶段出现”并没提到。综上所述,答案选C。
5. It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories ______.
A.have long been discredited
B.provided good guide for further research
C.are placed in the same category
D.are concerned about human being
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是“从文中可以推断出,弗洛伊德和达尔文的相似点在于他们的理论_____”。最后一段,作者将弗洛伊德和达尔文比较“Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes. Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.”先说两人是同一类人,然后说达尔文生活在基因发现之前。我们都知道达尔文的贡献是提出进化论,也就是他在基因发现前就提出了开创性的超前概念,为后人提供了指导。那么类似的,弗洛伊德也是在精神结构被大家彻底理解之前,提出心理能量的概念,为将来的研究提供指导,故选B。
Passage Six You are what you eat, or so the saying goes. But a new generation of molecular biologists is starting to give that old adage a decidedly high-tech twist. By combining the latest discoveries in human genetics with a deeper understanding of the hundreds of compounds found in food, investigators have begun to tease apart some of the more complex interactions between your diet and your DNA. In the process, they hope eventually to give consumers more personalized advice about what to eat and drink to stave off heart disease, cancer and other chronic conditions of aging. "We are trying to put more science behind the nutrition," says Jose Ordovas, a geneticist at the Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts. "We want to finally understand why nutrients do what they do and to whom—why a low-fat diet may not work for some but works for others." Do you drink three cups or more of coffee a day? Genetic tests can now determine whether you—like approximately 10% to 20% of the population—have a specific genetic variation that makes it harder for your body to absorb calcium in the presence of caffeine, thus increasing your rate of bone loss. Are you getting enough folic acid, found in beans, peas and fortified grains? Researchers have learned that many people have a genetic predisposition that puts them at greater risk of developing heart disease because they need more folic acid than the average person to maintain normal blood chemistry. Would a high-fat diet be particularly damaging to your health, given your genetic makeup? About 15% of folks are born with a form of a liver enzyme that causes their HDL, or good cholesterol, level to go down in response to dietary fat. In most people the HDL level goes up, counterbalancing some of the bad effects of dietary fat on LDL—the dangerous cholesterol. None of those genetic variations are immediately life threatening. In fact, most of them have no apparent effect. The variants are not like the mutations most of us learned about in school—alterations that cause entire genes or series of genes to malfunction and that result in diseases like sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis. Instead the changes nutritional geneticists are looking for are more like normal variations in the correct spelling of a word—say, theatre or theater, depending on whether you speak the Queen's English or American. "We all have these variants in our genes," says Ray Rodriguez, a geneticist at the University of California at Davis. "And they affect how we absorb, utilize and store various nutrients." Researchers now have a good reference guide for the 25,000 or so genes of the human genome and the more than 3 million common variants that lurk within those genes. They still need to figure out how all those genetic variables relate to health and disease. Add the fact that food is full of hundreds of bioactive compounds, each of which varies depending on where plants are grown or animals are raised, and you've got quite a lot of information to puzzle out. In the end, you' II probably find out you still need to eat your broccoli. But at least you' II have a better understanding of why.
1. What does the passage want to verify?______
A.You are what you eat.
B.You are not what you eat.
C.The relationship between cancer and eating habit.
D.The relationship between technology and eating.
A B C D
A
[解析] 主旨题。题目问的是“本文想要证明什么?”第一段第一句提到了“人如其食”这个说法,第二句中的But和twist可能会让人产生一种本文是反对“人如其食”的印象,然而通观全文,作者是从科学的角度对“人如其食”进行了解读,是赞成“人如其食”的,故选A。 [内容概要] 本文主要介绍了科学家从遗传学角度研究遗传特征对营养摄入的影响。遗传特征决定了为了健康应该吃什么。研究人员希望最终能为消费者提供有关饮食的更多个性化建议,以预防心脏病、癌症和其他衰老带来的慢性病。 [参考译文] 俗话说,人如其食。但是新一代的分子生物学家开始对这句老话进行了绝对的高科技层面的反转。 通过将人类遗传学的最新发现与对食物中数百种化合物的更深入了解相结合,研究人员已开始弄清饮食与DNA之间的一些更复杂的相互作用。在此过程中,他们希望最终能为消费者提供有关饮食的更多个性化建议,以预防心脏病、癌症和其他衰老带来的慢性病。 “我们正在努力为营养素提供更多科学依据。”塔夫茨大学弗里德曼营养学院的遗传学家约瑟·多瓦斯说,“我们最终想弄清楚营养素的起效方式和起效对象的选择依据——为什么低脂饮食对某些人不起作用,而对另一些人起作用。” 您每天喝三杯以上的咖啡吗?现在,基因测试可以确定您是否——像约10%到20%的人口那样——具有特定的遗传变异,使您的身体在咖啡因的存在下更难吸收钙,从而增加了骨质流失率。 您是否从豆类和强化谷物中摄取了足够的叶酸?研究人员了解到,许多人具有遗传倾向使他们患心脏病的风险更大,因为他们需要比普通人更多的叶酸来维持正常的血液化学。 考虑到您的基因构成,高脂饮食是否会对您的健康造成巨大的伤害?大约15%的人出生时会带有某种肝酶,这种酶会导致HDL(高密度脂蛋白),即好的胆固醇水平因膳食脂肪而下降。而大多数人的高密度脂蛋白水平会升高,从而抵消了膳食脂肪对LDL(低密度脂蛋白),即有害胆固醇,的某些不良影响。 这些遗传变异都不会立刻威胁到生命。实际上,它们大多数没有明显的作用。这些变异与我们大多数人在学校中学到导致整个基因或一系列基因发生故障,并引起镰状细胞性贫血和囊性纤维化等疾病的变异不同。 相反,营养遗传学家正在寻找的变化更像是单词正确拼写方式的正常变化——例如theatre和theater,这取决于您说的是英式英语还是美式英语。“我们的基因中都有这些变异。”加州大学戴维斯分校的遗传学家雷·罗德里格斯说,“它们影响了我们吸收、利用和储存各种营养素的方式。” 现在,尽管研究人员对于人类基因组中大约2.5万个基因以及潜伏在这些基因中的300万个常见变体已经有了充足的参考,他们仍然需要弄清楚所有这些遗传变量与健康和疾病之间的关系。 还有一个事实,即食物中充满了数百种生物活性化合物。由于植物的生长地点或动物的饲养方式不同,每种化合物也不尽相同,因此还有很多信息需要我们去弄明白。最后,您可能还是需要吃西兰花,但至少您现在了解为什么要吃了。 [难句解析] 1.By combining the latest discoveries in human genetics with a deeper understanding of the hundreds of compounds found in food, investigators have begun to tease apart some of the more complex interactions between your diet and your DNA. 这是一个简单句。句首介词短语作方式状语。句子主干为“...investigators have begun to tease apart some...interactions”。combine...with...将……和……结合起来;compound合成物;interaction互动;diet饮食。句意为:通过将人类遗传学的最新发现与对食物中数百种化合物的更深入了解相结合,研究人员已开始弄清饮食与DNA之间的一些更复杂的相互作用。 2.The variants are not like the mutations most of us learned about in school—alterations that cause en tire genes or series of genes to malfunction and that result in diseases like sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis. 这是一个复杂句。句子主干为“The variants are not like the mutations...”。most of us learned about in school作mutations的后置定语,破折号进一步解释说明mutations的含义。破折号后部分的并列结构,主语为alterations,后面两个that部分作定语修饰alterations。alternation改变;result in导致……。句意为:这些变异与我们大多数人在学校中学到导致整个基因或一系列基因发生故障,并引起镰状细胞性贫血和囊性纤维化等疾病的变异不同。
2. What does Jose Ordovas mean by saying "put more science behind the nutrition"?______
A.The nutritionists worked on the unscientific basis before.
B.There is a more scientific explanation how nutrients work on individuals.
C.It has been a total mystery why the same nutrients have different functions.
D.The nutritionists find it difficult to give accurate diets to all the people.
1. Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
The Current Situation, Problems and Countermeasures of Food Safety in China
Food safety has become an important social livelihood issue as we entered the 21st century. Generally speaking, the level of food safety in China is improving continuously both in the qualified rate of various food products and of processed food spot check. The release and practice of the Food Safety Law and social efforts all contribute to the current achievement of food safety in the country. At present, there are four risks to food safety in China: 1. the prevention of contamination of pathogenic microorganisms is still the rigid demand of food safety; 2. abuse of agricultural and veterinary drugs still needs to be regulated; 3. contaminants such as heavy metal and mycotoxin potent,ally endanger food safety; 4. illegal addition and adulteration are the top concern in food safety work. The management of food safety should follow a two-step strategy: 1. relevant laws, regulations, supervision system, technical support, sales environment, the responsibility of entrepreneurs, honest system, and bond should be established or strengthened. 2. the healthy development of planting and breeding industries through the further management of the production environment to realize the expected goals in 2030 must be ensured.