Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. What do you think of American health care system? Most people would be 1 by the high quality of medicine 2 to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of 3 to the individual, a 4 amount of advanced technical equipment, and 5 effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must 6 in the courts if they 7 things badly. But the Americans are in a mess. To the problem is the way in 8 health care is organized and 9 . 10 to pubic belief it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not 11 the less fortunate and the elderly. But even with this huge public part of the system, 12 this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 percent of the U. S. Budget—a large number of Americans are left 13 . These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits 14 income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can. The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control 15 the health system. There is no 16 to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate persons concerned can do is to pay 17 . Two thirds of the population are 18 by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want 19 that the insurance company will pay the bill. The rising cost of medicine in the U. S. A. is among the most worrying problems facing the country. In 1981 the country's health bill climbed 15.9 percent—about twice as fast as prices 20 general.
1.
A.compressed
B.impressed
C.obsessed
D.repressed
A B C D
B
[解析] 词语搭配题。impress意为“给…留下深刻的印象;使意识到”,例如:(1)I'm very impressed by/with what's happening. (2)I impressed on him the importance of punctuality. 原句意为:高质量的医疗服务给大多数人留下了深刻的印象,故选项[B]正确。选项[A]compress意为“压缩,浓缩”,常用搭配为compress…into;选项[C]obsess意为“使迷恋,使着迷”,例如:She is obsessed with the desire to become a movie star. 选项[D]repress意为“抑制,镇压”,如:repress one's anger,均不符合题意。
2.
A.available
B.attainable
C.achievable
D.amenable
A B C D
A
[解析] 词语搭配题。available意为“可以享受到的,可利用的,有用的”,例如:Free education is available to all tax-payers. 此处指可享受到的医疗服务,故选[A]。选项[B]attainable意为“可达到的,可得到的”,多用来指一般人能力不易达到的情况,与句意不符;选项[C]achievable意为“做得到的,可完成的”,强调在达到目的过程中有耐性,很努力;选项[D]amenable意为“愿意服从的,有责任的”,例如:She might be more amenable to the idea if you explained how much money it would save. 全句可译为:可以保障绝大多数美国人的高质量的医疗服务体系会给大部分人留下深刻印象。
3.
A.extension
B.retention
C.attention
D.exertion
A B C D
C
[解析] 词语搭配题。attention表示“注意力,关注”,本处意为“关注病人”,因此选项[C]正确。选项[A]extension意为“延长,扩充;电话分机”;选项[C]retention意为“保持,保留”,例如:The retention of old technology has slowed the company's growth. 选项[D]exertion意为“尽力,努力;运用”,例如:(1)Exertion of authority does not come easily to everyone. (2)We were all exhausted after our exertions. 均不符合题意。
[解析] 词语辨析题。face意为“面对,遭遇”,例如:The difficulty that faces us today is one of supplying food to those in need. (今天我们所面临的困难是向那些需要的人提供食物。)根据原句意思:如果在医疗过程中出了差错的话,医生和医院就可能惹上官司,面临巨额罚金。financial risk是他们可能而对的,故选项[C]正确。选项[A]run into意为“偶遇”;选项[B]encounter意为“遭遇,突然遇到”,比较正式;选项[D]defy意为“公然反抗,蔑视”,均无法与句中的risk连用。
[解析] 语篇衔接与固定搭配题。contrary to意为“与…相反”,例如:Contrary to our expectations, he was eliminated in the first round. (我们万万想不到,他第一轮就被淘汰了。)本句提及医疗保障体系并不仅是一个自由竞争体系,下文讲到公共医疗保障体系已经与私人保障体系结合在一起了,所以是与公众的想法相反的,故选项[A]contrary符合题意。选项[B]opposed to意为“强烈反对”;选项[C]averse to意为“反对的,嫌恶的,不愿意的”;选项[D]objected to意为“反对,不赞同”,均不符合题意。
[解析] 语法题。which引导一个非限定性定语从句,修饰名词短语this huge public part of the system,非限定性定语从句不能用that引导。
13.
A.over
B.out
C.off
D.away
A B C D
B
[解析] 词语搭配题。leave out意为“省略,忽略,不考虑”,例如:The entire chapter was left out in the third edition. 原文意为:虽然有庞大的公共医疗保障体系,但仍有许多美国人被忽略了,享受不到该保障,故选项[B]正确。leave over意为“留下,剩下;延期”,例如:questions left over by history; leave off意为“停止;不再穿/使用”,例如:When will the snow leave off? 选项[D]away不与leave连用,均不符合题意。
14.
A.for
B.in
C.with
D.on
A B C D
D
[解析] 惯用搭配题。limit on sth. 意为“对…的限制”,此处用limit on表示对于收入方面的限制,故选项[D]正确。其他选项均不与limit搭配,故排除。全句可译为:这些人中包括1100万失业人口中的一半以及那些家庭收入没有低到那个想方设法省钱的政府制订的收入标准线的人。
15.
A.over
B.on
C.under
D.behind
A B C D
A
[解析] 惯用搭配题。control over sth. 意为“控制…”,故选项[A]正确。选项[B]on和选项[D]behind不能与control搭配;选项[C]under可与control连用,但应为:under control,意为“处于控制之下,情况正常”。全句可译为:不过,最根本的问题在于缺乏对医疗保障体系集中的控制。
16.
A.boundary
B.restriction
C.confinement
D.limit
A B C D
D
[解析] 语义搭配题。There's no limit to意为“对…没有限制”,原文意为:公众的偿付能力有限,然而对于医生和医院的收费却没有什么限制,故选项[D]正确。选项[A]boundary意为“边界,界线”;选项[B]restriction意为“(人为)限制”;选项[C]confinement意为“(某特定期限内的)限制”,如监禁、分娩期、卧床期间等,均不符合题意。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 Many parents complain that their teenage children are rebelling. They greet their children's teenage with needless dread. While teenagers may assault us with heavy-metal music, wear strange clothes, have strange hair styles, and spend all their time dating or meeting friends, such behavior scarcely adds up to full-scale revolt. Take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their wings, most of them are clutching at one another's hands for reassurance. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. They have come out of their cocoon—into a larger cocoon. Teenage rebellion, according to psychologist Laurence Steinberg, coauthor of You and Your Adolescent, has been greatly overstated. Many other psychologists agree. The idea that teenagers inevitably rebel is a myth that has the potential for great family harm. This notion can damage communication during this critical time for parents to influence youngsters. Still adolescence is often a trying time of transition for child and parent. Teenagers need to establish themselves as individuals—in their own minds and in the eyes of others. This search isn't about rebellion: it's about becoming a person of one's own. " Teenagers ought to be growing away from their parents and learning to stand on their own two feet, " says Steinberg. Here is one way parents can help: don't stereotype. " Parents who expect teenage rebellion may actually stir it up, " says Kenneth I. Howard, a member of a research team that collected survey data on more than 20,000 teenagers over a 28-year period. Howard cautions parents not to resort to suppression at the first sight of adolescent independence, fearful that giving in even slightly now means drugs cannot be far behind. When parents overreact, teenagers assert themselves more, parents clamp down harder, and a full-scale blowup results. In fact, psychologists say that there is no inevitable pattern to teenage behavior, and no such creature as a typical teenager. Your teenager is now larger, stronger, older and smarter than before, with an additional supply of hormone raging through the bloodstream. But he or she is still the same human being you have lived with since birth. Given a chance, your son or daughter will continue to behave in ways you have established.
1. According to the writer, parents' fear for their children's teenage is______.
A.ridiculous
B.unnecessary
C.unreasonable
D.sensible
A B C D
B
[解析] 推理题。第一段第二句提到“They greet their children's teenage with needless dread”(他们带着不必要的担心迎接着孩子青春期的到来),说明作者认为家长对孩子青春期的担心是没有必要的,因为第一段末尾提到他们青春期的行为“scarcely adds up to full-scale revolt”(很少会达到彻底叛逆的地步),故B项正确。needless与unnecessary是同义词。
2. " A larger cocoon " as mentioned in paragraph 2 refers to the situation that______.
A.teenagers disagree with their parents
B.teenagers want to be independent
C.teenagers cannot escape from the popularity wave
D.teenagers need support from their fellow teenagers
A B C D
C
[解析] 语义理解题。本题问第二段提到的“更大的束缚”指的是哪种情况。cocoon本意指“茧”,这里可引申为“束缚”的意思。在第二段中作者提到了两个“束缚”:第一个是“…teenagers are…showing that they disagree with their parents”(…青少年…表达他们与父母的分歧),即青少年想要挣脱父母的束缚,成为一个独立的人;接着作者提到大多数青少年现在还不敢振翅高飞,而是紧握彼此的手以获取安慰,他们之所以如此想、如此做是因为大家都这样。下文又提到对于他们来说越来越难以对抗流行的浪潮。第二段最后一句提到“They have come out of their cocoon—into a larger cocoon.”(他们只是冲破了一重束缚而又陷入了更大的一重束缚而已。)也就是说,流行的浪潮成了他们难以摆脱的更大的束缚了。因此C项正确。A项为第一种束缚;B、D两项是青少年想要达到的目的而不是束缚。
3. Overstating teenage rebellion will lead to the following consequences EXCEPT______.
A.it can do harm to the family
B.it can damage parents' influence
C.it can prevent teenagers from being individuals
D.it can impair teenagers' ability to make correct judgment
A B C D
D
[解析] 判断题。本题的关键词是overstate,这个关键词出现在文章第三段中,因此第三段是本题的答案所在。D项在文中未提及,因此为正确答案。A、B均在第三段中提到;第四段第一、二句提到“Still adolescence is often a trying time of transition for child and parent. Teenagers need to establish themselves as individuals…”(但青春期对于孩子和父母来说仍然是一个艰难的过渡时期。青少年需要树立自己的个性、成为独立的人…),由此可知青春期对于青少年成为独立的个体至关重要,若父母对孩子的反叛处理不当则会产生不良后果,故C项可排除。
4. According to the psychologists, it is beneficial for parents to______.
A.show fear
B.use suppression
C.clamp down harder
D.treat teenagers as they used to
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。末段指出心理学家认为青少年行为没有必然的模式可循,也没有什么典型青少年之说。由第三句“…he or she is still the same human being you have lived with since birth”(他或她仍是从出生到现在一直与你生活在一起的同一个人)可知,心理学家们认为孩子还是原来的孩子,建议父母应以平平常的心态对待处于青春期的孩子,因此D项正确。第六段提到“Howard cautions parents not to resort to suppression…parents clamp down harder, and a full-scale blowup result(霍华德劝诫父母们不要采取压制手段…父母施加更大的压力会导致矛盾彻底激化),可见心理学家的建议是父母们最好不要采取压制(suppression)手段,害怕(fearful)也是不可取的态度,故A、B、C三项均不正确。
5. The text is meant to______.
A.advise the parents how to get along with their teenagers
B.discuss teenage rebellion and ways to cope with it
C.introduce psychologists' views on teenage behaviors
D.clarify the misconception about teenage rebellion
Text 2 The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.
1. In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to______.
A.argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies
B.smooth out the conflicts in human societies
C.distinguish between two kinds of opposition
D.summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation
5. The passage is probably intended to answer the question " ______ " .
A.Is war inevitable?
B.Why is there conflict and competition?
C.Is conflict desirable?
D.Can competition lead to conflict?
A B C D
A
[解析] 主旨题。综合全文可以看到,作者通过对竞争和冲突的对比,想要说明的是文章开头提出的那个问题,即“The question of whether war is inevitable…”,所以本题的正确答案应当为A。
Text 3 How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of it—convicting the guilty and acquiring the innocent? It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrossed in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our " adversarial " system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental " inquisitorial " system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role. In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by " ordeal " —especially a religious event—was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day. On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered. The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U. S. A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs. In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed to meet witness beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better. Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries' mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal.
1. " British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. " It implies that______.
A.the British legal system can do the basic job well—convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent
B.the British legal system is worse than the continental legal system
C.the British legal system is often considered to be not very fair
Text 4 Today Americans have different eating habits than in the past. There is a wide selection of food available. They have a broader knowledge of nutrition, so they buy more flesh fruit and vegetables than ever before. At the same time, Americans purchase increasing quantities of sweets, snacks and sodas. Statistics show that the way people live determines the way they eat. American life styles have changed. They now include growing numbers of people who live alone, single parents and children, and double-income families. These changing life styles are responsible for the increasing number of people who must rash meals or sometimes skip them altogether. Many Americans have less time than ever before to spend preparing food. Partly as a consequence of this limited time, 60 percent of all American homes now have microwave ovens. Moreover, Americans eat out nearly four times a week on the average. It is easy to study the amounts and kinds of food that people consume. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the food industry-growers, processors, marketers and restaurant managers compile sales statistics and keep accurate records. This information not only tells us what people are eating but also tells us about the changes in attitudes and tastes. Red meat, which used to be the most popular choice for dinner, is no longer an American favorite. Instead, chickens, turkey, and fish have become more popular. Sales of these foods have greatly increased in recent years. This is probably a result of the awareness of the dangers of eating food which contains high levels of cholesterol, or animal fat. Doctors believe that cholesterol is a threat to human health. According to a recent survey, Americans also change their eating patterns to meet the needs of different situations. They have certain ideas about which foods will increase their athletic ability, help them lose weight, make them alert for business meetings, or put them in the mood for romance. For example, Americans choose pasta, fruit, and vegetables, which supply them with carbohydrates, to give them strength for physical activity, such as sports. Adults choose food rich in fiber, such as bread and cereal, for breakfast, and salads for lunch to prepare them for business appointment. For romantic dinners, however, Americans choose shrimp and lobster. While many of these ideas are based on nutritional facts, some are not. Americans' awareness of nutrition, along with their changing tastes and needs, leads them to consume a wide variety of foods—foods for health, for fun, and simply for good taste.
1. Americans change their eating habits mainly because______.
A.there are more shops and restaurants in the country
B.a great number of families have microwave ovens
C.their life styles are different now
D.they are busier with their work than before
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。第二段前两句提到“Statistics show that the way people live determines the way they eat. American life styles have changed.”(统计表明,人们的生活方式决定他们的饮食习惯,美国人的生活方式已经改变了。)也就是说,生活方式改变是导致他们改变饮食习惯的原因,因此C项正确。A、B、D均是生活方式改变的具体表现,没有概括性,均可排除。
2. Americans have reduced their eating of red meat with an aim to______.
A.keep healthy
B.lose weight
C.eat more other foods
D.save money
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理题。第三段倒数第二句提到“This is probably a result of the awareness of the dangers of eating food which contains high levels of cholesterol, or animal fat.”(这大概是人们了解到食用含有高胆固醇和动物脂肪的食品有害的结果)。因此A项正确。B、C、D三项都不是文中所说的理由,可排除。
3. It is believed that eating salads______.
A.makes them physically strong
B.keeps them alert for business meetings
C.helps them lose weight
D.makes them romantic
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。第四段第四句提到“…salads for lunch to prepare them for business appointment”(…午餐则吃沙拉,以为参加商务会谈做好准备),可知B项正确。A和C两项原文都未提及。第四段倒数第二句提到“For romantic dinners, however, Americans choose shrimp and lobster.”(然而,要吃一顿浪漫的晚餐,美国人则会选小虾和龙虾),可知D项错误。
4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A.American meals become rich and time-consuming.
B.Modern household appliances have brought about a great revolution to American eating habit.
C.People's eating patterns are becoming more scientific.
D.People eat totally different things for different occasions.
A B C D
C
[解析] 是非判断题。从全文来看,美国人现在更加注重食品的营养及健康,如第三段最后两句话指出,人们减少了所吃的牛羊肉的数量,是因为了解到食用含高胆固醇和动物脂肪的食品对人体有害,因此C项符合文义。第二段第五句提到“Many Americans have less time than ever before to spend preparing food.”(如今许多美国人花在做饭上的时间比从前少),因此A项不正确。B项夸大了家用电器的作用,文中并未提及微波炉具有革命性的作用。D项原文未提及,且表述过于绝对化。
5. Which of the following does the author primarily discuss?
A.The reason why Americans alter their eating patterns
B.The reason why American life style has changed.
C.The amounts and kinds of food that Americans consume.
D.What kind of foods to eat in different situations.
Part B Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. Two paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities. But basically it involves four things: selling the correct product at the proper place, selling it at a price determined by demand, satisfying a customer's need and wants, and producing a profit for the company. [B] Because products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer need them or bought there. This is known as place utility: it adds value to a product. However, many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed. [C] The terms market and marketing can have several meanings depending upon how they are used. The term stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporations, as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets are in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo and Singapore. Another type of market is a grocery market, which is a place where people purchase food. When economists use the word market, they mean a set of forces or conditions that determine the price of a product, such as the supply available for sale and the demand for it by consumers. The term marketing in business includes all these meanings, and more. [D] In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services, such as financing, standardization and grading, and the related risks. [E] Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on product, the company must consider the desires of the consumer. And this is much more difficult since it involves human behavior. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process. [F] The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on a different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product, or what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it. [G] Raw materials requiring little or special treatment can be transported by rail, ship of barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travels as bulk freight but finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration or careful handling, are usually transported by truck, this merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and required quicker delivery. Merchandise freight is a term for the transportation of manufactured good. Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product. Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed. Order: 41.______→D→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→A
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (46)The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods, hurricanes and early snowstorms also deserves credit for encouraging plant growth and helping to control the pollutant linked to global warming, a new study shows. E1 Nino—the periodic warming of eastern Pacific Ocean waters—causes a burst of plant growth throughout the world, and this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, researchers have found. (47)The new study shows that natural weather events,such as the brief warming caused by E1 Nino, have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and how much of the gas is expelled by the soil. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, or CO2, has been increasing steadily for decades. This is thought to be caused by an expanded use of fossil fuels and by toppling of tropical forests. Scientists have linked the CO2 rise to global warming, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. (48)Alarmed, nations of the world now are drawing up new conservation policies to reduce fossil fuel burning, in hopes of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But David Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research,a co-author of the new study, says that before determining how much to reduce fossil fuel burning we should consider the effects of natural climate variations on the ability of plants to absorb CO2. Schimel said satellite measurements of CO2, plant growth and temperature show that natural warming events such as E1 Nino at first cause more CO2 to be released into the atmosphere, probably as the result of accelerated decay of dead plant matter in the soil. But later, within two years, there is an explosion of growth in forests and grasslands, which means plants suck more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. " We think that there is a delayed response in vegetation and soil to the warming effects of such phenomena as E1 Nino, and this leads to increased plant growth, " said Schimel. (49)However, he said, it is not clear whether the warming by E1 Nino causes a net decrease in the buildup of CO2 over the long haul. " We don't really know that yet, " said Schimel. What the study does show, however, is that the rise and fall of CO2 in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by natural changes in global temperature, said B. H. Braswell of the University of New Hampshire, another co-author of the study. Braswell said that in years when the global weather is cooler than normal, there is a decrease in both the decay of dead plants and in new plant growth. This causes an effect that is the opposite of E1 Nino warming: CO2 atmosphere levels first decline and later increase. (50) " I think we have demonstrated that the ecosystem has a lot more to do with climate change than was previously believed," said Braswell, " Focusing on the role of human activity in climate change is important, but manmade factors are not the only factors. "
[解析] 句子的框架是The climatic phenomenon that is…also deserves credit for…a new study shows。因为宾语从句太长,为了保持句子的平衡,主句a new study shows被放在了句子末尾,但译成中文时应按照汉语的习惯,把主句放到宾语从句之前;宾语从句中又包含了that引导的定语从句that is being…and early snowstorms,修饰先行词the climatic phenomenon;在原因状语for encouraging plant growth and…linked to global warming中,过去分词短语linked to global warming作the pollutant的后置定语;credit在这里是“称赞,表扬”的意思。
[解析] 句子的框架是The new study shows that natural weather events…,have a much more…effect than…on…。句中that引导了宾语从句,从句中have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed里包含了more…than…的结构,可译成“影响要比我们先前认为的火得多”;在介词结构on how much carbon…and how much of…中,介词on后面接了两个并列的由how much引导的宾语从句;词组have an effect on是“对…有影响,有效果”之意。
[解析] 句子的框架是However, he said, it is not clear whether the warming…causes…。句中he said是插入语,it is not clear…是主句;it是形式主语,真正的主语是whether引导的主语从句,主语从句中的介词短语in the built-up of CO2中built-up的意思是“增长,积聚”;词组over the long haul是“从长远来看”之意。
[解析] 句子的框架是I think we have demonstrated that…。I think后面紧跟了宾语从句we have demonstrated that…,而宾语从句中又包含了一个由that引导的宾语从句,这个宾语从句中又有more…than…结构,than引导了比较状语从句,其中have…to do with的意思是“和…有关系”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: You recently bought an item of clothing in another town, but found some problems with it after you returned home. Write a letter to the manager and say · what happened · what the problems are · what you would like them to do. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use " Li Ming " instead. Do not write the address.
[范文] Dear Sir or Madam, I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about the coat I bought in your department store several days ago. After I had bought the coat and returned home, I found some problems with it. There was a small hole in one of the coat sleeves, and the zipper had broken off, actually tore off. I telephoned your department store the day before yesterday and explained what the problems were to the shop assistant from whom I bought the coat. However, she was quite rude on the telephone and informed me that I could not get a replacement for this coat as it was purchased at a reduced price. I would be perfectly satisfied if you would kindly replace the coat or refund my money. I would like to have this matter settled by this weekend. Yours sincerely, LiMing
[解析] [模板(训练目标:投诉信)] Dear Sir or Madam, I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that ①__________. ②__________, I found some problems with it. ③__________. ④__________. However, ⑤__________. I would be perfectly satisfied if ⑥__________. I would like to ⑦__________. Yours sincerely, LiMing ①说明事由 ②事情发生的时间 ③具体问题 ④自己的挽救行动 ⑤挽救行动未获成功 ⑥具体要求 ⑦催促解决时间
Part B
1. Directions: Study the following graph carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Your essay should cover these three points: · explain the chart · provide possible reasons for this phenomenon · draw a conclusion
某城市1990-2009年出国人数变化表
年份
1990年
2000年
2009年
人数(人)
500
2000
6000
[范文] As demonstrated in the table, the number of people studying abroad has increased sharply from 1990 to 2009. In 1990, 500 people studied abroad, while the figure increased to 2000 in 2000. Over the period from 2000 to 2009, the figure was roughly tripled. It is clear from the graph that more and more students choose to study abroad. What contributes to these changes? The reasons are as follows. First, going abroad to study takes us to a different culture and environment. In a different culture, we can often hear different opinions on politics, religion and society. Secondly, studying abroad, we can travel widely, visiting famous scenic spots and making friends with different people. Thirdly, it is beneficial for us to learn a foreign language, because in the country, we are surrounded by the target language and have more opportunities to practice it. Therefore, we can learn it more rapidly and more easily. Last but not least, attending a foreign university can make us get acquainted with the latest knowledge in science and technology. In conclusion, more and more people prefer to study abroad than to study at home. Moreover, it seems that this trend will last in the future.
[解析] [模板] As demonstrated in the table, ①__________.②__________. It is clear from the graph that ③__________. What contributes to these changes? The reasons are as follows. First, ④__________. Secondly, ⑤__________. Thirdly, ⑥__________. Last but not least, ⑦__________. In conclusion, ⑧__________. ①总体描述 ②图表具体描述 ③分析图表所揭示的问题 ④理由一 ⑤理由二 ⑥理由三 ⑦理由四 ⑧总结