Section A Directions: In this section you will hear five conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear three questions about the conversation. The question will be spoken only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] W: Today, we have Mr. Paul Phillips, an expert from the High Field Hospital. Paul, what's your advice for singers facing voice problems? M: If singers have got voice problems, they really need to be more selective about medicines. Aspirin, for example. If a singer coughs, aspirin can result in the bruising of the vocal cords. W: And what do you think can be the problem young pop singers faced with? M: Most pop singers suffer from three things: lack of training, overuse and abuse of the voice, especially when they are young. W: So, what would you advise the singers to do? M: Warm your voice up before a show and warm it down after.
What does Paul Phillips say about aspirin?
[解析] 由男士所说的“If a singer coughs, aspirin can result in the bruising of the vocal cords”可知,阿司匹林会损害歌手的声带。故选D。
2.
A.They are eager to become famous.
B.Many lack professional training.
C.Few will become successful.
D.They live a glamorous life.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What does Paul Phillips say about young pop singers?
[解析] 由男士所回答的“lack of training, overuse and abuse of the voice”可知,年轻的流行歌手缺乏训练,滥用嗓子。故选B。
3.
A.Give up touring.
B.Be more selective about the tour location.
C.Warm their voice up before a show and warm it down after.
D.Get more professional voice training.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What is Paul Phillips' advice for the singers who have to go on tour?
[解析] 由男士所回答的“Warm you voice up before a show and warm it down after”可知,在演出前后要预热声音。故选C。
[听力原文] W: Good morning. Can I help you? M: Yes, I hope so. Thank God, you speak English. W: Well, just a little. What seems to be wrong? M: I've got an upset stomach. I've been up all night with it. Now, I've got a bad headache as well. W: I see. When did it first start? M: When I went to bed. W: Have you got diarrhea? Is it very loose? M: That's what it feels like. W: Are you drinking plenty of water? Bottled water? M: I've had a few sips of water. I feel terribly thirsty. W: Have you taken anything? Did you bring anything from home? M: I've got only these indigestion tablets.
Which of the following best describes the man in the dialogue?
[解析] 由女士所说的“Well, just a little. What seems to be wrong”可知,她是一名医生;由男士回答的“I've got an upset stomach. I've been up all night with it. Now, I've got a bad headache as well”可知,他是一名拜访者,来看医生。故选B。
5.
A.Cough.
B.Diarrhea.
C.Headache.
D.Stomach upset.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] The man suffered from the following symptoms except ______.
[解析] 由男士回答的“I've got an upset stomach, Now, I've got a bad headache as well”和“Have you got diarrhea? That's what it feels like”可知,男士胃疼,头疼还有腹泻的症状,并未提及咳嗽。故选A。
6.
A.Pain-killers.
B.Cough syrup.
C.Antidiarrheas.
D.Indigestion tablets.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] What medicine did the man bring with him from home?
[解析] 由男士回答的“I've got only these indigestion tablets”可知,他带了一些消化不良药。故选D。
[听力原文] W: Well, you'll probably have to have an operation to remove the bowel or some of it, I'm afraid. M: How will I go on without a bowel? How can I live without a bowel? W: During the operation, they will fit you externally with a colostomy bag. M: You mean a bag of shit hanging inside my clothes? W: Well, broadly speaking, yes. It is sealed and odour-free. And nobody need ever know you've got one unless you tell them. M: Well, thanks a lot. Cancer of the bowel.All this time you have been prescribing me tablets for hard brain. And it turns out I've got a cancer of the bowel?
What is wrong with the man?
[解析] 由男士所说的“Cancer of the bowel”知道,他得了肠癌。故选A。
8.
A.To have a colonoscopy.
B.To seek a second opinion.
C.To be put on chemotherapy.
D.To have his bowel removed.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] What does the doctor recommend the man to do?
[解析] 由女士所说的“Well, you'll probably have to have an operation to remove the bowel or some of it”可知,建议男士做手术移除肠子。故选D。
9.
A.Thankful.
B.Admiring.
C.Resentful.
D.Respectful.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What is the man's attitude toward the doctor?
[解析] 由男士所说的“All this time you have been prescribing me tablets for hard brain.And it turns out I've got a cancer of the bowel?”可知,这个医生一直给他开的药都是关于脑子的,现在居然查出是肠癌,所以他对医生的态度是厌恶的。故选C。
[听力原文] W: Mr. Scott, I like to record this consultation, so you and Mrs. Scott can play back later anything that may not be clear to you today. I'm afraid, it's likely that you've got a re-occurrence of cancer in your pancreas. M: Dr. Smith, do I need surgery? W: Surgery isn't an option of this stage. Although we cannot operate, there are still a lot we can do to help you. M: What's my life expectancy? How long have I got? W: People with this condition vary a great deal. I will be wrong to give you a definite time scale. But I'd say it's a matter of months rather than years.
What is the recorded consultation for?
[解析] 由女医生所说的“Mr. Scott, I like to record this consultation,so you and Mrs. Scott can play back later anything that may not be clear to you today”可知,记录这次会诊是为了病人之后可以回听不清楚的部分。故选D。
11.
A.He has got cancer in his pancreas.
B.He falls with a stomach problem.
C.He suffers from fatigue.
D.He has a loss of weight.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] According to the doctor's diagnosis, what has happened to Mr. Scott?
[解析] 由女医生的回答“it's likely that you've got a re-occurrence of cancer in your pancreas”可知,Scott先生胰腺癌复发了。故选A。
12.
A.A couple of years.
B.More than 5 years.
C.A couple of months.
D.Approximately 5 years.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] According to the doctor, what might be Mr. Scott's life expectancy?
[解析] 由女医生的回答“But I'd say it's a matter of months rather than years”可知,他只有几个月的寿命了而不是几年。故选C。
[听力原文] W: Hi, Joe! What's up? M: Hi, Diana. Well, I saw a doctor who specializes in helping people quit smoking. The doctor recommended a therapy group that meets twice a week. W: So everyone in the group is trying to quit smoking? M: Yep. We were all in the same boat. We have a buddy system. If we need help, we call each other. W: That's really great! M: So far the toughest time is when I'm hanging out with friends. W: I guess you'll just have to chew a lot of gum. M: Yeah. My doctor told me to keep my mouth and hands busy, Chew gum, drink water, whistle, draw something, hold a pencil... just try to distract my mind.
How often does the therapy group meet?
[解析] 由男士所说的“The doctor recommended a therapy group that meets twice a week”可知,治疗小组一周见两次。故选B。
14.
A.Doing some exercise.
B.Changing the diet.
C.Chewing gum.
D.Changing the lifestyle.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] Which is NOT included in the methods recommended by the doctor to quit smoking?
[解析] 有男士所说的“My doctor told me to keep my mouth and hands busy. Chew gum, drink water, whistle, draw something, hold a pencil”可知,戒烟的时候要让手和嘴都忙起来,如嚼12香糖,并未提及改变饮食。故选B。
15.
A.It is a therapy group that the members help each other.
B.It is a health group that the members meet in a boat regularly.
C.It is sponsored by the smoke-quitting volunteers.
D.Anyone in this group could get help if they pay some money.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What can be learned about the buddy system?
[解析] 由男士所说的“We were all in the same boat. We have a buddy system. If we need help, we call each other”可知,伙伴系统就是大家都在同一条船上,要互相帮助。故选A。
Section B Directions: In this section you will hear five passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three questions about the passage. The question will be spoken only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] Keeping a diary is bad for your health, say UK psychologists. They found that people who regularly keep a diary suffer from headaches, sleeplessness, digestive problems and social awkwardness more than people who don't. This finding challenges the assumption that people find it easier to get over a traumatic event if they write about it. "We expected that diary keepers to have more benefits or be the same but they were worst off," says Elaine Duncan of Glasgow Caledonia University. "In fact, you will probably be much better off if you don't write anything at all." she adds. The study carried out with David Shefield of Staffordshire University was presented on Wednesday at a meeting of the British Psychological Society at Edinburgh:The peer studied 94 regular diarists, and compared their health with that of 41 non-diarists. The subjects, all students at Staffordshire University, answered questions about their diary keeping habits and filled in a standard questionnaire.
According to UK psychologists, regular diarists are more likely to suffer from the following EXCEPT ______.
[听力原文] Weighing too much can damage one's health, and obesity is a growing problem for both kids and adults around the world. To get a better idea, the researchers interviewed the parents of 785 third graders from around the country. The parents answered questions about how well their kids slept that year. Three years later, the parents answered the same questions. By the sixth grade, 18 percent of kids involved in the study were fat. The scientists found no relationship between weight and the students' race or gender. It also didn't matter how strict their parents were, or whether they were boys or girls. Over the 3 years of the study, the children averaged a healthy 9 hours of sleep a night. Some kids, however, slept a lot more or less than others.
How many students the researchers interviewed according to the passage?
[听力原文] In her early days as an emergency room physician, Dr. Joanna Myer talked to a girl's parents about how they should care for her at home. A few hours later, when she came to say goodbye, the family asked her to settle an argument they'd been having over exactly what advice she had given. "As I talked to them, I was amazed," she said. "All of them had heard the simple instructions I had given just a few hours before. But they had three or four different versions. The most basic details were unclear and confusing."This episode gave Dr. Myer her first clue to something every doctor learns sooner or later—most people just don't listen very well. What did the child's family members argue about in the hospital?
[听力原文] Steven Hawking: Life on other planets is likely, but intelligent life is less likely. Famed astrophysicist Stephen Hawking has been thinking a lot about the cosmic question, "Are we alone?" The answer is probably not, he says. If there is life elsewhere in the universe, Hawking asks why we haven't stumbled onto some alien broadcasts in space, maybe something like "alien quiz shows" Hawking' s comments were part of the lecture at George Washington University on Monday in honor of NASA' s 50th anniversary. He theorized that there are possible answers to whether there IS extraterrestrial ET life. One option is that there likely isn't any life elsewhere. Or maybe there is intelligent life elsewhere, but it gets smart enough to send signals into space; it is also smart enough to make destructive nuclear weapons(核武器)? Hawking said he prefers the third opinion: "Primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare," he then quickly added: "Some would say it has yet to occur on earth."
[听力原文] Increasingly, over the past ten years, people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits. That is because much of the food they eat, particularly processed food, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural food: which does not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today. Natural food, for example, is vegetables, fruits and grains which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount but not the quality—of food grown in commercial farming areas.
Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
Section A Directions: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. ______ is not only the health of humans but that of the earth.
A.At cost
B.At stake
C.At length
D.At intervals
A B C D
B
[解析] 人类和地球的健康都危在旦夕。 At cost“按成本价格计算”;At stake“濒于险境,处于成败关头”;At length“充分地,详尽地”;At intervals“不时地”。由句意可以推断出,此处应填处于危险中的词义,故选B。
2. The exercises you do next will be a little less precise in form due to ______ and therefore less effective.
4. To alleviate the problem of contaminated chicken, the experts recommend that the government shift its inspection emphasis from cursory bird-by-bird visual check to a more ______ random sampling for bacterial and chemical contamination.
Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. The very sight of the imposing buildings assured these tourists of the significant changes in this city.
3. Senior citizens are advised to go in for some creative activities to keep themselves mentally young.
A.search for
B.invest in
C.engage in
D.work out
A B C D
C
[解析] 有人建议老年人参加一些有创造性的活动,以使他们在精神上保持年轻。 go in for意为“从事,参与,致力于”。search for意为“搜寻”;invest in意为“投资”;engage in意为“从事,参加”;work out意为“制定”。根据题意,应选“从事,致力于”的近义词。故选C。
4. Presumably, excessive consumption of fried foods has serious consequences as has been proved.
Part Ⅲ Cloze Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. My father was 1 a strong man who loved being active, but a terrible illness 2 all that away. Now he can no longer walk. And he must sit quietly in a chair all day. Even talking is 3 . One night, I went to visit him with my sisters, we started talking about life, and I told them about one of my 4 . I said that we must always give things up as we grow—our youth, our beauty, our friends—but it always 5 that after we give something up, we gain something new in its place. Then suddenly my father spoke up. He said, "But, Peter. I gave up 6 ! What did I gain?" I thought and thought, but I could not think of anything to say. 7 he answered his own question: "I gained the love of my family." I looked at my sisters, and saw tears in their eyes, along with hope and thankfulness. I was also 8 by his words. After that, when I began to fell irritated at someone, I would remember his words and become 9 if he could replace his great pain with a feeling of love for others, then I should be able to give up my small irritations. In this way, I learned the power of acceptance from my father. Sometimes I 10 what other things I could learned from him if I had listened more carefully when I was a boy. For now, though, I am grateful for this gift.
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our bodies as well. First, let's talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place. If you call my mobile, you get me. If you call my fixed-line phone, you get whoever answers it. This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the "meeting" influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer "see you there at 8", but "text me around 8 and we'll see where we all are". Texting changes people as well. In their paper, "Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging", two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the "talkers" and the "texters"—those who prefer voice to text message and those who prefer text to voice. They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well. Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language. There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the "speakeasy": the head is held high in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the "spacemaker": these people focus on themselves and keep out other people. Who can blame them? Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people's privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you needn't worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.
1. When people plan to meet nowadays, they ______.
A.arrange the meeting place before hand
B.postpone fixing the place till last minute
C.seldom care about when and where to meet
D.still love to work out detailed meeting plans
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是现在人们是如何安排约会的。定位到第三段第四句和第六句,可知二十年前,需要提前安排周五的约会,然而现在可以临时安排当晚的活动。再定位到第三段第七句可知,现在人们不会提前确定见面的地点和时间,而是见面的时候随时联系。最后定位到第三段第三句,可知人们不再需要提前确定计划约会的时间和地点了,故选B。 [内容概要] 这是一篇以手机为主题的科普短文。作者讨论的是手机对文化带来的改变。过去人们约会见面的时间地点都需提前约定,而现在人们可以利用手机随时做决定。其次,手机的个性化和隐私性能够使爱好发短信的人展现出完全不一样的个性。 [参考译文] 就移动电话来说,它改变了一切。最近的研究表明,手机不仅改变了我们的文化,而且也改变了我们的身体。 首先,让我们谈谈文化。手机和其祖辈——固定电话的区别。一个手机号码对应一个人,而固定电话对应的则是一个地方。如果你打我的手机,你找到的是我。如果你打我的固定电话,你找到的是接电话的人。 这有好几个影响。然而,其最常见的一个是对“会面”的影响,它也许永远地改变了我们的文化。人们不再需要对何时何地会面做出固定计划。二十年前,我们需要提前安排如何度过星期五的晚上。你需要足够的时间让每个人从他们的工作地点到首要会面地点。然而,现在,一次晚上的约会可在奔波的路上进行安排。这已经不再是“我们8点在那里见”,而是“我们约在8点左右,到时候再看去哪里”。 发短信也改变了人。在“洞察短信的社会心理效应”的文章中,两个英国研究人员对两类手机用户进行了区分:“电话一族”和“短信一族”——那些喜欢打电话和那些喜欢发文字短信的人。 他们发现,手机的个性化和隐私化给发短信的人表达一个全新的个性的能力。发短信的人可能会报告说,如果他们的家人读了他们的短信会非常惊讶。这暗示了短信让个人呈现出与别人所熟悉的完全不同的自我形象。 另一位科学家写道,手机已经带来了身体语言的变化。在打电话时有两种方式,有“轻松通话者”:头部高高抬起,用的自信的方式聊天。有“距离保持者”:这些人专注于自己的通话,要和其他人保持一定的距离。 电话会议取消或更改以及拍照手机对个人隐私的侵犯。而谁又能去责怪手机?因此,如果你的手机使你紧张,这是可以理解的。但也许你不必过于担心。毕竟,交谈是一件好的事情。 [难句解析] The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place. 本句句架是“The difference is that...”,意指“与……之间的区别在于……”。“the fixed-line phone”是its parent的同位语,具体解释its parent是什么。while这里作连词,表示然而,表对比。句意为:手机和其祖辈——固定电话的区别。一个手机号码对应一个人,而固定电话对应的则是一个地方。
2. According to the two British researchers, the social and psychological effects are most likely to be seen on ______.
The men set off in silence. Pedro walked with his dog a few paces behind the boys. When neighbors saw them walking along in this formation they would say that Pedro looked like a veritable patron striding behind his peons. Yet there were mornings when Pedro talked to the boys in the course of their two-hour walk to the fields, giving advice or telling, what work had to be done. The boys, however, spoke only in answer to a question. Out of their father's earshot they would joke about their sweet hearts ox visits to the saloons of Cuahnahuac. But this morning they moved silently down the road. It was still barely light. All around them, just beyond the far edges of the fields, the blue-green slopes of the pine-covered mountains rose through the morning mist, Pedro and Ricardo were headed for the mountain slope cornfield which they had cleared the year before. This was communal land belonging to the municipality which consisted of seven villages; anyone could work it. New clearings had to be made every two or three years, for heavy rains washed the top soil away. To acquire new fields Pedro and his sons burned the brush and weeds, cut down young trees, and built new stone fences. The boys worked well; they had the largest mountain clearing in Azteca. But the crops could supply enough corn and beans for only three or four months. So Pedro had to try other means of earning a living as well—making rope from maguey fiber, selling plums, hiring out his sons as farm-hands. One thing he would not do to earn money was to make charcoal for sale, as so many of his neighbors did. This practice, he knew, was wasteful of the precious oak and pine forests and ultimately ruined land. He had been one of the leaders in the struggle for the preservation of the communal forest lands. So he made charcoal only once a year and only for the use of his family.
6. What did the neighbors mean when they said "Pedro looked like a veritable patron striding behind his peons"? They meant Pedro ______.
A.looked like a real landowner, in command of his peasant laborers
B.had to make sure his sons walk quickly enough
C.took good care of his sons
D.behaved like an army general
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是邻居们说佩德罗像个将军一样走在士兵的后面是什么意思?通过首段的set off“出发,动身”;“a few paces behind the boys, walking along in this formation”以这种队形前进等,可以推出Pedro的孩子是列队行走的,Pedro则像一个将军,故选D。 [内容概要] 这是一篇记叙文,以第三人称描写了佩德罗和他的孩子们早起去田里干活的景象。简要地介绍了他们的谋生方式并指出即使谋生十分困难,佩德罗也不愿意破坏环境砍树卖木炭。 [参考译文] 男人们沉默地出发了。佩德罗走在他的孩子和狗身后几步远的地方。当邻居看到他们走的队伍,他们会说佩德罗看起来像一个名副其实地走在他的士兵后面的将军。然而,每天早晨,佩德罗在去地里的两个小时的路程中会和孩子们交谈,提供建议或告诉他们要做什么工作。然而,男孩们只对他的一个问题作答。他们在父亲听不到的地方开玩笑,笑他们心爱的牛闯入了Cuahnahuac酒吧。但今天早上他们静悄悄地沿着这条路走着。 天刚刚蒙蒙亮,他们的周围只有田野的边缘,松树覆盖的山峦上蓝绿色的斜坡在晨雾中显现。佩德罗和李嘉图走向山坡上的麦田,他们一年前清理过那里。这是一个由七个村庄组成的自治区,任何人都可以使用田地。因为大雨会把山顶的土壤冲掉,所以田地必须每两年或三年重新清理一次。为了获得新的田地,佩德罗和他的儿子焚烧了那里的灌木和杂草,砍倒了一些小树,并修建了新的石头篱笆。孩子们工作得很好;他们清理除了阿兹台克最大的山坡空地。但这些作物仅为三个月或四个月玉米和豆子的供应量。所以佩德罗尝试其他谋生方式:用龙舌兰纤维制作绳索,卖李子,让儿子去做农场工人。有一件事他不会做,就是像他的邻居们一样卖木炭。他知道,这种做法是在浪费宝贵的橡树和松树,并会最终破坏土地。他是一个在与保护公共林地做斗争的领导人。所以他一年只做一次炭,只为他的家庭使用。 [难句解析] When neighbors saw them walking along in this formation they would say that Pedro looked like a veritable patron striding behind his peons. 本节是一个简单句。句架是“When...they would say that”。when引导的状语从句中的them为代词指代前文提到的佩德罗和儿子们,后面的that引导宾语从句作say的宾语。句意为:当邻居看到他们走的队伍,他们会说佩德罗看起来像一个名副其实地走在他的士兵后面的将军。
7. According to the passage what sort of father was Pedro?______
A.A loving father.
B.A strict father.
C.An authoritarian father.
D.A silent father.
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是根据文章推断佩德罗是什么样的父亲?文章首段Pedro教儿子“what work had to be done. Out of their father's earshot they...”,可从侧面反映出Pedro是严格的,故选B。
8. What is not mentioned in the passage about Pedro's sons?______
A.They were pub-goers.
B.They were hard working boys.
C.They were in love.
D.They hired farmhands.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是根据文章哪一项不符合佩德罗的儿子的特征?根据“Pedro hiring out his sons as farmhands”,佩德罗将儿子出租当雇农,故选D。
9. Pedro would not make charcoal for sale because ______.
A.he made charcoal only once a year for private use
B.he was a village leader with a strong sense of responsibility
C.there were not enough oaks and pines around his fields
D.he had a keen sense of environmental protection
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是佩德罗不愿意卖木炭的原因是什么?佩德罗认为“make charcoal for sale”是非常浪费木材的,并且最终将“ruined land”。他还领导“in the struggle for the preservation of the communal forest lands”,故选D。
When people are struck by lightning, they fall to the ground as though they were struck by a severe blow to the head. After the shock they may remain unconscious, become semiconscious or be conscious but confused and dazed, at least for a time. Flashes of light may continue passing before their eyes, and blindness and deafness may follow. The nervous system may be badly affected, causing paralysis, pain in the limbs and even hemorrhage. There will be burns where the lightening passed through the body, and like all electrical bunts, they are often deep and severe. All persons, especially campers and hunters, should know how to give first aid to someone who has been struck by lightning. Do not be afraid to touch the victim. You won't get a shock. The lightening has already been grounded. Remember that speed is of the greatest importance in severe cases. The first thing to do is to loosen tight clothing about the throat and waist. Then clear the air passages of mucus(黏液) if present, and apply artificial respiration if necessary. Give mouth-to-mouth resuscitatiorn if needed, or give oxygen if available. Many victims thought to be dead have been revived after treatment. Send someone for a doctor as soon as possible, but don't leave the victim alone. If a doctor is not available, take the person to a hospital as soon as the person can be safely moved. Signs of shock are: pale, cold, sticky skin; weak, rapid pulse, shallow, irregular breathing or, in extreme cases, no breathing at all. To treat shock, you must keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the feet and cover him or her with a blanket but watch out for overheating. Giving a stimulating hot tea or coffee will help, but only if the patient is thoroughly conscious. After breathing has been restored and shock is treated, treat the burns. Apply some salve and cover them with a clean cloth or a sterile dressing. If conscious, the patient will be badly frightened, so do all you can to reassure. A little knowledge and a helping hand may save someone's life.
11. The passage mainly talks about ______.
A.which metals conduct electricity best
B.where to go in a thunderstorm
C.how to treat someone struck by lightening
D.how to make mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
A B C D
C
[解析] 主旨题。题目问的是文章的主旨。本文刚开始提出要叙述的问题“When people are struck by lightning”,先是叙述人们的症状,之后阐述了一些营救措施及要注意的问题。故选C。 [内容概要] 这是一篇讨论被电击后,对被电击患者进行急救处理的文章。文章简单描述了电击后患者出现的症状以及给出了急救方案。 [参考译文] 当人们被闪电击中时,他们倒在地上,好像头部被重击了一样。电击之后他们至少一段时间内可能会持续无意识、变得意识模糊或有意识但感到困惑和茫然。他们的眼前可能会不断出现闪光,同时失明和耳聋也可能随之发生。神经系统受到严重影响,引起瘫痪,四肢疼痛甚至出血。闪电穿过身体,会引起烧伤,像所有的电击一样,其烧伤程度往往会很深很严重。 所有人,尤其是露营者和猎人,应该知道如何在有人被闪电击中时进行急救。不要害怕触摸受害者。你是不会触电的。因为闪电已接地。记住,在严重的电击情况下,救援速度是最重要的。 首先要做的是放松绷紧的喉咙和腰部。然后清除呼吸空气通道的黏液。黏液如果存在,必要时进行人工呼吸。按需要进行心肺复苏术,或在条件允许的情况下给氧。许多被认为已死的受害者在治疗后可以恢复。 尽快去请医生,但不要让受害者独自离开。如果医生无法前来,立刻在安全移动病人的前提下,把人带到医院。 休克的迹象是:面色苍白、冰冷、皮肤黏湿;脉搏浅、呼吸不规则或极端情况下,根本没有呼吸。为了治疗休克,你必须让病人躺下来,头比脚低,并用毯子盖住病人,但要注意不能过热。只有当患者是彻底清醒的情况下,给予其刺激性的热咖啡或热茶,才有所有帮助。 呼吸恢复和休克治愈后,才能治疗烧伤。涂一些药膏,用干净的布或无菌敷料覆盖患者。如果患者有意识,会感到很害怕,所以尽你所能去安慰他。一点点知识和一只援助之手就可以挽救某人的生命。 [难句解析] Giving a stimulating hot tea or coffee will help, but only if the patient is thoroughly conscious. 本句句架为“Giving...will help”。“Giving a stimulating hot tea or coffee”为主语,谓语为“will help”。后半句but引导转折,only if意为“只有”。句意为:只有当患者是彻底清醒的情况下,给予其刺激性的热咖啡或热茶,才会所有帮助。
12. According to the passage, all the following are signs of shock except ______.
A.abnormal fever
B.cold skin
C.irregular breathing
D.rapid pulse
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是哪一项不是休克的病症?根据文章“Signs of shock are: pale, cold, sticky skin; weak, rapid pulse; shallow, irregular breathing or, in extreme cases, no breathing at all”可判断,abnormal fever没有提到。故选A。
13. It can be guessed from the passage that ______.
A.many campers and hunters are struck by lightening
B.cars are convenient for outdoor activities
C.electric shock does little harm to the human body
D.only professional nurses and doctors are allowed to give first aid
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理题。题目问的是根据文章,哪一项是正确的?选项B在文章中没有涉及;根据文中提到的电击后的症状,以及有可能致死可知,对人的身体并不是“little harm”,排除C;根据“...do all you can to reassure...A little knowledge and a helping hand may save someone's life”可以看出并不是只有专业的医生和护士才能做急救,排除D;根据文章中“All persons, especially campers and hunters, should know how to give first aid”可判断出campers和hunters更容易受电击。故选A。
14. The word "salve" in line 1 of the last paragraph most likely means ______.
A.sponge
B.bandage
C.ointment
D.liquid
A B C D
C
[解析] 释义题。题目问的是salve一词的意思。根据前文提到的是在“treat the burns”,以及后面用过salve之后需要“eat the burns”,可推断出此处应该是擦药膏。四个选项分别为海绵、绷带、软膏、液体。故选C。
15. Which of the following must not be done while treating shock?______
A.Giving the patient a cup of hot tea.
B.Making the patient lie with the feet lower than the head.
C.Covering the burns with a sterile dressing.
D.Applying artificial respiration.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是哪一项不是休克的急救措施?根据文章中倒数第二段“you must keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the feet”可知选项B为错误的做法;其余三项在文中均能找到支持的句子。故选B。
Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that lectures on business ethics have been included in their syllabuses of study. They often do not realize that, later in their careers, they may be tempted to bend their principles to get what they want; perhaps also they are not fully aware that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries. In dealing with the topic of business ethics, some lecturers ask students how they would act in the following situation: suppose you were head of a major soft-drinks company and you want to break into a certain overseas market where the growth potential for your company is likely to be very great indeed. During negotiations with government officials of this country, the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import license for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid" bureaucratic delays", as he puts it. Now, the question is: do you pay up or stand by your principles? It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago the British car manufacturer, British Leyland, was accused of operating a "slush fund", and of questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers with padded commission, offering additional discounts and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland. The company rejected these allegations and they were later withdrawn. Nevertheless, at this time, there were people in the. motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private:" Look, we're in a wheeling-dealing business. Every year we're selling more than £ 1,000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million greasing the palms of some of the buyers, who's hurt? If we didn't do it, someone else would." It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. Indeed, they seem to have become a fact of commercial life. To take just one example, the Chrisler Corporation, third largest of the U. S. motor manufacturers, disclosed that it made questionable payments of more than $ 2.5 million. By making this revelation, it joined more than 300 U.S. companies that had admitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made dubious payments.
16. The lectures on business ethics surprised students because ______.
A.they are unaware of their later potential violation of the rules
B.the forms of bribery are on the increase in many countries
C.they do not know how to act to entertain the officials in other countries
D.it is hard to avoid bureaucratic delays without such lectures
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是商业道德的问题让学生很震惊的原因是什么?定位到第一段可知,选修商业课程的学生会对他们课程中含有商业道德方面的讲座这件事感到惊讶。因为他们没有意识到在今后的工作中会丧失原则,并且各种形式的贿赂在增加。故选A。 [内容概要] 这是一篇讨论“商业道德”的文章。在许多国家,贿赂正在以各种形式呈上升势头。行贿和其他不正当的送钱的情况越来越多,而这种现象很难消除。 [参考译文] 选修商业课程的学生会多少有些惊讶地发现在他们所学的课程中,会有关于商业的讲座。他们常意识不到,工作后,为了达到目的,他们可能会做出违背原则的事情;他们还没有清醒地认识到,在许多国家,贿赂正在以各种形式呈上升势头,愈演愈烈。 讲到商业道德这一话题,一些讲课人总是问学生在下面的情形中他们会怎么做:假设你是一家大的饮料公司的头儿,你想打入某一个对公司发展前景有利的海外市场。在与该国政府官员的谈判过程中,贸易部长明确表示如果你给他可观的贿赂,你就可以轻而易举地获得产品进口许可证;同时,你很可能会避免他所谓的“因官僚主义而延误”的情况。现在,问题是:你是出钱还是坚持原则? 空谈坚持崇高的道德标准容易,而在现实中,在这种情形下,人们到底会怎么做呢?不久前,英国的一家汽车制造商——英国莱兰汽车公司,被指控设有一笔用来支付非法事务的款项以及其他一些不正当做法,如向代理商和买方支付高额回扣、提供附加折扣以及向瑞士某些编号的银行账户汇款等。这家公司驳回这些指控,后来这些指控也被撤销。然而,此时英国汽车业却有人暗地私语:“瞧,我们所干的事竞争异常激烈,往往需不择手段。每年我们将价值超过10亿英镑的汽车销往海外。如果我们花上几百万贿赂买方,那又何妨?即使我们不那么做,别人也会那么做的。” 行贿和其他不正当的送钱的情况越来越多,这种印象很难抵制。的确,这种情况似乎已经成了商界的事实。仅以美国第三大汽车制造商克莱斯勒公司为例,该公司透露支付了超过2,500万美元的不正当的款项。透露了这一秘密之后,该公司也变成了三百多家美国公司的一分子,这些公司向美国证券交易署承认近年来曾经支付过各种不正当的款项。 [难句解析] Some time ago the British car manufacturer, British Leyland, was accused of operating a "slush fund", and of questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers with padded commission, offering additional discounts and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland. 本句是个复合句。句架为“British Leyland, was accused of operating a 'slush fund', and of questionable practices”。其中“operating a 'slash fund'”和“questionable practices”两者并列,作accused of的定语,“paying agents and purchasers, offering additional discounts”和“making payments to numbered bank accounts”作such as的宾语,句意为:不久前,英国的一家汽车制造商,英国莱兰汽车公司,被指控设有一笔用来支付非法事务的款项以及其他一些不正当做法,如向代理商和买方支付高额回扣、提供附加折扣以及向瑞士某些编号的银行账户汇款等。
17. Towards standing by ethic rules in real practice, the writer seems ______.
The scientists of the Renaissance brought about the most fundamental alterations in the world of thought, and they accomplished this feat by devising a new method for discovering knowledge. Unlike the medieval thinkers, who proceeded for the most part by reading traditional texts, the early modern scientists laid greatest stress upon observation and the formation of temporary hypothesis. The method of observation implied two things: namely, those traditional explanations of the behavior of nature should be empirically demonstrated, the new assumption being that such explanations could very well be wrong, and that new information might be available to scientists so they could penetrate beyond the superficial appearances of things. People now began to look at the heavenly bodies with a new attitude, hoping not solely to find the confirmation of Biblical statements about the firmament but, further, to discover the principles and laws that describe the movements of bodies. Observation was directed not only upon the stars but also in the opposite direction, toward the minutest constituents of physical substance. To enhance the exactness of their observations, they invented various scientific instruments. Lippershey, a Dutchman, invented the telescope in 1608, although Galileo was the first to make dramatic use of it. In 1590 the first compound microscope was created. The principle of the barometer(晴雨表) was discovered by Galileo's pupil Torricelli. The air pump, which was so important in creating a vacuum for the experiment that, proved that all bodies regardless of their weight or size fall at the same rate when there is no air resistance, was invented by Otto von Guericke (1602-1686). With the use of instruments and imaginative hypotheses, fresh knowledge began to unfold. Galileo discovered the moons around Jupiter, and Anton Leeuwenhoek(1632-1723) discovered spermatozoa, protozoa, and bacteria. Whereas Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) formed a new hypothesis of the revolution of, the earth around the sun, Harvey (1578-1657) discovered the circulation of the blood. William Gilbert (1540-1603) wrote a major work on the magnet, and Robert Boyle (1627-1691), the father of chemistry, formulated his famous law concerning the relation of temperature, volume, and pressure of gases. Added to these inventions and discoveries was the decisive advance made in mathematics, especially by Sir Isaac Newton and Leibniz, who independently invented differential(微分学) and integral(积分学) calculus. The method of observation and mathematical calculation now became the hallmarks of modern science. The new scientific mode of thought in time influenced philosophic thought in two important ways. First, the assumption that the basic processes of nature are observable and capable of mathematical calculation and description had the effect of engendering another assumption, namely, that everything consists of bodies in motion, that everything conforms to a mechanical model. The heavens above and the smallest particles below all exhibit the same laws of motion. Even human thought was soon explained in mechanical terms, not to mention the realm of human behavior, which the earlier moralists described as the product of free will.
21. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?______
A.The Beginnings of the Scientific Method
B.Scientific Instruments of the Renaissance
C.The Art and Science of the Renaissance
D.The Importance of Hypotheses in Scientific Thinking
A B C D
A
[解析] 主旨题。题目问的是下列哪个是文章的最好题目。定位到第一段的第一句话“...they accomplished this feat by devising a new method for discovering knowledge”就可知文章的主要内容,即文艺复兴时期科学家思维方式的巨大变革是通过一种探寻知识的新方法——观测与形成新假设——实现的。而在四个选项中,只有A项是有关这种新方法的概括。故选A。 [内容概要] 这是一篇关于文艺复兴对人类思维方式影响所带来的科学进步的文章。作者简要地指出文艺复兴时期科学家与中世纪科学家的不同,即文艺复兴时期的科学家特别强调观察和新假设的形成两者的重要性。 [参考译文] 文艺复兴的科学家们在这个世界上做出了最根本的改变,他们通过发明一种新的发现知识的方法来完成了这一壮举。中世纪的思想家是通过传统的文本阅读进行了大部分的研究。而早现代的科学家们则特别强调观察和新假设的形成两者的重要性。观察的方法有两点含义:即对那些传统的自然行为的解释是凭经验证明的,而新的假设是,这样的解释可能是错误的。新的信息可能会提供给科学家,使他们可以超越表面渗透内在。人们开始以一个新的态度看待天体,希望不只是确认关于圣经中关于苍穹的陈述,而是想进一步发现天体的运动规律和法则。观察的进行不仅是对星星的观察,也对其相反的方向,朝着物质最微小的成分观察。 为了提高观测的准确性,他们发明了各种科学仪器。一个名叫利帕希的荷兰人在1608年发明了望远镜,虽然伽利略是令人印象深刻的首次使用者。1590年第一架复合显微镜诞生。气压计(晴雨表)的原理是由伽利略的学生托里发现的。由奥托·冯·格里克(1602-1686)发明的空气泵,在创建一个真空实验中非常重要。它证明所有物体,无论其重量或尺寸在没有空气阻力的情况下都会以同样的速度落下。使用仪器和想象假设,新鲜的知识开始展开。例如,伽利略发现木星周围的卫星,安东列·文虎克(1632-1723)发现精子、原生动物和细菌。 尼古拉斯·哥白尼(1473-1543)提出了革命性的一个新的假说:地球绕着太阳转。哈维(1578-1657)发现了血液循环。威廉·吉尔伯特(1540-1603)写的关于磁的主要作用。罗伯特·波义耳(1627-1691),化学之父,创立了著名的温度、体积、压力和气体的关系法则。除了这些发明和发现,还有数学中的决定性的进展,特别是艾萨克·牛顿和莱布尼茨,他们各自独立地发明了微分(微分学)和积分(积分学)。观察和数学计算方法现已成为现代科学的标志。 新的科学思维方式在两个方面影响了哲学思想。首先,假设自然界的基本过程是可观察的、可数学计算的和可描述的,就产生另一种假设关于一切物体都在运动,一切都符合力学模式。头顶的天空和最小的粒子都表现出同样的运动规律。即使是人类的思想也将很快在力学方面得到解释,更不用说被早期的伦理道德家描述为自由意志的人类行为学的领域。 [难句解析] Observation was directed not only upon the stars but also in the opposite direction, toward the minutest constituents of physical substance. 本句是一个简单句。句架为“Observation was directed not only...but also...”。direct在这里为谓语动词,为进行观察实验的意思,“toward the minutest constituents of physical substance”为“opposite direction”的同位语,具体解释观察星星的反方向是什么。句意为:观察的进行不仅是对星星的观察,也对其相反的方向,朝着物质最微小的成分观察。
22. It can be inferred from the passage that if pre-Renaissance scientists observed the motions of heavenly bodies, they did so most likely in order to ______.
A.confirm the formulas that describe the motions of the planets and stars
B.distinguish the motions of various planets
C.validate what the Bible says about those bodies
D.demonstrate the utility of their newly invented instruments
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是从文中可以推断出,如果文艺复兴之前的科学家观察过天体运动的话,他们此举的目的最有可能是什么?定位到第一段倒数第二句“People now began to look at the heavenly bodies with a new attitude, hoping not solely to find the confirmation of Biblical statements about the firmament but, further, to discover the principles and laws that describe the movements of bodies”可知,文艺复兴时期的科学家是带着一种新的视角在研究天体,他们不止希望能够证实圣经中有关苍穹的陈述,同时希望能够解密天体运动背后的规律。在not only...but also...这一表述中,重心一般在but also之后。因此,此句“解密天体运动背后的规律”才是作者要表述的文艺复兴时期科学家与之前科学家的区别所在。言外之意,文艺复兴前的科学家只是希望证实圣经中有关苍穹的陈述。C是“confirmation of Biblical statements about the firmament”的同义替换,故选C。
23. The passage indicates that Galileo did which of the following?______ Ⅰ. invented an important optical instrument Ⅱ. instructed another famous scientist Ⅲ. made an important astronomical discovery
A.Ⅱ only.
B.Ⅲ only.
C.Ⅰ and Ⅱ only.
D.Ⅱ and Ⅲ only.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是文章暗示伽利略做了以下哪些?定位到第二段第二句“Lippershey, a Dutchman, invented the telescope in 1608, although Galileo was the first to make dramatic use of it”可知,伽利略是第一个充分使用望远镜的人,而不是发明者,所以I错误。定位到第二段第四句“The Principle of the barometer(晴雨表)was discovered by Galileo's pupil Torricelli”可知,伽利略的一个学生发现了晴雨表的原理,与II属于同义转换,故正确。定位到第二段最后一句“Galileo discovered the moons around Jupiter...”可知,伽利略发现了木星附近的月球,所以III正确。故选D。
24. The passage indicates that, unlike the "earlier moralist", (last sentence, last paragraph), Renaissance scientists began to receive human behavior as ______.
25. The primary function of the last paragraph is to ______.
A.propose a solution to a problem
B.discuss the effects of a change
C.identify those responsible for a discovery
D.refute a misconception
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是文章最后一段的主要作用是什么?最后一段的主旨句是第一句“The new scientific mode of thought in time influenced philosophic thought in two important ways”,即这种新的科学思维方式对哲学思维的影响。同时,这种新的思维方式指的就是文章第一句中提到的科学家们思维的巨大改变。因此,最后一段是在论述这种思维方式的转变的影响,故选B。
The brain is organized into different regions, each responsible for different functions and in humans this organization is very marked. The largest parts of the brain are the cerebral hemispheres, which occupy most of the interior of the skull. They are layered structures, the most complex being the outer layer, known as the cerebral cortex, where the nerve cells are extremely densely packed to allow great interconnectivity. Its function is not fully understood, but we can get some indication of its purpose from studies of animals that have had it removed. A dog, for example, can still move in a coordinated manner, will eat and sleep, and even bark if it is disturbed. However, it also becomes blind and loses its sense smell—more significantly, perhaps, it loses all interest in its environment, not responding to people or to its name, nor to other dogs, even of the opposite sex. It also loses all ability to learn. In effect, it loses the characteristics that we generally refer to as indicating intelligence—awareness, interest and interaction with an environment, and an ability to adapt and learn. Thus the cerebral cortex seems to be the seat of the higher order functions of the brain, and the core of intelligence. The cerebral cortex has been the subject of investigation by researchers for many years, and is slowly revealing its secrets. It demonstrates a localization of functions, in that different areas of the cortex fulfill different functions, such as motion control, hearing, and vision. The visual part of the cortex is especially interesting. In the visual cortex, electrical stimulation of the cells can produce the sensation of light, and detailed analysis has shown that specific layers of neurons are sensitive to particular orientations of input stimuli, so that one layer responds maximally to horizontal lines, while another responds to vertical ones. Although much of this structure is genetically pre-determined, the orientation-specific layout of the cells appears to be learnt at an early stage. Animals brought up in an environment of purely horizontal lines do not develop neuron structures that respond to vertical orientations, showing that these structures are developed due to environmental input and not purely from genetic pre-determination. This is called self-organization of the visual cortex since there is no external teacher to guide the development of these structures.
26. The organization of brain is characterized by ______.
A.the interior of the skull
B.different regions responsible for different functions
C.the outer layer—the cerebral cortex
D.the nerve cells densely packed
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是脑组织的特点。定位到文章第一句可知,大脑被分成不同的区域,每一个区域负责不同的功能,而在人体内这种区分是非常显著的,故选B。 [内容概要] 本文为说明文,主要说明了大脑中的大脑皮层的作用和特点。 [参考译文] 大脑被分成不同的区域,每个区域负责不同的功能,并且在人类大脑中这种组织性是非常显著的。大脑中最大的部分是大脑半球,占据了头骨内部的大部分。它们是层状结构。最复杂的是外层,被称为大脑皮层,在这里神经细胞极为密集,形成了伟大的神经互联性。它的功能还没有完全被理解,但是我们可以从被移除大脑皮层的动物研究中得到一些启示。例如,一只狗在移除了大脑皮层后,仍然可以以协调的方式吃和睡甚至在被打扰时叫。然而,它也会变得失明,同时明显失去它的嗅觉。也许,它失去了对环境的所有的兴趣,对人的呼唤或其名称没有回应。对其他的狗没有反应,甚至异性的狗也没有反应。它也失去了学习的能力。实际上,它失去了我们通常衡量智力的方式——意识,兴趣,与环境的相互作用,以及适应和学习的能力。因此大脑皮层似乎是大脑高级功能的所在地,是智力的核心。 多年来,研究人员已经对大脑皮层进行了调查研究,并慢慢揭示了其奥秘。它演示了一个区域化的功能,不同领域的皮层履行不同的功能,如运动控制,听觉和视觉。皮层的视觉部分特别有趣。在视觉皮层,电刺激细胞可以产生光的感觉。详细的分析表明,特定的神经元层对特定的输入刺激敏感,因此,有的皮层能够最大限度地对水平线上的刺激有反应,而另一个皮层的反应是垂直性的。虽然这种结构是基因先天决定的,但细胞的定向布局似乎可以在早期习得。动物在一个纯粹的水平线所带来的环境中不能开发出响应垂直方向的神经元结构,这一结果显示了这些神经元结构的布局可由于环境的输入决定,而不是纯粹由遗传预确定的。因为没有外部的引导者来指导这些结构的发展,这构成了所谓的自组织的视觉皮层。 [难句解析] Animals brought up in an environment of purely horizontal lines do not develop neuron structures that respond to vertical orientations, showing that these structures are developed due to environmental input and not purely from genetic pre-determination 本句是个复合句。句架为“Animals showing that...”。animals为主语,brought up为过去分词作后置定语,具体说明是哪一类的动物。that引导宾语从句为动物所证明的内容,due to意为“因为”。句意为:动物在一个纯粹的水平线所带来的环境中不能开发出响应垂直方向的神经元结构,这一结果显示了这些神经元结构的布局可由于环境的输入决定,而不是纯粹由遗传预确定的。
27. According to the passage, a dog can still move in a coordinated manner, will eat and sleep, and even bark when ______ is (are) removed.
1. Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay.
[范文] It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. Smoking has been determined to be related to many sorts of human diseases. Smoking irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lung, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis as well. Nicotine in tobacco can be stimulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other physiological processes that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It is an undeniable fact that smoking is not only harmful to the smoker itself, but the harm to the second-hand smokers is even severe. Meanwhile, outdoor smoking generates garbage like cigarettes' butts and boxes, which contaminate the environment by pollute soil. Moreover, smoking can constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting. To concern this issue, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking. And propagandize of quitting is worldwide to make people realize that a variety of diseases caused by smoking is not irreversible. Health can be restored as long as smoking cessation. Only when the smokers are truly determined to build a new life style can they get rid of this kind of bad manner.