Section A Directions: In this section you will hear five conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear three questions about the conversation. The question will be spoken only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
D.The advice in having a diet with lean protein and healthy fat.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: Doctor Jeff, do you know whether there is a supplement, a pill or some sort of intervention that people could do to prevent themselves from getting cancer? M: I have three pieces of important advice in preventing disease, and ultimately preventing cancer. W: Wow, I can't wait to learn about them. M: Number one and most important, eat an anti-inflammatory diet. Growing evidence supports inflammation as the foundation upon which disease occurs. Our nutrition is directly related to inflammation. W: Then how can we have anti-inflammatory diet? M: Avoid processed foods, animal fat, cheap vegetable oil, instead, eat a diet with lots of fresh vegetables, fruit, lean protein and healthy fat.
What advice does the woman want from the man?
[解析] 由女士所问的“do you know whether there is a supplement...could do to prevent themselves from getting cancer?”可知,女士想知道关于预防癌症的建议。故选B。
2.
A.Cheap vegetable oil.
B.Inflammation.
C.Processed food.
D.Animal fat.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] According to the man, what problem is fundamental to the diseases occurring in our body?
[解析] 根据男士所说的“...inflammation as the foundation upon which disease occurs”可知,男士认为炎症(inflammation)是致病的根本原因。故选B。
3.
A.An anti-inflammatory diet includes processed foods.
B.An anti-inflammatory diet avoids fresh vegetables and fruit.
C.An anti-inflammatory diet contains less nutritious foods.
[听力原文] Which of the following can be included in an anti-inflammatory diet?
[解析] 由男士回答的“Avoid processed foods, animal fat, cheap vegetable oil...eat a diet with lots of fresh vegetables, fruit, lean protein and healthy fat.”可知,抗炎饮食要避免加工食物、动物脂肪和廉价植物油,并且要多吃新鲜蔬菜、瘦肉蛋白和健康脂肪。故选D。
C.To stop using the phone while talking with patients.
D.To show concerns about the woman.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] M: So Amanda, I asked Jason to bring you here today because I'm a little bit concerned about you not using the best communication techniques, so we want to go over some therapeutic communication with you. W: What's therapeutic communication? M: Therapeutic communication is verbal and nonverbal communication used to help build trust and show genuineness to the patients. For example, don't use your phone, which is something that we've heard you've been doing in the rooms with the patients. W: It won't happen again. M: We're doing this because it is important for you to understand that there is a lot of research backing this.
What is the man's purpose of talking with the woman?
[解析] 由男士所说的“...so we want to go over some therapeutic communication with you.”可知,该男士想要跟Amanda讨论关于治疗性沟通(therapeutic connunication)的题,以防其没能恰当使用沟通技巧。故选A。
5.
A.She doesn't build trust to patients.
B.She doesn't understand the importance of communicating with patients.
C.She uses the phone when in the rooms with patients.
D.She doesn't allow patients to communicate through the phone.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What is wrong with woman's communication with patients?
[解析] 由男士所说的“...don't use your phone, which is something that we've heard you've been doing in the rooms with the patients”可知,他接到反馈,Amanda在与患者沟通时一直在看手机。故选C。
6.
A.A lot of research need to be done behind this.
B.Therapeutic communication has been proved by research.
C.It is important for the woman to understand the research.
D.We'll not do this till it is backed by research.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What does the man stress at the end of the talk?
[解析] 由男士最后的回答“We're doing this because it is important for you to understand that there is a lot of research backing this.”可知,男士说这些主要是想表达:治疗性沟通的重要性,而其对于诊疗的意义都是有据可循的。故选B。
A.It will ban kids programs for junk food before 9 p. m.
B.It will ban kids programs for junk food before 9 a. m.
C.It will ban kids eating junk food before 9 p, m.
D.It will ban kids eating junk food before 9 a. m.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] W: Michael, I read an article yesterday in the news that the British government is going to completely ban all-kids programs for junk food before 9 P. m. M: It's amazing that the government is taking such a strong action. W: Do you remember the documentary film Super Size Me? M: Yeah, Morgan Spurlock ate only McDonald's food for thirty days, eating every item on the chains menu at least once. W: He gained twenty-three pounds and increased his cholesterol. M: For years, I junk food manufacturers have been targeting at the young. And when mom and dad say no and they are trying to push something healthy on the children, the kids won't listen.
What is the British government trying to do?
[解析] 由女士所说的“...the British government is going to completely ban all-kids programs for junk food before 9 P. m. ”可知,英国将全面禁止晚上9点前有关儿童食用垃圾食品的节目。故选A。
8.
A.To show Morgan Spurlock's love for McDonald's.
B.To show the bad effects of junk food.
C.To show there are many kinds of food in McDonald's.
D.To show Morgan Spurlock wants to be a super size man.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] Why does the woman mention the film Super Size Me?
[解析] 由女士所说的“He gained twenty-three pounds and increased his cholesterol.”可知,电影《超码的我》里的主人公吃了30天麦当劳后体重增加了23磅,胆固醇也升高了。由此可以推断出,女士提到这个电影主要是为了佐证垃圾食品对人们健康的威胁。故选B。
9.
A.They feared that their children would become overweight.
B.They feared that their children may not like healthy food,
C.They feared that their children may not listen to them anymore.
D.They stumbled in preventing their children from eating junk food.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] What can be inferred about parents when stopping their kids from eating junk food?
[解析] 由男士最后所说“And when mom and dad say no and they are trying to push something healthy on the children the kids won't listen.”可知,当父母们拒绝垃圾食品,而试图推给孩子们健康食物时,孩子们都不愿听。由此可推断出,父母在阻止孩子食用垃圾食品上受阻了”本题重点关注选项D中单词stumble,表示“绊倒,出岔子”。故选D。
[听力原文] W: Forty years ago, Finland was perhaps the unhealthiest country in the western world. But now, it's one of the healthiest. Death by heart disease has fallen by eighty percent, and life expectancy has risen by ten years. M: How has this been achieved? W: One of the ways Finland has improved the health of the nation is by a lot of state involvement. W: If you avoid exercise because you are fat or old, chain to your computer or just play lazy, someone from the authorities will come and visit you, encouraging you to eat well and take regular exercise. What does the woman say about the current Finland?
[解析] 注意题干问的是current Finland,所以根据女士后面关于现在芬兰的描述“But now, it's one of the healthiest. Death by heart disease has fallen by eighty percent, and life expectancy has risen by ten years.”可知,现在的芬兰是最健康的国家之一(这里用了one of the healthiest)。其心脏病的死亡率下降了80%,人们寿命延长了10年。故选C。
11.
A.Avoid over-exercise.
B.Avoid eating unhealthy food.
C.Authorities will put you in prison if you are fat.
D.State involvement occurs regularly.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] How has Finland improved its health?
[解析] 由女士所说的“One of the ways Finland has improved the health of the nation is by a lot of state involvement.”可知,芬兰提高国民的健康水平的一大方式就是政府的积极干预。下文女士也提到了政府在这块是如何干预的:如果你疏于锻炼,有关当局会过来拜访你,鼓励你健康饮食,积极锻炼.故选D。
12.
A.They come to encourage them to live a healthy life.
B.They come to impose a fine.
C.They come to encourage them to eat more.
D.They come to ask them to avoid exercise.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] Why may someone from the authorities visit the fat or lazy people?
[解析] 由女士最后所说的“If you avoid exercise because you are fat or old...someone from the authorities will come and visit you, encouraging you to eat well and take regular exercise.”可知,有关当局拜访肥胖或懒人是为了鼓励他们健康饮食,积极锻炼。故选A。
B.It is a kind of flu that men tend to complain more.
C.It is a serious illness for man.
D.It is a cold mostly caught by man.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: Have you ever heard of the term—man flu? M: Nope. W: Man flu is the tendency that men complain about a minor illness, such as a cold or flu, and act as they were suffering from something a lot more serious. M: But science cannot say whether men do actually suffer more than women, or if men just tend to complain more. W: Well there was already a lot of evidence from existing studies, suggesting men experience worse, longer-lasting symptoms. It seems that the higher the testosterone levels, the lower the immune response to infections, whereas the higher the estrogen level the stronger the immune response. W: Hold your horses, basically these results are only suggestive and not definitive. More studies need to be done. According to the woman, what is man flu?
[解析] 由女士所说“Man flu is the tendency that men complain about a minor illness...and act as they were suffering from something a lot more serious.”可知男人感冒就是一种男性感染的轻微疾病,而容易夸大病情的情况,故选择B。
14.
A.Hormone differences in men and women.
B.Genetic differences between men and women.
C.Women's stronger immune system.
D.Women's lower estrogen level.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What causes the difference between men and women in immune response?
[解析] 由女士的回答“...the higher the testosterone levels, the lower the immune response to infections, whereas the higher the estrogen level, the stronger the immune response”可知睾酮水平越高,免疫系统对感染的反应越不灵敏,而雌激素水平越高,其免疫系统的反应越强。由此可以推断,男女激素水平的高低导致了免疫系统反应的差异。故选A。
15.
A.The results are basically clear and for sure.
B.Some further studies should be done on the horse.
C.More studies need to be done.
D.There may not be much study on the disease.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What does the woman suggest about man flu at the end of the conversation?
[解析] 对话最后男士问女士“男性流感是真的吗”,女士回答“Hold your horses...More studies need to be done.”,这里hold your horses表示“别着急,耐心点”,由此可知女士认为这种说法并不准确,需要有更多相关研究来证实。故选C。
Section B Directions: In this section you will hear five passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three questions about the passage. The question will be spoken only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
A.The relationship between gardening and health benefits.
B.The activities caused by gardening.
C.The relationship between gardening and social association.
D.Some kinds of outdoor activities.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] Gardening is popular in many parts of the world. This outdoor activity gives us beautiful plants, pleasant smelling flowers and fresh fruits and vegetables. But it also gives us many health benefits. When you are gardening, you are outdoors, so it is a perfect time to socialize with your neighbors. People usually enjoy showing others what they are growing and sharing advice and stories about their gardens. When you garden, you must move around, all the different movements needed for gardening, such as bending, twisting, stretching and lifting, work small muscles in the body. Gardening may help your brain stay young. Activity such as gardening uses many repeated actions, such as weeding or removing dying flowers from a plant. These actions have a common effect on the brain. The brain is still active, but not in the same way that it is, say, when we use computers.
B.Gardening gives more chances of doing outdoor activities.
C.Gardening makes young people active in socializing.
D.Gardening is popular among all the people.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] According to the speaker, in what way is this gardening associated with socialization?
[解析] 根据问句中的“socialization”可以匹配到听力中的“socialize with your neighbors”,定位句提到了园艺提供了与邻居交往的完美时机,做园艺的人们通常喜欢向别人展示他们的植物,分享他们关于园艺方面的建议和故事。由此可知,园艺是通过给人们提供交谈的时机来增加社交的。故选B。
3.
A.They can keep the brain calm.
B.They can keep the brain active.
C.They can keep the body young.
D.They can keep the brain effective.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What effect would the repeated actions of gardening have on the brain?
C.Social media is not as addictive as cigarettes and alcohol.
D.The overuse of social media.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] A lot of people cannot make it through the day without checking their Facebook or Twitter at least once or twice. According to a brand new study in Chicago, social network services are more difficult to resist than cigarettes or alcohol. One of the reasons the researchers gain is that people thought there were less consequences. If you check your Facebook at work, you won't feel guilty. However, the re- searchers argue indeed there are serious consequences to Facebook. They'll remove you from your real life experiences, urge it to create reality television version of yourself and cause you to think you have thousands of friends. And how could we withdraw from some of our social media? The researchers suggest we could put our cellphone use on schedule. We are going to check only at these times, even if we could plan to check it frequently, like once in an hour. What phenomenon does the speaker mention at the very beginning?
[解析] 短文开头提出了“...people cannot make it through the day without checking their Facebook or Twitter at least once or twice”,说明了现代人沉迷于各类社交软件,对于社交媒体过度依赖的现象。故选D。
5.
A.Social media is more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol.
B.Social media is not as addictive as cigarettes and alcohol.
C.Underestimate the bad effects of social media.
D.Overestimate the bad effects of social media.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] According to the researchers, why is social media much harder to resist than drinking or smoking?
[解析] 根据问句中的“drinking or smoking”可以快速锁定定位句,drinking or smoking后一句提到了原因“...people thought there were less consequences”,这里人们认为沉迷于网络的影响没有沉迷于烟酒大,也就是说人们低估了网络的危害,导致网瘾比烟酒瘾更难摆脱。故选C。
6.
A.Use cellphones on schedule.
B.Stop using cellphones.
C.Check phones as we like.
D.Remove social media apps from the phone.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] To reduce the use of social media, what do researchers suggest we do?
[解析] 短文最后提到了专家对于减少过度使用社交软件的建议。“put our cellphone use on schedule”“check only at these times”都说明了专家建议的是定时使用手机,定期查看。故选A。
A.To celebrate the birthday of Florence Nightingale.
B.To provide a chance to think about contributions of the hospitals and employees.
C.To support employee health year round.
D.To start worksite wellness programs.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] National hospital week takes place every year around May 12th, on the birthday of Florence Nightingale, the founder of modem nursing. National hospital week provides a chance to think hospital and employees for their contributions. It also gives hospitals an opportunity to focus on employees' health. To support employee health year round, many hospitals have started worksite wellness programs. Mit Fizz, a 51-year-old hospital employee in Jackson, Mississippi, who didn't realize he was a ticking time bomb until he went for a free annual health screening as part of his hospital' s workplace wellness program. When he signed in and got his height, weight, and blood pressure checked, the nurse encouraged him to go straight to the emergency room, because his blood pressure was very elevated. Thanks to the program, he began to meet regularly, but the registered dietitian at no charge. Now Fizz has lost 25 pounds, brought his blood pressure under control. What does national hospital week aim to do?
[解析] 短文开头引出了“national hospital week”,后面提到了“national hospital week”的两大作用:提供一个机会来考虑医院和员工的贡献(provides a chance to think hospital and employees for their contributions)、让医院能关注员工们的健康(focus on employees' health)。四个选项只有B提到了医院和员工贡献的问题,故选B。
8.
A.He was a ticking time bomb.
B.He needed immediate treatment because of his overweight.
C.He was unaware of his health problem.
D.His blood pressure was abnormal low.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What can we learn about Fizz as a health professional?
[解析] 题目问的是作为一个健康专家,我们可以了解到Fizz的什么信息。根据人名我们可以锁定信息“a 51-year-old hospital employee”“didn't realize he was a ticking time bomb until he went for a free annual health screening...”由此可知,Fizz是一名51岁的医院员工,在一次免费体检中才发现身体里有一颗定时炸弹。这里并不是有真的炸弹,通过后文可知,是指发现了严重影响健康的问题:高血压。故选C。
9.
A.His lost some weight.
B.His blood pressure elevated.
C.His registered dietitian charged some money.
D.He went to the ER.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What happened after Fizz signed up for the program?
[听力原文] Once upon a time, there was a 13-year-old girl whose mother had overcome breast cancer and was in remission. Her mother was feeling a bit off and called her doctor several times before summer vacation. But her complaints were dismissed. Upon returning from the trip, it turned out she was right and something was wrong. 45 days after being diagnosed with lung cancer, she died at 42. That girl is me. I'm tired of the issue in the healthcare system, snatching my mother well before her time. I'm angry, sad, perplexed, but hopeful that as we start to amplify the voice of the patient, what happened to me and my family will never affect yours.The patient's life expertise is just as important as the doctor's medical expertise. Only when the two come together, can the patient-doctor corporation truly lead to powerful connection and flawless performance. What was the speaker's mother diagnosed with after the vacation?
C.The chemicals have been removed from all vaccines.
D.The chemicals can help people with weaker immune systems.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] The number of people that are against vaccinating themselves and their children has surged in recent years. Some people argue vaccines contain chemicals that can be toxic, but the fact is that the doses of the chemicals in vaccines are negligible and some have been removed from almost all childhood vaccines since 2001. In 1997, people began to question whether there was a connection between vaccines and allergies And then, a study of 2,100 participants aged 5 to 6 found that vaccines actually have the opposite effect and instead have a protective effect against allergies. Vaccines protect you and perhaps more importantly, they help other people with weaker immune systems, particularly the very young or elderly. The more people that are vaccinated, the less available real estate for the germs, meaning its spreading ability is squashed. This principle is called herd immunity. For the vulnerable and all society, herd immunity is their best protection.
What does the speaker say about the chemicals in vaccines?
[解析] 短文开头提出了人们对于疫苗的反对声音越来越多,是因为人们担心疫苗中有有毒的化学物质,连词but后是关键信息“the doses of the chemicals in vaccines are negligible and some have been removed from almost all childhood vaccines”,由此可知事实上疫苗中有毒化学物质的剂量可以忽略不计(negligible),从2001年开始,几乎(almost)所有儿童疫苗都移除了一些化学物质。故选A。
14.
A.The vaccines can result in allergy.
B.It is still a question.
C.The vaccines has a negative effect on allergy.
D.The vaccines can protect people from allergy.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] According to the study mentioned in the talk, what is the effect of vaccines on allergies?
Section A Directions: in this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen ______, and it will not be a long process.
4. Despite almost universal ______ of the vital importance of women's literacy, education remains a dream for far too many women in far too many countries of the world.
7. You may ______ weight-loss medication for obesity, if your BMI is thirty or more, or if your BMI is twenty seven or more, and you also have an obesity related health problem.
A.put on
B.keep on
C.set on
D.take on
A B C D
A
[解析] 如果你的体重指数超过30,你就应该服用减肥药物,或者若指数超过27,你也有影响健康的肥胖问题。 put on增加,上演;keep on继续,保持;set on开始,唆使;take on呈现,承担,接受。这里考查的是固定用法,put on medication表示服用药物。故选A。
8. An allergy results when the body has a(n) ______ reaction to certain substances introduced to it.
Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within the family, others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline.
Part Ⅲ Cloze Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them. On that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still 1 in their minds, Americans watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U. S. history, on live TV. Anyone who didn't know it before should have learned that bad things can happen. And they are made 2 worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our reluctance to work together before everything goes to hell. Granted, some amount of delusion is probably part of the 3 condition. In A. D. 63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake, and the locals immediately went to work 4 , in the same spot—until they were buried altogether by a volcano eruption 16 years later. But a review of the past year in disaster history suggests that modem Americans are particularly bad at 5 themselves from guaranteed threats. We know more than we ever did about the dangers we face. But it turns 6 that in times of crisis, our greatest enemy is rarely the storm, the quake or the surge itself. More often, it is ourselves. So what has happened in the year that 7 the disaster on the Gulf Coast? In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to where they were before Katrina, more or less. That's not 8 , we can now say with confidence. But it may be all that can be expected from one year of hustle. Meanwhile, New Orleans officials have crafted a plan to use buses and trains to 9 the sick and the disabled. The city estimates that 15,000 people will need a ride out. However, state officials have not yet determined where these people will be taken. The 10 with neighboring communities are ongoing and difficult.
[解析] 语义衔接题。A项“revising”意为“修改(音乐作品),修订(法律)、审定,校订(文章、书籍)”;B项“refining”意为“改进,改善,改良(过程、理论或机器)”;C项“rebuilding”意为“重建”;D项“retrieving”意为“使重新回到,挽回(某种局面)”。根据Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake(庞贝被一场地震严重毁坏)和and... immediately提示,“地震之后应是立即重建”,C项符合语义,故选C。
5.
A.preparing
B.protesting
C.protecting
D.prevailing
A B C D
C
[解析] 固定搭配题。A项“prepare”意为“准备,预备”;B项“protest”意为“抗议,反对”;D项“prevail”意为“说服,劝说,诱使”,这三项均不与介词from构成搭配。C项“protect”意为“保护”,protect sb./sth. from sth.为固定搭配,表示“保护某人免受伤害(或某物免受毁坏)”,根据空格后的from提示,C项符合语义和用法,故选C。
6.
A.up
B.down
C.over
D.out
A B C D
D
[解析] 固定搭配题。A项“Turn up”意为“出现,来到、开大,调大”;B项“turn down”意为“拒绝、关小,调低”;C项“turn over”意为“翻过来,翻倒,仔细考虑,移交”,这三个介词可与turn构成搭配,但是后面不接that引导的宾语从句。D项“it turns out that...”为固定句型,表示“结果是……,证明是……”,根据空格后的that可知,D符合语义和用法,故选D。
[解析] 语义衔接题。A项“exile”意为“(因政治原因)流放,放逐,使流亡”;B项“evacuate”意为“疏散,使撤离,转移”,强调把某人送到一个安全的地方,远离危险的建筑物、城镇或地区等;C项“dismiss”意为“让……离去,把…·打发走,解散,遣散”;D项“displace”意为“迫使离开家园,迫使迁徙,迫使背井离乡”。根据空前的use buses and trains和空后的the sick and the disabled可推测,新奥尔良市政府官员是计划转移病、残等特殊人群,B项符合语义,故选B。
10.
A.conventions
B.notifications
C.communications
D.negotiations
A B C D
D
[解析] 语义衔接题。A项“convention”意为“公约,协定”;B项“notification”意为“正式通知,正式通告”;C项“communication”意为“通信,交通系统”;D项“negotiation”意为“谈判,协商,磋商”。根据with neighboring communities are ongoing and difficult可判断,D项符合语义,故选D。
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer, and then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. "He sounded harsh," my wife said after she hung up the phone with her physician. In the office, she had found her physician compassionate and warm. But on the phone that day, she felt that the physician was distant and regimented. As a palliative medicine physician practicing at a cancer center, I knew what she meant. When the COVID-19 pandemic began spreading across the globe, waiting rooms of medical offices emptied almost overnight, including our own. Many patients with cancer who were not receiving active treatment stayed home, uncertain about their future, often scared and worried. Telemedicine seemed like a perfect solution to stay in touch, offer ongoing care and counseling, and reach out. Health care systems recognized this, and in a blitzkrieg-like move, transitioned many of their nonurgent outpatient visits to virtual. But neither the patients nor the clinicians were prepared for it. "I have to ask you a question before we get started," a long-time patient asked when I reached her via telephone at home: "Are you wearing your white coat?" We both burst out laughing at the absurdity of the image: a physician sitting at his desk, talking to a patient who cannot see him, and yet still wearing a white coat. During more than 20 years of practicing medicine, I have worked on 2 different continents and in a variety of medical systems and settings. But one thing has always remained constant: the practice of medicine as an in-person endeavor. The potential benefits of telemedicine are many and easy to appreciate during normal times; in the times of the pandemic they are priceless. Telemedicine allows for quick contact and maintains continuity of care, especially for patients who have an established relationship with the clinician or practice. This option can be particularly helpful for patients who live in remote areas or cannot easily travel, including frail older adults. Patients can be quickly assessed and supported without the risk of being exposed to the virus. The video encounters also offer a direct glimpse into the lives of patients, an updated version of the traditional home visit. But, compared with the face-to-face interactions, the virtual interactions seem barren, devoid of the richness the personal contact brings. In a specialty like mine, where a lot depends on emotional connection with the patient and their caregivers, the virtual visits demanded more of me and yet felt a lot less fulfilling. And they all seemed to be plagued by annoying technical issues: a weak Wi-Fi signal, dropped connections, wrong phone numbers in the chart, malfunctioning headphones, or a broken phone camera. And what to do about the omnipresent background noise of a lawn mower? As I spent more time doing telemedicine visits, I noticed their cumulative effect wore on me. Times are chaotic now. For all of us. Our health care systems struggle to provide the best care possible. Telemedicine has proven to be incredibly useful, and it is here to stay. Over time, supporting technology and systems will make virtual visits more efficient, better coordinated, and hopefully, more patient-friendly. But there is no doubt that the virtual visit is a fundamental alteration to the patient-physician encounter. Recent weeks have brought a massive and hurried adaptation that risks changing the ancient and sacrosanct practice of medicine. And as news, discoveries, ideas, and policies spin around in a flurry, now more than ever we must anchor ourselves in and cherish the wisdom of personal interactions. The place where it all starts.
1. A patient asked the author about the white coat to ______.
A.suggest telemedicine lacks emotional communication
B.mock at the absurdity of the telemedicine
C.imply patients are not adapted to the telemedicine
D.assure the doctor is a certified one
A B C D
C
[解析] 推理题。题目问的是“患者问作者白大褂的目的。”根据white coat定位到文章第三段,文中讲到在电话诊疗前,病人问医生“你有穿白大褂吗?”这种貌似荒谬的问题,实则是在证明第二段最后的论点“无论是患者还是临床医生都没有对此做好准备”。文中虽然出现了absurd,但这里是指医生穿着白大褂给病人做电话诊疗的场景可笑,并不是说远程医疗本身荒谬可笑。故选C。 [内容概要] 新冠疫情促进了远程医疗的应用。本文通过两个例子说明了无论是医生还是患者对远程医疗还处于适应阶段。远程医疗有优势,有前景,但对医生提出了更高的要求,最后作者作为医生对远程医疗还是持乐观的态度。 [参考译文] “他听起来很严厉,”我妻子在挂断了与医生的电话后说道。 在办公室里,她发现她的医生富有同情心和热情。但那天在电话里,她觉得那位医生对她疏远了,变得苛刻了。作为一名在癌症中心执业的姑息内科医师,我知道她的意思。当COVID-19疫情开始在全球蔓延时,诊所的候诊室几乎一夜之间就空了,也包括我们自己的候诊室。许多癌症患者没有接受积极治疗,他们待在家里,不确定自己的未来,常常感到恐惧和担忧。远程医疗似乎是保持联系、提供持续护理和咨询以及联络的完美解决方案。医疗保健系统认识到了这一点,并采取了闪电战般的行动,将许多非紧急门诊病人转为虚拟病人。但是无论是患者还是临床医生都没有对此做好准备。 “在开始前,我必须问你一个问题,”当我在家中通过电话联系到一位长期患者时,她问道:“你有穿白大褂吗?”我们俩都为这个荒谬的形象大笑起来:一位医生坐在他的办公桌前,与一个看不见他的病人交谈,并且仍穿着一件白大褂。 在20多年的医学实践中,我曾在两个不同的大陆和各种医疗系统和环境中工作过。但有一件事一直保持不变:行医是一种面对面的努力。 远程医疗的潜在好处有很多,在正常情况下也很容易理解;在疫情期间,它们是无价的。远程医疗允许快速联系并保持护理的持续性,特别是对于那些与临床医生或诊所建立了关系的患者。对于生活在偏远地区或无法轻松旅行的患者,包括体弱的老年人,这种选择尤其有用。患者可以迅速得到评估和支持,而没有接触病毒的风险。视频会面还可以直接了解患者的生活,是传统家访的更新版。 但是,与面对面的互动相比,虚拟交流似乎是贫瘠的,缺乏个人接触带来的丰富性。在像我这样的专业中,很大程度上依赖于与患者及其护理人员的情感联系,虚拟就诊对我的要求更高,但却感到没那么有成就感。就诊过程似乎都受到恼人的技术问题的困扰:Wi-Fi信号弱、连接中断、图表上的电话号码错误、耳机故障或手机摄像头损坏。如何处理无处不在的割草机噪音?随着我花更多的时间进行远程医疗访问,我注意到这些问题的累积效应对我产生的影响。 现在时局混乱。为了我们所有人。我们的医疗保健系统努力提供最好的医疗服务。远程医疗已经被证明是非常有用的,而且会一直存在。随着时间的推移,支持技术和系统将使虚拟诊疗更高效,更协调,并有望对患者更友好。 但毫无疑问的是,虚拟访问对医患接触是一个根本性的改变。最近几周出现了大规模而仓促的适应,这可能会改变古老而神圣的医学实践。随着新闻、发现、想法和政策纷至沓来,我们现在比以往任何时候都更需要关注并珍惜人际互动的智慧。这是一切开始的地方。 [难句解析] 1.Many patients with cancer who were not receiving active treatment stayed home, uncertain about their future, often scared and worried. 本句的主干部分为:Many patients stayed home。介词短语with cancer,定语从句who were not receiving active treatment,均对many patients作出修饰限定。大家要注意二者的顺序。而uncertain about their future, often scared and worried则是形容词作主语的补足语,对他们在家的状态做一说明。句意为:许多癌症患者没有接受积极治疗,他们待在家里,不确定自己的未来,常常感到恐惧和担忧。 2.In a specialty like mine, where a lot depends on emotional connection with the patient and their caregivers, the virtual visits demanded more of me and yet felt a lot less fulfilling. 本句成分不复杂,注意两个a lot的使用。一个作where引导的地点状语从句的主语,一个则为副词修饰less。in a specialty like mine是介词状语,where从句进一步补充解释specialty like mine。yet表达然而,语气上起转折作用。句意为:在像我这样的专业中,很大程度上依赖于与患者及其护理人员的情感联系,虚拟就诊对我的要求更高,但却感到没那么有成就感。
2. According to the passage, what does the author mean by "practice of medicine as an in-person endeavor"?______
A.Practice of medicine cannot be done by groups.
B.It involves physical and emotional interactions.
C.Patients should not hold on to the same doctor.
D.It needs great efforts to be a doctor.
A B C D
B
[解析] 推理题。题目问的是“作者提到‘practice of medicine as an in-person endeavor’意味着什么?”定位段第四段上下文都提及医生和患者对远程医疗的不适应以及远程医疗的局限。作者在定位段中以自己20多年丰富的医学实践说明:面对面的交流获取丰富信息的努力是很重要的。故选B。
3. Why does the author say telemedicine is priceless in pandemic?______
4. What is not the disadvantage of telemedicine for a doctor?______
A.Less sense of accomplishment.
B.Susceptibility to be affected by tech-problems.
C.Surroundings are more important than usual.
D.More skills to be demanded from the doctor.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“对于医生来说,哪一个不是远程医疗的缺点?”文章第六段详细说明了远程医疗的不利之处。根据该段第二句“....the virtual visits demanded more of me and yet felt a lot less fulfilling”可知A、D项是其缺点;根据该段第三句“...they all seemed to be plagued by annoying technical issues...”可知B项是缺点;根据该段倒数第二句“And what to do about the omnipresent background noise of a lawn mower”可知远程医疗对环境要求高,但这并不属于远程医疗的缺点。故选C。
5. What is the author's attitude to telemedicine?______
A.It's imperfect but it has a bright future.
B.It's urgent to upgrade the technology systems.
C.Telemedicine can take the place of the physical one.
Scientists have a duty to talk to the public. Why? Because social policies need to be decided on the basis of rational grounds and facts. These include important issue ranging from climate change, to the goals of the space program, to the protection of endangered species, to the use of embryonic stem cells or animals in biomedical research. Both the public and policy makers need to understand not only the scientific justification for our work but also, in some cases, why we deem our studies to be morally justifiable. The time is ripe for a more open, public and honest debate about the role of scientific experimentation in animals. What follows are some of my thoughts on this topic. I hope this perspective encourages other scientists to join the discussion and prompts opponents of animal research to create an atmosphere where civil discourse can take place, free of the threats, harassment and intimidation (恐吓) that are increasingly directed at biomedical scientists and their families. Criticism to the use of animals in biomedical research rests on varied scientific and ethical arguments. One extreme view holds that information gathered from animal research cannot, even in principle, be used to improve human health. It is often accompanied by catchy slogan such as "If society funds mouse models of cancer, we will find more cures for cancer in mice." It is argued that the physiology of animals and humans are too different to allow results from animal research to be extrapolated (推新) to humans. Such a blanket statement is falsified by numerous cases where experimentation on animals has demonstrably contributed to medical breakthroughs. The experiments on cardiovascular and pulmonary function in animals that began with Harvey and continued with the Oxford physiologists established the understanding of what the heart and lungs do and how they do it, on which the modern practice of internal medicine rests. Modern medical practice is inconceivable in the absence of the insights gained from these experiments. Anticoagulants were first isolated in dogs: insulin was discovered in dogs and purified in rabbits; lung surfactants were first extracted and studied in dogs; rabbits were used in the development of in vitro fertilization: mice in the development of efficient breast cancer drugs and so on. For the sake of completeness, it must be noted that the other extreme—the notion that all medical advances are a result of animal research—is false as well. Important medical advances, such as sanitation and the discovery of aspirin, were conducted without the use of animals.
6. The scientists need to talk to the public for the purpose of ______.
A.disseminating the findings of their research
B.addressing a wider range of issues of the public concern
C.justifying their work both scientifically and morally
D.helping the public better understand their work
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“科学家需要和公众对话的目的。”第一段最后将科学家有责任和公众对话的原因总结成“Both the public and policy makers need to understand not only the scientific justification for our work but also, in some cases, why we deem our studies to be morally justifiable.”即“公众和政策制定青不仅需要了解工作的科学合理性,也需要知道在某些情况下为什么我们要让我们的研究具有道德正当性。”也就是科学家需要公众了解工作的科学性和道德性,这与C项最相符,故选C。 [内容概要] 本文陈述了作者对动物实验的看法。他主要反驳了认为动物实验对改善人类健康毫无帮助这一极端的观点,作者列举了大量案例来证明。文章的最后也警醒人们注意:认为医学发展完全是动物实验功劳的看法是错误的。 [参考译文] 科学家有义务和公众进行对话。为什么?因为社会政策的制定需要以理性基础和事实作为依据。这包括了气候变化、太空项目目标、濒危物种保护、胚胎干细胞或动物在生物医学上的使用等在内的重要问题。公众和政策制定者不仅需要了解工作的科学合理性,也需要知道在某些情况下为什么我们要让我们的研究具有道德正当性。 现在是展开一场更加开放、公开和诚挚的关于在动物身上进行科学实验的作用讨论的成熟时机。下面是我关于这个问题的一些看法。我希望这篇文章能鼓励其他的科学家加入讨论,也希望动!物研究的反对者能够在一个平和的、没有日益增长的针对生物医学专家及其家人的威胁、骚扰和恐吓的氛围中加以探讨。 对生物医学研究中使用动物的批评主要依托各种科学和伦理文章。一个极端的观点认为从动物实验中收集的信息,甚至在大的理论原则上都无法用来改善人类的健康状况。这个观点往往带着一句上口的口号,例如“如果社会把钱花在用老鼠做实验的癌症研究上,那么我们就会找到更多治疗老鼠癌症的方法。”这个观点认为动物和人类的生理机能差别巨大,所以动物实验的结果不能用于人体的推断上。 这种不着边际的论调已经被无数案例推翻,众多的动物实验已经明确地证明了自身对医学突破做出的贡献。动物心血管和肺功能的实验从哈维时期开始,然后牛津的生理学家们根据这类实验了解了心脏和肺的作用和运作方式,同时现代内科也是建立在这类实验基础上。如果没有动物实验得出的成果,难以想象现代医学会是什么样子。抗凝血剂最初是从狗的身上分离出来的;胰岛素是在狗身上发现,在兔子身上提纯的;肺泡表面活性剂最初从狗的身上提取并研究;兔子曾被用于体外受精研究;老鼠在有效的乳腺癌治疗药和其他药物的开发上居功甚伟。 在文章的最后,必须要提一下另一个相对极端的观点——认为所有医学进步都是动物实验的结果——也是错误的。重要的医学进步,例如卫生设备和阿司匹林的发现,都是在没有动物实验的情况下完成的。 [难句解析] 1.Both the public and policy makers need to understand not only the scientific justification for our work but also, in some cases, why we deem our studies to be morally justifiable. 这是个复合句。主要结构是not only...but also...,引导的是宾语部分,not only后面跟的是名词词组,but also后面是why引导的宾语从句。复合句的主语是Both the public and policy makers,动词是need to understand, in some cases是插入语。justification正当性,case情况,deem to认为,视作。句意是:公众和政策制定者不仅需要了解工作的科学合理性,也需要知道在某些情况下为什么我们要让我们的研究具有道德正当性。 2.I hope this perspective encourages other scientists to join the discussion and prompts opponents of animal research to create an atmosphere where civil discourse can take Place, free of the threats, harassment and intimidation that are increasingly directed at biomedical scientists and their families. 这是个复合句。主干是I hope...,此处省略了引导词that,动词hope后面是宾语部分。宾语从句主干为“this perspective encourages...scientists to join the discussion and prompts opponents...to create an atmosphere”。where引导的定语从句修饰先行词atmosphere,最后的that引导的定语从句修饰先行词the threats, harassment and intimidation。perspective角度,prompt鼓励;促进,civil有礼貌的,harassment骚扰,intimidation恐吓。句意是:我希望这篇文章能鼓励其他的科学家加入讨论,也希望动物研究的反对者能够查一个平和的、没有日益增长的针对生物医学专家及其家人的威胁、骚扰和恐吓的氛围中加以探讨。
7. In the second paragraph, what topic is raised for discussion?______
A.The atmosphere for civil discourse.
B.The role of scientific animal research.
C.The pressure on biomedical scientist.
D.The opposition of scientific animal research.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“第二段中提出了哪个话题供讨论?”第二段开头说“The time is ripe for a more open, public and honest debate about the role of scientific experimentation in animals”即“现在是展开一场更加开放、公开和诚挚的关于在动物身上进行科学实验的作用讨论的成熟时机。”所以讨论的话题是在动物身上进行科学实验的作用,与B项相符,故选B。
8. On which of the following do the opponents of the animal research base their extreme view?______
A.The physiologic differences between animals and humans.
B.The catchy slogans used to oppose animal research.
C.The overuse of mice in cancer experimentation.
D.The inadequate funds in animal research.
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“动物实验反对者将他们的极端观点建立在下列哪个基础上?”第三段说极端观点认为“从动物实验中收集的信息,甚至在大的理论原则上都无法用来改善人类的健康状况。”并且说了这种观点的基础是“the physiology of animals and humans are too different to allow results from animal research to be extrapolated to humans.”,即“动物和人类的生理机能差别巨大,所以动物实验的结果不能用于人体的推断上。”这与A相符,故选A。
9. To falsify the blanket statement, the author cites all the following EXCEPT ______.
A.isolation of anticoagulants in dogs
B.the purification of insulin in rabbits
C.the extraction and studies of lung surfactants in dogs
D.the use of mice in the development of in vitro fertilization
10. What message does the author try to convey about the scientific experimentation in animals?______
A.It should be used with caution because of its possible false results.
B.It plays an irreplaceable part in biomedical science.
C.It can be replaced by other experimental models.
D.It plays a less important role than it used to.
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是“在动物科学实验上,作者想要传达什么信息?”从作者反驳说动物实验对人类医学没有任何意义的观点可知,作者认为动物实验对医学发展是有推动作用的,并且用大量例子进行佐证。第四段说“Modern medical practice is inconceivable in the absence of the insights gained from these experiments”如果没有动物实验得出的成果,难以想象现代医学会是什么样子。这进一步说明作者认为动物实验在医学发展上有不可替代的作用,故选B。
For half a century, researchers have dreamed of giving cancer patients a vaccine that helps the immune system detect the tumors as foreign tissue and wipe them out. Now, a new approach that tailors a personalized vaccine to the mutated proteins in an individual' s tumor appears to have prevented early relapses in 12 people with skin cancer. "We're in this very exciting, new moment" for personalized cancer vaccines, says Catherine Wu of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, whose team presented results last week at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) in Washington, D.C. A second team has similarly encouraging data. The two small studies, mainly designed to test safety and immune responses, are indeed "promising," says Drew Pardoll of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. But, he cautions, it is "way too early" to draw firm conclusions about whether the vaccines will extend the lives of cancer patients. Whereas earlier, unsuccessful cancer vaccines usually targeted a single distinctive cancer protein shared among patients, these new ones contain multiple mutated proteins, or "neoantigens," that are specific to an individual patient' s tumor. Giving patients a dose of their tumor neoantigens, which look foreign to the immune system, should help activate immune cells called T cells to attack the cancer cells. One new study was conducted in six patients with melanoma that had spread to their lymph nodes and sometimes other sites. The patients' tumors had been removed surgically, but were likely to regrow. Wu's team sequenced the DNA from each patient's tumors and used computational methods to predict mutations that coded for neoantigens. Then they made each patient a personal vaccine containing about 20 of these neoantigens. The researchers injected the vaccine under the patients' skin periodically for 5 months. They had no serious side effects and showed "strong, potent T cell responses" specific to many of their vaccine neoantigens. All are now cancer-free up to 32 months later. The two patients with the most advanced disease did relapse, but Wu's team deployed an additional weapon: an immunotherapy drug called a PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. These antibody drugs block receptors on T cells that tumors use to hide from the immune system. On their own, the drugs have vanquished tumors in people with certain cancers who otherwise had no hope. Similar results come from an international trial using a vaccine developed by Ugur Sahin of University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. The team injected RNA coding for up to 10 tumor neoantigens into the lymph nodes of 13 advanced melanoma patients whose tumors had been removed. Eleven remain cancer-free up to 26 months later, including two whose tumors reappeared, then shrank or were surgically removed, Sahin says. Another patient whose cancer returned received a PD-1 inhibitor and is also tumor-free. Pardoll and others caution, however, that it's not possible to know whether neoantigen vaccines perform better than a PD-1 inhibitor alone without doing larger studies. Other questions remain about how best to design and deliver neoantigen vaccines. Right now the vaccines are costly and take months to make, which may be too long for some patients with metastatic disease. Meanwhile, several biotech companies are launching trials combining neoantigen vaccines and checkpoint inhibitors for various cancers. The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy in San Francisco, California, launched a year ago by Napster co-founder and biotech billionaire Sean Parker, is trying to figure out how to tailor the best possible vaccines through a competition.
11. What is new of the tumor vaccines in Professor Wu's study?______
A.They are personalized with multiple mutated proteins to protect patients.
B.They are more powerful on the base of new single proteins.
C.They are experimented on humans instead of animals only.
D.They are about to be massively produced to be clinically used.
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“伍教授的研究中的肿瘤疫苗新在哪里?”A项“它们使用多种突变蛋白进行个性化处理,以保护患者”;B项“由于使用了新的单一蛋白质,它们的功能更强大”;C项“它们是在人类而非动物身上进行实验的”;D项“它们将被大量生产用于临床”。第三段第二句提到“……这些新疫苗则包含了针对特定患者肿瘤的多种突变蛋白或‘新抗原’”,这就是这个疫苗新的地方,故选A。 [内容概要] 本文主要介绍了的一种针对个体肿瘤中突变蛋白量身定制个性化疫苗的疗法。文章介绍了围绕该疗法进行了一系列实验,整体的效果良好,同时还介绍了一种PD-1检查点抑制剂。但是这两个方式哪一个更好,需要进一步大规模的实验,多家生物科技公司正在着手这个实验。 [参考译文] 半个世纪以来,研究人员一直梦想为癌症患者提供疫苗,以帮助免疫系统将肿瘤识别为异物并将其清除。现在,一种针对个体肿瘤中突变蛋白量身定制个性化疫苗的新方法似乎已经阻止了12名皮肤癌患者的早期复发。 波士顿达纳一法伯癌症研究所的凯瑟琳·伍说:“我们正处于个性化癌症疫苗的这一非常激动人心的新时刻。”上周她的研究团队在华盛顿特区举行的美国癌症研究协会(AACR)年会上发表了研究结果。另外一个研究队伍也取得了类似的令人鼓舞的数据。两项主要旨在测试安全性和免疫应答的小型研究确实“很有希望”,马里兰州巴尔的摩市约翰·霍普金斯大学的德鲁·帕多尔说道。但是,他警告说,现在要确认疫苗是否会延长癌症患者的寿命的结论还“为时过早”。 早些时候,失败的癌症疫苗通常是针对患者体内共有的一种独特的癌蛋白,而这些新疫苗则包含了针对特定患者肿瘤的多种突变蛋白或“新抗原”。给患者一定剂量的肿瘤新抗原,这些新抗原对免疫系统来说是外来者,所以应该有助于激活称为T细胞的免疫细胞攻击癌细胞。 一项新研究在6名黑色素瘤患者中进行,他们的癌细胞已经扩散到淋巴结或其他部位。患者的肿瘤已通过外科手术切除,但很可能会重生。伍的团队对每个患者肿瘤中的DNA进行了测序,并使用计算方法来预测用于新抗原编码的突变。然后,他们为每位患者提供了一种含有约20种新抗原的个人疫苗。研究1人员定期为这些患者进行皮下注射疫苗5个月。患者没有严重的副作用,并且显示出针对其许多疫苗新抗原的“强而有力的T细胞应答”。现在,所有患者都保持无癌状态32个月了。 2名病情最严重的患者确实复发了,但伍的团队准备了另一种武器:一种称为PD-1检查点抑制剂的免疫治疗药物。这些抗体药物可阻断肿瘤用于躲避免疫系统的T细胞上的受体。就其本身而言,这些药物已经有了消除患有某些癌症的患者的肿瘤的历史。 使用德国约翰内斯·古腾堡大学医学中心的乌格·萨因开发的疫苗进行的一项国际试验也得出了类似的结果。研究小组将编码多达10种肿瘤新抗原的RNA注射到13位已切除肿瘤的晚期黑色素瘤患者的淋巴结里。26个月后,有11例患者保持无癌状态,其中2例肿瘤重现,随后肿瘤缩小或进行了手术切除,萨因说道。另外一位癌症复发的患者接受了PD-1抑制剂,并且保持无癌状态。 但是,帕多尔等人也警告说,如果不进行大规模的研究是无法得知新抗原疫苗是否比单独的PD-1抑制剂具有更好的性能。在如何最好地设计和提供新抗原疫苗上还有其他问题。目前,这种疫苗价格昂贵,制造需要花费数月的时间,对于某些癌细胞转移的患者来说时间可能太久了。 同时,几家生物技术公司正在启动针对多种癌症的新抗原疫苗和检查点抑制剂相结合的试验。纳普斯特联合创始人兼生物技术亿万富翁肖恩·帕克于一年前创办了位于加利福尼亚州旧金山的帕克癌症免疫疗法研究所,这个研究所正在试图弄清楚如何通过竞赛的方式来量身定制最佳的疫苗。 [难句解析] 1.Now, a new approach that tailors a personalized vaccine to the mutated proteins in an individual's tumor appears to have prevented early relapses in 12 people with skin cancer. 这是一个复杂句。句子主干为...a new approach...appears to have prevented early relapses...。开头的定语从句作主语,其先行词为approach,从句由that引导,主语是三个what引导的并列短语“What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know”。同时句子采用了“not...but...”的句式。句意为:现在,一种针对个体肿瘤中突变蛋白量身定制个性化疫苗的新方法似乎已经阻止了12名皮肤癌患者的早期复发。 2.Whereas earlier, unsuccessful cancer vaccines usually targeted a single distinctive cancer protein shared among patients, these new ones contain multiple mutated proteins, or "neoantigens," that are specific to an individual patient's tumor. 这是一个简单句。这句结构比较散,需要理顺关系。whereas为连词引导了两种疫苗的比较,多置于句首;that为代词,指代multiple mutated proteins, or "neoantigens",切勿看成从句连接词。distinctive独特的;multiple多个的,多样的。句意为:早些时候,失败的癌症疫苗通常是针对患者体内共有的一种独特的癌蛋白,而这些新疫苗则包含了针对特定患者肿瘤的多种突变蛋白或“新抗原”。
12. What is true about the new study conducted in 6 patients?______
A.They were just diagnosed as the melanoma cancer.
B.Their tumors had been stopped to spread completely by surgery.
C.The personalized vaccine actually is based on the patients' DNA sequence.
D.Their tumors were likely to regrow after their injections.
BY EARLY 1920, nearly two years after the end of The First World War and the first outbreak of Spanish flu, the disease had killed as many as 100m people—more than both world wars combined. Yet few would name it as the biggest disaster of the 20th century. Some call it the "forgotten flu". Almost a century on, "Pale Rider", a scientific and historic account of Spanish flu, addresses this collective amnesia. Influenza, like all viruses, is a parasite. Laura Spinney traces its long shadow over human history; records are patchy and uncertain, but Hippocrates's "Cough of Perinthus" in 412 BC may be its first written description. Influenza-shaped footprints can be traced down the centuries: the epidemic that struck during Rome's siege of Syracuse in 212 BC; the febrisitalica that plagued Charlemagne's troops in the ninth century. The word "influenza" started being used towards the end of the Middle Ages from the Italian for "influence"—the influence of the stars. That was the state of knowledge then; in some ways at the start of the 20th century it was little better. Ms. Spinney, an occasional contributor to The Economist, recreates the world that Spanish flu came into. At the beginning of the 20th century science was on the rise. Scientists had switched miasma theory of disease for germ theory: they understood that many diseases were caused not by "bad airs", but by microscopic organisms like bacteria. This led to improvements in hygiene and sanitation, as well as the development of vaccines. But viruses were almost unknown. The magnification of optical microscopes was too weak to show them up. People could spot bacteria, but not viruses, which are smaller than the wavelength of visible light. Until the electron microscope was invented in the 1930s, influenza was, like the Higgs boson before 2012, a theoretical entity: its existence was deduced from its effects. In the face of such uncertainty, public faith in medicine wavered. People reverted to superstition: sugar lumps soaked in kerosene, and aromatic fires to clear "miasmas". Even so, Spanish flu was exceptionally deadly—about 25 times more so than seasonal flu. No one fully understands why. Ms. Spinney ties the virulence of Spanish flu to its genetic irregularities and does a good job of explaining containment strategies through epidemiology. She draws on contemporary research, too, including the recent controversy about recreating the strain responsible for the pandemic. Ms. Spinney is sanguine about the risks of such experiments : influenza appears to have all the ingredients for another catastrophic pandemic and scientists, using caution, should probably do all they can to learn more about it. Perhaps the most valuable aspect of this book, though, is its global perspective, tracing the course of the disease in Brazil, India, South Africa and Australia, among other places. In Europe and North America the first world war killed more than Spanish flu; everywhere else the reverse is true. Yet most narratives focus on the West, and only partly because that is where the best records are. Ms. Spinney's book goes some way to redress the balance.
16. Which of the following description about Spanish flu is true?______
A.It first broke out as early as The First World War.
B.Historical recordings about the first outbreak are elaborate.
C.It was called the biggest disaster in 20th century.
D.Spanish flu still needs to be explored from different angles.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是“下列哪些关于西班牙流感的描述为真?”A项“该流感最早发生在一战时期”;B项“关于流感的首次爆发的历史记录非常详尽”;C项“该流感被称为20世纪最大的灾难”;D项“西班牙流感仍需要从不同的角度加以研究”。根据第三段“斯宾尼女士……重塑了西班牙流感出现时的世界”可对流感的出现时间进行确认,第三段提到了20世纪初,这应该就是西班牙流感出现的时间,可排除A项;第一段中称西班牙流感为“被遗忘的流感”,说明对它的记录非常稀少,可排除B项;根据第一段“很少有人将其称为20世纪最大的灾难”可排除C项;从后文可以看出,人们对西班牙流感的了解还不够彻底,需要更多的研究,故选D。 [内容概要] 本文主要介绍了西班牙流感的相关信息。西班牙流感在近代的爆发夺走了大量生命,然而对它的记录非常稀少。劳拉·斯宾尼女士的文章《苍白骑士》从历史和科学的角度进行了病史的追溯、病源的分析和病情的遏制和研究的讨论。她的文章弥补了人们对西班牙流感的认识不足,但对该流感的研究并没有结束。 [参考译文] 20世纪20年代初,差不多是第一次世界大战结束和第一次西班牙流感爆发后近两年的时候,西班牙流感已经杀死了多达1亿人——比两次世界大战的死亡人数加起来还多。然而,很少有人将其称为20世纪最大的灾难。有人称其为“被遗忘的流感”。差不多一个世纪后,一份被称为《苍白骑士》的关于西班牙流感的科学历史记录才解决了这场集体性失忆。 流感像所有病毒一样,是一种寄生虫。劳拉·斯宾尼追踪了它在人类历史上留下的长长的影子;虽然很多记录都不完整也不确定,但是希波克拉底在公元前412年记录的“百日咳”可能是其第一个书面描述。流感的足迹走过了几百年:罗马在公元前212年对锡拉丘兹进行围攻期间爆发的流行病;在9世纪时困扰查理曼大帝军队的“febrisitalica”病。到了中世纪末期,意大利人开始使用“流感”(influenza)一词,意思为“影响”(influence)——恒星的影响。这就是当时对流感的认知:从某些方面来说,一直到20世纪初,情况都没什么好转。 斯宾尼女士偶尔为《经济学人》撰写文章。她重塑了西班牙流感出现时的世界。20世纪初,科学开始兴起。科学家已经用细菌学的理论代替了邪气引起疾病的说法:他们明白许多疾病不是由“邪气”引起的,而是由细菌等微观生物引起的。这推动了卫生条件的改善以及疫苗的开发。但是人们对病毒几乎一无所知。光学显微镜的放大率太弱,无法显示出来病毒。人们可以发现细菌,却找不到病毒,因为病毒比可见光的波长还要小。在30年代发明电子显微镜之前,流感就像2012年以前的希格斯玻色子一样,只是一个理论上的实体:它的存在是从其作用推导得出的。面对这种不确定性,公众对医学的信念动摇了。人们回到迷信状态:将糖块浸入煤油中,然后用香火驱散“邪气”。 即便如此,西班牙流感还是非常致命的——致死率大约是季节性流感的25倍。没人能够完全理解原因何在。斯宾尼女士将西班牙流感的病毒性与遗传异常联系在一起,从流行病学角度很好地解释了遏制流感的策略。她还借鉴了当代研究,包括最近关于是否要重造引起这场流行病的病毒株的争议。斯宾尼女士对此类实验的风险持乐观态度:流感似乎具有引发另一场灾难性流行病的所有因素,科学家应谨慎行事并竭尽所能去了解更多的信息。 也许本书最有价值的是它的全球视角,它追溯了巴西、印度、南非和澳大利亚等地的流感过程。在欧洲和北美,第一次世界大战造成的死亡人数超过了西班牙流感;而在其他任何地方,情况都是相反的。然而,大多数叙述都是关于西方的,一部分原因是因为西方的疾病记录最为完善。斯宾尼女士的书在某种程度上重新调整了这种平衡。 [难句解析] 1.Until the electron microscope was invented in the 1930s, influenza was, like the Higgs boson before 2012, a theoretical entity: its existence was deduced from its effects. 这是一个简单句。句子主干为Influenza was...a theoretical entity。until是连词,表示在电子显微镜出现之前;like the短语是将流感和希格斯玻色子作类比,是插入语。theoretical理论上的;deduce推理。句意为:在30年代发明电子显微镜之前,流感就像2012年以前的希格斯玻色子一样,只是一个理论上的实体:它的存在是从其作用推导得出的。 2.Perhaps the most valuable aspect of this book, though, is its global perspective, tracing the course of the disease in Brazil, India, South Africa and Australia, among other places. 这是一个简单句。虽然出现了though这个引导让步从句的词,但在这里只是语气词。主子主干是Perhaps the most valuable aspect of this book is its global perspective...。后面现在分词短语作伴随状态,解释说明前半句话。aspect方面;perspective视角。句意为:也许本书最有价值的是它的全球视角,它追溯了巴西、印度、南非和澳大利亚等地的流感过程。
17. What was the world like when Spanish flu came into according to Ms. Spinney?______
A.They still thought diseases were caused by unsanitary air.
B.Germ theory got into their research scope.
C.Vaccines were successfully developed and applied.
D.Optical microscopes were used to observe bacteria and virus.
19. What does "sanguine" mean in the Paragraph 4?______
A.Confident.
B.Worried.
C.Scientific.
D.Objective.
A B C D
A
[解析] 释义题。题目问的是“第四段中sanguine这个词的意思是什么?”A项“自信的”;B项“担忧的”;C项 “科学的”;D项“客观的”。根据第四段原句“Ms. Spinney is sanguine about the risks of such experiments: influenza appears to have all the ingredients for another catastrophic pandemic and scientists, using caution, should probably do all they can to learn more about it.”中的冒号后的内容“流感似乎具有引发另一场灾难性流行病的所有因素,科学家应谨慎行事并竭尽所能去了解更多的信息。”可以看出,斯宾尼女士认为科学家要谨慎和尽力去了解流感,因为这是一个具有流行病的所有条件的对象。这说明虽然流感是有风险的,但她支持科学实验。因此态度上来看还是支持的,故选A。
20. The global perspective of Spinney makes us know ______.
A.more people were killed by flu than that by the war in some places
B.there were no Spanish flu outbreaks except for Europe and America
C.only the western countries kept documents on Spanish flu
D.spinney is a high valued writer for New York Times
Some western countries have lower vaccination rates than poor parts of Africa. Anti-vaxxers are not the main culprits. ERADICATING a disease is the sort of aim that rich countries come up with, and poor ones struggle to reach. But for some diseases, the pattern is reversed. These are the ailments for which vaccinations exist. Many poor countries run highly effective vaccination programmes. But as memories of the toll from infectious diseases fades across the rich world, in some places they are making a comeback. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reckons that vaccines save 2.5m lives a year. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 with the help of a vaccine; polio should soon follow. In both cases, rich countries led the way. The new pattern looks very different. The trend is most evident for measles, which is highly contagious. At least 95% of people must be vaccinated to stop its spread ( a threshold known as "herd immunity"). Although usually mild, it can lead to pneumonia and cause brain damage or blindness. The countries with the lowest vaccination rates are all very poor, but many developing countries run excellent programmes. Eritrea, Rwanda and Sri Lanka manage to vaccinate nearly everyone. By contrast several rich countries, including America, Britain, France and Italy, are below herd immunity. Last year Europe missed the deadline it had set itself in 2010 to eradicate measles, and had almost 4,000 cases. America was declared measles-free in 2000; in 2014 it had hundreds of cases across 27 states and last year saw its first death from the disease in more than a decade. The trends for other vaccine-preventable diseases, such as rubella, which can cause congenital disabilities if a pregnant woman catches it, are alarming, too. This sorry state of affairs is often blamed on hardline "anti-vaxxers," parents who refuse all vaccines for their children. They are a motley lot. The Amish in America spurn modern medicine, along with almost everything else invented since the 17th century. Some vegans object to the use of animal-derived products in vaccines' manufacture. The Protestant Dutch Reformed Church thinks vaccines thwart divine will. Anthroposophy, founded in the 19th century by Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian mystic-cum-philosopher, preaches that diseases strengthen children's physical and mental development. In most countries such refuseniks are only 2%-3% of parents. But because they tend to live in clusters, they can be the source of outbreaks. A bigger problem, though, is the growing number of parents who delay vaccination, or pick and choose jabs. Studies from America, Australia and Europe suggest that about a quarter of parents fall into this group, generally because they think that the standard vaccination schedule, which protects against around a dozen diseases, "overloads" children's immune systems, or that particular vaccines are unsafe. Some believe vaccines interfere with "natural immunity". Many were shaken by a claim, later debunked, that there was a link between autism and the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella. In America, some poor children miss out on vaccines despite a federal programme to provide the jabs free, since they have no regular relationship with a family doctor.
21. What can we learn about the vaccination in the developed countries?______
A.They should learn from the poor African countries.
B.Their low vaccination rate is mainly due to anti-vaxxers.
C.They have vaccination for all the diseases.
D.They could have stopped those old infectious diseases by vaccination.
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。题干问的是“从发达国家的疫苗接种中可以了解到的信息。”A选项说“发达国家应该向贫穷的非洲国家学习”,通过第一段可知,不是非洲所有疫苗的接种率都高于西方,对于有的疾病,西方比非洲处理得更好,因此A选项错误。同时根据第一段可知,西方有些疫苗接种率低于非洲的原因并不是仅仅因为反疫苗者。故B选项错误。C选项“所以疾病都有疫苗”根据医学常识明显错误。通过第一段最后可知发达国家对卷土重来的传染病应该实施更有效的手段。D选项“本来能够通过疫苗来阻止疾病的传播,但并没有做到”符合定义。故选D。 [内容概要] 本文通过比较西方国家和贫穷国家疫苗接种情况的变化,指出了疫苗接种的必要性,同时提到了疫苗接种的反对声音,以及所带来的结果,最后分析了目前疫苗接种所存在的问题。 [参考译文] 一些西方国家的疫苗接种率低于非洲贫困地区。反疫苗者并非罪魁祸首。消灭疾病是富裕国家提出的目标,而贫穷国家则要努力实现。但对于某些疾病来说,情况正好相反。这些疾病都需要接种疫苗。许多贫穷国家实施了非常有效的接种计划。但是,随着传染病在发达国家死亡的记忆逐渐淡去,但在某些地方,这些传染病正在卷土重来。据世界卫生组织估计,疫苗每年能挽救250万人的生命。 1980年,天花在疫苗的作用下得以消灭;不久小儿麻痹症也被根除。在这两个案例中,富裕国家都起到了带头作用。然而,新的情况看起来与此不同。这种新趋势在具有高度传染性的麻疹中最为明显。至少95%的人必须接种疫苗以阻止其传播(这一阈值被称为“群体免疫”)。尽管麻疹通常是温和的,但它仍可能导致肺炎、脑损伤和失明等后遗症。疫苗接种率最低的国家都非常贫穷,但是许多发展中国家却实施了良好的疫苗接种方案。其中,厄立特里亚、卢旺达和斯里兰卡设法为几乎所有人接种疫苗。相比之下,包括美国、英国、法国、意大利在内的一些发达国家则低于群体免疫水平。去年,欧洲错过了2010年设定的消灭麻疹的最后期限,有近4000例麻疹病例。2000年,美国宣布根除麻疹;直到2014年,全美27个州仍然有数百例麻疹病例涌现,且在去年出现了近十年来首例麻疹死亡事件。其他一些可通过注射疫苗预防的疾病的趋势也令人担忧,例如风疹,如果孕妇感染风疹,可能会导致先天性残疾。人们通常将这一窘境归咎于强硬的“反疫苗者”,即拒绝为孩子接种所有疫苗的父母。他们是形形色色的人。例如,美国的阿米什人排斥现代医学,以及自17世纪以来发明的几乎所有其他东西;一些素食主义者反对在疫苗生产中使用动物衍生产品;荷兰新教归正会认为疫苗阻碍了神的旨意;奥地利神秘主义者兼哲学家鲁道夫·施泰纳于19世纪创立了人智说(anthroposphilosophy),宣扬疾病能促进儿童的身心发展。在大多数国家,反疫苗者仅有2%~3%是家长。然而,因为他们大多为群居生活,这可能使得他们成为疾病暴发的源头。 然而,一个更大的问题是,越来越多的父母推迟接种或者选择性接种疫苗。来自美国、澳大利亚和欧洲的研究表明,大约四分之一的父母属于这一类,通常是因为他们认为标准的疫苗接种计划(可以预防十多种疾病)令儿童的免疫系统“超负荷”,或者特定的疫苗是不安全的。一些人认为疫苗干预了“自然免疫”。许多人曾被一个说法所动摇,这种说法后来被揭穿了,即自闭症和预防麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹三联疫苗(MMR疫苗)之间存在联系。在美国,尽管联邦政府提供免费接种疫苗,一些贫穷儿童还是没能及时接种,因为他们难以定期与家庭医生保持联系。 [难句解析] 1.Anthroposophy, founded in the 19th century by Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian mystic-cum-philosopher, preaches that diseases strengthen children's physical and mental development. 本句为主从复合句。主句为Anthroposophy preaches that...,其中that引导宾语从句。主句中有两个插入语:Founded in the 19th century by Rudolf Steiner是过去分词短语,补充说明anthroposophy; an Austrian mystic-cum-philosopher是同位语,补充说明Rudolf Steiner。句意为:奥地利神秘主义者兼哲学家鲁道夫·施泰纳于19世纪创立了人智说(anthroposphilosophy),宣扬疾病能促进儿童的身心发展。 2.Studies from America, Australia and Europe suggest that about a quarter of parents fall into this group, generally because they think that the standard vaccination schedule, which protects against around a dozen diseases, "overloads" children's immune systems, or that particular vaccines are unsafe. 本句为主从复合句。主句为:Studies suggest that...。that引导宾语从句。because后面为原因状语从句,从句中包含两个由or连接的并列宾语从句,which protects against around a dozen diseases为定语从句修饰schedule。句意为:来自美国、澳大利亚和欧洲的研究表明,大约四分之一的父母属于这一类,通常是因为他们认为标准的疫苗接种计划(可以预防十多种疾病)令儿童的免疫系统“超负荷”,或者特定的疫苗是不安全的。
22. The author mentioned polio and smallpox as an example to ______.
A.illustrate how effective the vaccines are
B.prove what big jobs the developed countries have done
C.urge poor countries to follow suits in vaccination
D.form a contrast with the negative case coming up
23. According to the passage, herd immunity is ______.
A.the only way to stop some highly infective disease spreading
B.at least 95% of the population should get infected
C.a new field that is being learned in many countries
D.a therapy to cure mild contagious disease such as measles
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题。题干问的是“群体免疫是什么?”根据题干关键词herd immunity定位到第二段第五句“At least 95% of people must be vaccinated to stop its spread (a threshold known as 'herd immunity').”由此可知为阻止疾病的传播,至少95%的人必须接种疫苗以阻止其传播(这一阈值被称为“群体免疫”)。群体免疫就是让至少95%的人群接种疫苗,这是阻止传染病传播的唯一办法。故选A。
24. Which of the following is NOT blamed for the vaccinate situation in developed countries?______
A.Anti-vaxxers, who refuse all the vaccines for their children.
B.Vegetarians, who resist the vaccine tested and made in animals.
C.Some religion believers, who hold on ridiculous beliefs on human beings.
D.Governments, who misjudge the current situation of infectious diseases.
When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread. The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before. There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and therefore, the patient's death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3,000 Americans would be left dead. Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.
26. The best title for the text may be ______.
A."Vaccinations: A Blessing or a Curse"
B."Principles of Vaccinations"
C."Vaccines: Methods and Implications"
D."A Miracle Cure under Attack"
A B C D
C
[解析] 主旨题。题目问的是“本文最佳的题目是什么。”A项“疫苗接种:福音还是诅咒”;B项“预防接种原则”:C项“疫苗接种:方法和意义”;D项“受到攻击的奇迹疗法”。根据文章最后一句,可知疫苗接种是祸福参半的事,并不能二选一,排除A项;B和D文中并没有提到;C项符合定义,从客观角度解读了疫苗接种的相关信息,故选C。 [内容概要] 本文主要介绍了疫苗接种的相关信息。在疫情发生的时候,接种疫苗是保护生命安全和抑制疫情发展的很好方式。接下来,作者介绍了接种的原理,同时以天花疫苗为例,指出接种并不是百分之百安全的,也会对生命造成威胁。最后得出结论:接种是一个祸福参半的事情。 [参考译文] 当流行病蔓延到民众中时,科学家们立即开始工作,试图找到病源并找到与之对抗的方法。 通常来说,科学家的工作是可以成功的,因为医学方法能够隔离导致问题的寄生虫、细菌或细胞,并找到有效杀死或遏制病源的方法。在最严重的情况下,某地区或国家的全部人口都可能处于严重风险中的时候,有必要通过疫苗接种保护全民,在保护生命的同时确保疾病不会扩散。 疫苗接种过程会使病人的身体对病毒或疾病产生免疫力,这样,再碰到这种疾病时,人们可以自然地抵御它。为此,少量微弱的或失效的病毒株实际上是在受控的环境中注射到患者身上,从而使患者的身体免疫系统可以学会正确地与身体的入侵者战斗。有关如何穿透疾病防御系统的信息会自然而然地传递给患者免疫系统的所有要素,其中蕴含的遗传信息会从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞。这可以确保,如果患者以后真的染病,他的身体已经接受过和疾病战斗的训练,做好了准备。 当然,接种过程也是有风险的。有时,疫苗中所含的微弱的病毒也是人体无法承受的,会导致免疫系统崩溃,从而造成患者死亡。天花疫苗就是这种情况,本来疫苗是为了消除几乎摧毁所有美洲原住民并杀死了大量欧洲移民的流行性天花。 接种疫苗的人每1万人中约有1人从疫苗中感染了天花并死亡。因此,如果今天所有美国人都接种了天花疫苗,那么将有三千名美国人丧生。 幸运的是,在20世纪70年代初,天花病毒被认为彻底消灭,从而结束了美国所有婴儿的强制性疫苗接种。但是,如果天花再次出现,则可能会继续进行强制性疫苗接种,那么可能会有更多意外的由于疫苗接种死亡的案例。接种真的是一个祸福参半的事情,确实可以掩盖一些隐藏的诅咒。 [难句解析] 1.Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. 这是一个复杂句。句子主干是Information...is transmitted to all elements...in a process...。information后面的介词短语补充说明是什么样的信息,elements后面的介词短语说明是什么的元素,process后面的that定语从句修饰process,之后的非限制性定语从句in which是修饰之前的整个句子,先行词为information。penetrate穿透;defense防卫;cell细胞。句意为:有关如何穿透疾病防御系统的信息会自然而然地传递给患者免疫系统的所有要素,其中蕴含的遗传信息会从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞。 2.This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before. 这是一个宾语从句。正常语序应该是This makes sure that his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it (like) having already done so before, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem。should the patient later come into contact with the real problem是虚拟语气,因为省略了if所以进行了倒装。having already done so before的主语是his body,此处用现在分词表示伴随状态。equip动词,“装备”。句意为:这可以确保,如果患者以后真的染病,他的身体已经接受过和疾病战斗的训练,做好了准备。
27. What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?______
A.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.
B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.
C.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.
D.The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.
28. The phrase "ward it off naturally" (Paragraph 3) most probably means ______.
A.dispose of it naturally
B.fight it off with ease
C.see to it reluctantly
D.split it up properly
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是“词组ward if off naturally(第三段)最有可能的意思是?”A项“自然地处理”;B项“轻松应对”;C项“勉强办理”;D项“适当地分割”。根据第三段“疫苗接种过程会使病人的身体对病毒或疾病产生免疫力,这样,再碰到这种疾病时,人们可以ward if off naturally”可以推断出这个词组是应对、处理的意思。A和B都比较合适,但dispose of多指把多余的东西处理掉,而这里是和疾病抗争的意思,因此B更合适,故选B。
29. Which of the following is true according to the text?______
A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.
B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.
C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.
D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.
1. Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
Recently, the Outline of Healthy China 2030 Plan is issued, which is a milestone in the modernization of national health construction. In order to implement the outline of planning, three implications of "Healthy China" should be comprehended scientifically. From the perspective of health, "Healthy China" is a development goal, which refers to the health condition and longevity of Chinese people reaching the advanced level in the world. From the perspective of people's lives, "Healthy China" is a kind of lifestyle in which everyone has a healthy conception and healthy life, and every family can enjoy health services and health security. From the perspective of national development, "Healthy China" is a development model that places priority on the development of people's health, integrates health into all policies, tries to protect people's health in all directions and throughout the whole cycle. The construction of "Healthy China" is a grand strategy, which is bound to face new challenges. It asks for the function transferring of the Department of Health and Family Planning Administration from industrial management to social governance and public service management. How to promote the implementation of the outline of planning? First, we should develop a people-oriented and health-centered service concept. Second, we should focus on strengthening system integration. The outline of planning also proposes to construct and perfect an exercise prescription database.