英译中1. Despite the surge of microbial genome data, experimental testing is important to confirm inferences about the cell biology, ecological roles and evolution of microorganisms. As the majority of archaeal and bacterial diversity remains uncultured and poorly characterized, culturing is a priority. The growing interest in and need for efficient cultivation strategies has led to many rapid methodological and technological advances. In this review, we discuss common barriers that can hamper the isolation and culturing of novel microorganisms and review emerging, innovative methods for targeted or high-throughput cultivation. We also highlight recent examples of successful cultivation of novel archaea and bacteria, and suggest key microorganisms for future cultivation attempts.
尽管微生物基因组数据增长很快,但实验测试对于确认关于细胞生物学、生态作用和微生物进化的推断很重要。由于大多数古菌和细菌的多样性仍然未经培养且特征描述不充分,因此培养是需要优先考虑的事项。对高效培养策略的兴趣和需求日益增长,这导致了许多方法和技术的快速进步。在本综述中,我们讨论了新微生物分离和培养的常见障碍,并且回顾了靶向或高通量培养的新兴创新方法。我们还强调了最近成功培养新古菌和细菌的例子,并且为未来的培养尝试提出了关键的微生物。
2. Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease that, in humans, is caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses. Typically characterized by annual seasonal epidemics, sporadic pandemic outbreaks involve influenza A virus strains of zoonotic origin. The WHO estimates that annual epidemics of influenza result in~1 billion infections, 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 300,000-500,000 deaths. The severity of pandemic influenza depends on multiple factors, including the virulence of the pandemic virus strain and the level of pre-existing immunity. The most severe influenza pandemic, in 1918, resulted in >40 million deaths worldwide. Influenza vaccines are formulated every year to match the circulating strains, as they evolve antigenically owing to antigenic drift. Nevertheless, vaccine efficacy is not optimal and is dramatically low in the case of an antigenic mismatch between the vaccine and the circulating virus strain. Antiviral agents that target the influenza virus enzyme neuraminidase have been developed for prophylaxis and therapy. However, the use of these antivirals is still limited. Emerging approaches to combat influenza include the development of universal influenza virus vaccines that provide protection against antigenically distant influenza viruses, but these vaccines need to be tested in clinical trials to ascertain their effectiveness.
流感是一种传染性呼吸道疾病,在人类中是由甲型流感和乙型流感病毒引起的。典型的特征是每年季节性流行,零星的大流行性疫情涉及人畜共患病来源的甲型流感病毒。世界卫生组织估计,每年流感疫情导致约10亿人感染、300~500万严重病例以及30~50万人死亡。大流行性流感的严重程度取决于多种因素,包括大流行病毒株的毒力和预先存在的免疫力水平。1918年最严重的流感大流行导致全球超过4000万人死亡。流感疫苗每年都会被配制成与流行毒株相匹配的疫苗,因为它们会因抗原漂移而产生抗原进化。然而,在疫苗和流行毒株之间抗原不匹配的情况下,疫苗的效力并不是最佳的,而且非常低。针对流感病毒酶神经氨酸酶的抗病毒药物已被开发用于预防和治疗。然而,这些抗病毒药物的使用仍然有限。对抗流感的新方法包括研发通用流感病毒疫苗,以提供对抗抗原性遥远的流感病毒的保护,但这些疫苗需要在临床试验中进行测试,以确定其有效性。
中译英1. 随着合成生物技术日新月异的发展,如何保障其生物安全性成为一个极其重要的问题。合成生物学研究中大量涉及来自病毒、致病性细菌和真菌的强毒力基因元器件。如果缺乏有效管控或被恶意谬用,这些人工合成生物体可能会对生态环境和公共安全造成威胁。因此,在人工设计和改造生物体的过程中,必须建立系统的防范和监控体系,采取有效的方法和技术来阻止人工生命体在野外环境下的复制和增殖,并阻断其进化出新的环境适应性,做到完全的人工改造生物隔离,确保其生物安全性。
With the rapid development of synthetic biotechnology, how to ensure its biological safety has become an extremely important issue. In the research of synthetic biology, a large number of virulent genetic components from viruses, pathogenic bacteria and fungi are involved. If they are not effectively controlled or misused maliciously, these synthetic organisms may pose a threat to the ecological environment and public security. Therefore, in the process of artificial design and transformation of organisms, it is necessary to establish a systematic prevention and monitoring system, take effective methods and technologies to prevent the replication and proliferation of artificial life in the field environment, and block its evolution of new environmental adaptability, so as to achieve complete artificial transformation of biological isolation and ensure its biological safety.
2. 尽管最近抗病毒药物和抗生素的开发有所增加,但抗微生物药物耐药性和缺乏广谱病毒靶向药物仍然是重要问题,迫切需要其他替代方法来治疗传染性疾病。宿主导向疗法(HDT)是抗感染领域的一种新兴方法。HDT的策略是干扰病原体复制或持续感染所需的宿主细胞因子,增强对病原体的保护性免疫反应,减少炎症恶化,并维持病灶的免疫反应平衡。虽然包括干扰素在内的HDT在治疗慢性病毒性肝炎方面已经建立,但旨在治疗持续病毒感染的功能性药物和开发针对新病毒的广谱抗病毒的新战略依然至关重要。
在慢性细菌感染(如结核病)中,HDT策略旨在增强吞噬细胞的抗菌活性,并利用可溶性分子(如花生四烯酸和细胞因子)或细胞因子(如共刺激性分子)来抑制炎症。
Although the development of antiviral drugs and antibiotics has increased recently, antimicrobial resistance and the lack of broad-spectrum virus targeting drugs remain important issues, and other alternative methods are urgently needed to treat infectious diseases. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new method in the field of anti-infection. The strategy of HDT is to interfere with the host cytokines required for the replication or continuous infection of pathogens, enhance the protective immune response to pathogens, reduce the deterioration of inflammation, and maintain the balance of immune response of lesions. Although HDT, including interferon, has been established in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, functional drugs aimed at treating persistent viral infection and new strategies for developing broad-spectrum anti-virus against new viruses are still crucial.
In chronic bacterial infections (such as tuberculosis), HDT strategies aim to enhance the antibacterial activity of phagocytes, and use soluble molecules (such as anthotetraenoic acid and cytokines) or cytokines (such as costimulatory molecules) to inhibit inflammation.