Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Few scientific fields are as full of risk as that of research into human intelligence. The two questions that 1 over and over again are "is it a result of nature or nurture?" and "does race make a difference?" Making 2 comments about the second question can be a 3 move, as James Watson, a co-discoverer of DNA structure, recently found. He suggested that he was " 4 about the prospect of Africa" 5 "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours (white people) 6 all the testing says not really". Such 7 by Dr. Watson are not merely 8 , they are scientifically weird. If the term 9 has any useful scientific meaning, then Africa, the continent where modern humanity began, is most racially diverse. The resulting 10 among the public forced Dr. Watson to leave his laboratory. 11 , the study of the first question 12 between intelligence and genetics— has some wiser practitioners. One of them, Terrie Moffitt, of King's College, has just 13 a project judging the relative importance of nature and nurture. Dr. Moffitt's team 14 the effect on intelligence of breastfeeding, but in a genetic context. Previous studies have shown that breastfed children are more intelligent, 15 about six IQ points, than those given baby formulas. The team, however, 16 the involvement of a gene called FADS2, which comes in two varieties, known as C and G. The researchers 17 if these two varieties interacted differently with breast milk. 18 on data from two groups of people, they found that the intelligence increase associated with breastfeeding only happened to people having 19 at least one copy of the C variety. The effect did not. 20 on the social classes or IQs of the parents.
[解析] 上下文语意关系和形容词词义辨析。 [解题思路] 本题空格所在句句意为“对于第二个问题做出______的评论将会是______的行为”。其中“第二个问题”指代上文中提到的“种族是否影响人的智力”。下文指出,James Watson认为非洲人的智力不如白人,紧接着作者评价这一说法在科学上是讲不通的(they are scientifically weird)。由此可知,空格处词语对comments的评价应与下文作者对James Watson观点的评价相符,四个选项中只有选项[D]stupid符合文意。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]prompt意为“及时的;迅速的”。选项[B]hasty意为“仓促的;匆忙的”,文中并没有说明James Watson下结论时是迅速的或仓促的,故可排除这两项。选项[C]general意为“一般的;普通的;大致的”,代入文中也不符合文意。另外,考生易将hasty理解为“轻率的;草率的”而误选,但hasty作此意讲时,多作表语,用于be hasty in doing sth的结构中,故排除。
3.
A.career-killing
B.career-facilitating
C.time-consuming
D.energy-saving
A B C D
A
[解析] 上下文语意关系和形容词词义辨析。 [解题思路] 本题空格与第二题空格以及下文相关联。联系第二题的分析可知,该句意为“对第二个问题做出愚蠢的评论将会是______的行为”,既然评论是愚蠢的,那么其结果肯定是不好的。且后文中的例子指出,由于James Watson对种族与智力之间的关系做出了荒谬的评论,最后他不得不离开了实验室(forced Dr. Watson to leave his laboratory)。根据文章前后呼应的关系可知,本题空格处应填入表达此种负面结果的词,选项[A]career-killing意为“终结职业的;自毁前程的”,代入文中,符合文意。 [干扰排除] 选项[B]career-facilitating意为“促进事业进步的”,与下文Dr. Watson因其言论被迫离开实验室的语意相悖,故可排除。选项[C]意为“费时的”,选项[D]意为“节约能源的”,代入文中也不符合上下文语意,故排除。
[解析] 上下文语意关系和名词词义辨析。 [解题思路] 本题空格位于两个破折号之间,该部分为the first question的同位语,空格所填词及其后置定语between intelligence and genetics(智商与基因之间的),具体解释the first question的内容,联系上文可知,第一个问题为"is it a result of nature or nurture?" (智商是后天培养的还是先天形成的?),即它探讨的是基因与智商的关系,将四个选项代入文中,只有选项[C]links(关系;联系)符合文意。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]similarities意为“相似点;类似之处”,选项[B]differences意为“差别;差异”,选项[D]contradictions意为“矛盾;相悖之处”,代入文中,均与第一个问题的内容不符。
13.
A.sponsored
B.recommended
C.criticized
D.supervised
A B C D
D
[解析] 上下文语意关系和动词词义辨析。 [解题思路] 本题空格位于句子的谓语部分,其宾语为project,该句的大意为“Terrie Moffitt ______了一项衡量先天因素和后天培养相对重要性的项目”,前文指出Terrie Moffitt是one of them,即one of some wiser practitioners,而后文中更提到了Dr. Moffitt's team,这些都表明他参与了这一项目,将各个选项代入文中,只有选项[D]supervised“指导;监督;主管”可以表明这一情况,代入文中意为“负责该项目”。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]sponsored意为“资助;赞助”,选项[B]recommended意为“推荐;介绍”,选项[C]criticized意为“批评;批判”,由于下文表明Terrie Moffitt参与了该项目,而“赞助”、“推荐”或者“批评”该项目都没有参与其中进行研究的意思,故均可排除。
[解析] 上下文语意关系和动词词义辨析。 [解题思路] 本题空格处需填入一个动词,作渭语,其后紧跟由if引导的宾语从句。四个选项中,能接if引导的宾语从句的只有选项[A]questioned和选项[B]wondered。《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》对question的英文解释为to have or express doubts about something(质疑;对……表示怀疑),含有不相信某事的意味,代入文中,显然,研究者不会“质疑”自己的某个实验课题。wonder的英文解释为to think about something because you want to know more facts or details about it(疑惑;想知道),含有怀疑某事存在的意味,代入文中,意为“研究者们怀疑这两种基因与母乳奶产生了不同的作用”,语意通顺,故选项[B]正确。 [干扰排除] 选项[C]noted意为“注意;做笔记;记录”,选项[D]found意为“发现;找到”,二者后都不能跟if引导的宾语从句,且代入文中,语意也不通顺,故排除。
[解析] 上下文语意关系和动词词义辨析。 [解题思路] 本题空格所在句句意为“母乳喂养引起的智力提升只发生在那些______至少一个C类基因副本的人身上”,空格处要填一个动词,连接逻辑主语people和宾语one copy of the C variety。很显然,此处意在表达“遗传了C类基因副本的人”,故选项[D]inherited(因遗传而获得)正确。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]obtained意为“(通过努力)获得”,选项[B]produced意为“制造;生产”,选项[C]earned意为“赚得;挣得”,这三项都不能与宾语one copy of the C variety搭配,故排除。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on
Text 1 FOR the past two years in Silicon Valley, the centre of America's technology industry, conference-goers have entertained themselves playing a guessing game: how many times will a speaker mention the phrase "long tail"? It is usually a high number, thanks to the influence of the long tail theory, which was first developed by Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired magazine, in an article in 2004. Though technologists and bloggers chuckle at how every business presentation now has to have its long-tail section, most are envious of Mr Anderson, whose brainwave quickly became the most fashionable business idea around. Whether a blockbuster film, a bestselling novel, or a chart-topping rap song, popular culture idolizes the hit. Companies devote themselves to creating them because the cost of distribution and the limits of shelf space in physical shops mean that profitability depends on a high volume of sales. But around the beginning of this century a group of internet companies realized that with endless shelves and a national or even international audience online they could offer a huge range of products—and make money at the same time. The niche, the obscure and the specialist, Mr Anderson argues, will gain ground at the expense of the hit. As evidence, he points to a drop in the number of companies that traditionally calculate their revenue/sales ratio according to the 80/20 rule—where the top fifth of products contribute four-fifths of revenues. Ecast, a San Francisco digital jukebox company, found that 98% of its 10,000 albums sold at least one track every three months. Expressed in the language of statistics, the experiences of Ecast and other companies such as Amazon, an online bookseller, suggest that products down in the long tail of a statistical distribution, added together, can be highly profitable. The internet helps people find their way to relatively obscure material with recommendations and reviews by other people and (for those willing to have their artistic tastes predicted by a piece of software) computer programs which analyze past selections. Long-tail enthusiasts argue that the whole of culture will benefit, not just commercial enterprises. Television, film and music are such bewitching media in their own right that many people are quite happy to watch and listen to what the mainstream provides. But if individuals have the opportunity to pick better, more ideally suited entertainment from a far wider selection, they will take it, according to the theory of the long tail. Some analysts reckon that entire populations might become happier and wiser once they have access to thousands of documentaries, independent films and sub-genres of every kind of music, instead of being subjected to what Mr Anderson calls the tyranny of lowest-common-denominator fare. That might be taking things a bit far. But the long tail is certainly one of the internet's better gifts to humanity.
1. According to the first paragraph, the author believes that______.
A.America's technology industry prefers conferences
B."long tail" is a new concept of business
C.technologists mention "long tail" in every speech
D.long-tail section began to form in 2004
A B C D
B
[解析] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词the first paragraph定位到文章第一段。该段描述了长尾理论受到的热捧。长尾理论最初是由《连线》杂志的编辑克里斯·安德森在2004年的一篇文章中提出的(...long tail theory, which was first developed by...),此人的灵感竟然迅速成为风靡一时的商业理念(whose brainwave quickly became the most fashionable business idea around)。由此可知,长尾理论是一种新的商业理念,选项[B]与此相符,故为答案。 [干扰排除] 该段首句提到,过去两年来,在美国硅谷参加会议的人们常玩一个猜谜游戏:一名发言者将会提到多少次“长尾”这个词?这句话的目的是引出长尾理论,并说明长尾理论在这些人中的巨大影响力,但不能说叫美国的科技产业喜欢开会,故排除选项[A]。该段最后一句指出,目前每个商务演讲都有陈述长尾理论的部分,技术专家和博主们都觉得这很可笑。这句话并不意味着技术专家自己在每一次发言时都会提及长尾理论,故选项[C]错误。该段第二句指出,长尾理论最初是由《连线》杂志的编辑克里斯·安德森于2004年提出的,该选项偷换概念,将long tail theory换为long tail section(阐述长尾理论的部分),故排除选项[D]。
2. The 80/20 rule is used to______.
A.prove the long tail theory
B.figure out financial ratio
C.select profitable products
D.design procedures
A B C D
B
[解析] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词80/20 rule定位到文章第三段。该段第二句指出,传统的按照“二八定律”来计算收入与销售比例的公司数量已经有所减少(...traditionally calculate their revenue/sales ratio according to the 80/20 rule...),对于“二八定律”,作者随后给出了更详细的解释:80%的收入都来自于销售量位于前5位的产品(where the top fifth of products contribute four-fifths of revenues)。由此可见,“二八定律”用来计算收入与销售量之间的比率关系,故选项[B]“计算财务比率”为答案。 [干扰排除] 由原文可知,“二八定律”与长尾理论是两种截然相反的商业理念,作者提及“二八定律”是为了证明长尾理论在商界越来越得到认可(The niche, the obscure and the specialist...will gain ground at the expense of the hit),而不是为了证明长尾理论本身的正确性,故排除选项[A]。“二八定律”是根据商品的赢利情况而得出的结果,文中并没有应用该理论寻找可赢利商品这个信息,故排除选项[C]。选项[D]“没计程序”文中也没有提到,故排除。
3. With which of the following would the long-tail advocates most probably agree?
A.People are more willing to catch what the mainstream provides.
B.People have more opportunities to find entertainment through computer.
C.People would be happy for having access to a wider selection.
D.People in the cultural field benefit most from the long tail theory.
A B C D
C
[解析] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 本题就长尾理论支持者的观点进行提问,根据题干关键词the long-tail advocates定位到文章第四段。第四段第三句指出,根据长尾理论,如果人们有机会在更大的选择范围内挑选时,他们会这样做的(if individuals have the opportunity to pick...from a far wider selection, they will take it...)。第四句继续指出,如果有机会接触到数以千计的纪录片、独立制作的电影和各种非主流音乐(once they have access to...),人们将会变得更加快乐和明智(entire populations might become happier and wiser)。由此可知,长尾理论认为,人们乐意有更大的选择范围,放选项[C]为本题答案。 [干扰排除] 本段第二句提出,很多人非常乐意观看或收听主流媒介提供的节目(...people are quite happy to watch and listen to...),但第三句和第四句接着指出,如果个人能够有机会选择更精彩的娱乐节目,人们将会做出其他选择,并且将会变得更加快乐和明智,由此可见选项[A]“人们更乐意观看主流媒体提供的节目”与原文不符,故排除。文章第三段段末提到在网络商城,人们可以通过电脑寻找一些不太知名的商品,但文中并没有说通过电脑更容易找到娱乐节目,故选项[B]也可排除。选项[D]根据本段第一句设置干扰,第一句指出,不仅是商业公司,整个文化界也会受益于这一理论,文中并没有对哪个行业受益更多进行比较,故选项[D]错误。
[解析] 语意理解题。 [解题思路] 题干关键词lowest-common-denominator出现在文章第四段。由第二至四句可知,电视、电影和音乐由于其独特的魅力使得许多人乐于接受主流媒体提供的节目,但当人们有机会接触到其他的纪录片、电影和音乐(once they have access to...),而不是受制于安德森所称的“最小公分母”时(instead of being subjected to what Mr Anderson calls the tyranny of lowest-common-denominator fare),人们将会变得更加快乐和明智。由此可知,其他的纪录片、电影和音乐即指主流媒体以外的其他节目,而安德森所称的“最小公分母”则与此相对,指主流媒体提供的节目或当下流行的节目。选项[D]与文意相符,为答案。 [干扰排除] 由以上分析可知,选项[A]、[B]、[C]均不是lowest-common-denominator所指代的内容,皆可排除。
5. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
Text 2 In the early days of the internet, the idea that it represented an entirely new and separate realm, distinct from the real world, was seized upon by both advocates and critics of the new technology. Advocates liked the idea that the virtual world was a placeless datasphere, liberated from constraints and restrictions of the real world, and an opportunity for a fresh start. For instance, John Perry Barlow, an internet activist, issued the "Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace" in February 1996. He thundered, "Governments of the industrial world, I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders. We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth." Where Mr. Barlow and other cyber-Utopians found the separation between the real and virtual worlds exciting, however, critics regarded it as a cause for concern. They worried that people were spending too much time online, communicating with people they had never even met in person in chat rooms, virtual game worlds and, more recently, on social-networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. A study carried out by the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society in 2000, for example, found that heavy internet users spent less time talking to friends and family, and warned that the internet could be "the ultimate isolating technology". Both groups were wrong, of course. The internet has not turned out to be a thing apart. Unpleasant aspects of the real world, such as taxes, censorship, crime and fraud are now features of the virtual world, too. Garners who make real money selling swords, gold and other items in virtual game worlds may now find that the tax man wants to know about it. Designers of virtual objects in Second Life, an online virtual world, are resorting to real-world lawsuits in order to protect their intellectual property. At the same time, however, some of the most exciting uses of the internet rely on coupling it with the real world. Social networking allows people to stay in touch with their friends online, and plan social activities in the real world. The distinction between online and offline chatter ceases to matter. Or consider Google Earth, which puts satellite images of the whole world on your desktop and allows users to link online data with specific physical locations. All these approaches treat the internet as an extension or an attachment to the physical world, not a separate space. Rather than seeing the real and virtual realms as distinct and conflicting, in short, it makes sense to see them as complementary and connected. The resulting fusion is not what the Utopians or the critics foresaw, but it suits the rest of us just fine.
1. According to the first paragraph, internet advocates believed that______.
A.the internet stood for progress of the technology
B.virtual realm was a world without boundaries
C.cyberspace liberated the real world
D.cyberspace could be entered by anyone for free
A B C D
B
[解析] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 根据题干要求定位至第一段。该段指出,互联网的支持者认为虚拟世界是一个无边界的数字王国(a placeless datasphere),这与选项[B]中的a world without boundaries是同义表达,故正确选项为[B]。 [干扰排除] 本段没有提及互联网是否代表着技术的进步,故排除选项[A]。该段提到虚拟世界摆脱了现实世界中的束缚和限制(...the virtual would...liberated from constraints and restrictions of the real world),而非虚拟世界解放了现实世界,故排除选项[C]。本段句末提到,虚拟世界是任何人都能进入的没有偏见和特权的世界(...a world that all may enter...),而非任何人都可以免费(for free)进入的,故排除选项[D]。
2. Why is John Perry Barlow mentioned in Paragraph 1?
A.To criticize governments of industrial countries.
B.To show the influence of the internet.
C.To advocate the equality for all.
D.To illustrate the advocates' favor to cyberspace.
3. The passage suggests that critics of the new technology______.
A.were concerned about the separation of people from the real world
B.worried that friends would never meet in person
C.were concerned that people were too engaged in social networks
D.would believe the internet could isolate people online
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 本题就互联网批评者的观点设问。文章第二段指出了互联网批评者的担忧,即许多人在网上花费了太多的时间(They worried that people were spending too much time online...),这会减少他们与家人、朋友交流的时间。并以2000年斯坦福社会定量研究所的研究证明这种担忧:互联网可能将人与真实的世界分隔开,成为“最终让人孤立的技术”(the ultimate isolating technology)。由此可知,选项[A]最符合文意。 [干扰排除] 选项[B]根据第二段第二句中in person设置干扰,该句指出人们花费太多时间与索未谋面的对象在网上交流,会使与家人、朋友交流的时间减少,并不是说朋友会永远不见面,故排除选项[B]。文中提到,批评者担心人们花费在社交网站(social-networking sites)的时间过多,而不是社交圈子(social networks),故排除选项[C]。批评者认为互联网可能将人与真实世界隔离开,而不是将上网的人分离开,故排除选项[D]。
4. It can be inferred from the passage that______.
A.virtual world is free from the dark sides of the real world
B.there is no difference between chatting online and offline now
C.people's activities online can also affect their real world activities
D.people who make real money in virtual games have to pay taxes
A B C D
C
[解析] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 第三、四段提到,游戏卖家在虚拟世界赚取现金受到了税务人员的关注(Gamers who make real money...find that the tax man...),虚拟世界中物品的设计者通过现实世界的法律手段保护自已的知识产权(Designers of virtual objects...are resorting to real-world lawsuits...)。由此可见,人们在网络上的活动也会影响他们在真实世界的活动,故正确选项为[C]。 [干扰排除] 第三段句首提到,现实生活中令人不满的方面,在虚拟世界中也同样存在(Unpleasant aspects of the real world...are now features of the virtual world),由此可排除选项[A]。第四段提到,社交网络让用户在网上交流,同时安排一些线下的社交活动,从而使线上交流和线下交流的区别变得无关紧要(ceases to matter),但并不是说这种区别已经不存在了(there is no difference...),故排除选项[B]。第三段提到,一些游戏玩家在虚拟世界赚了钱,这使税务人员想要了解他们赚钱的情况,但没有提到这些游戏玩家现在就要上缴所得税,故排除选项[D]。
5. From the passage we can find that the author______.
A.supports both advocates and critics of the internet
B.believes that the real and virtual worlds are interdependent
C.is opposed to the fusion of the internet with the physical world
D.argues that real and virtual worlds are distinct and conflicting
A B C D
B
[解析] 观点态度题。 [解题思路] 由最后一段可知,作者认为虚拟世界与现实世界是相互联系并互为补充的(...it makes sense to see them as complementary and connected),即二者是相互依存的,故正确选项为[B]。 [干扰排除] 第三段第一句作者指出,互联网的批评者和支持者都不正确(Both groups were wrong),由此可排除选项[A]。文末指出,虚拟世界与真实世界的融合对于我们来说正合适(...it suits the rest of us just fine),即作者支持互联网与真实世界的融合,故排除选项[C]。最后一段指出,现实世界与虚拟世界不是截然不同、相互冲突的,而是互相联系、互为补充的,故排除选项[D]。
Text 3 The iPod revolutionized the way we consume music. The iPhone made us crazy for apps. And now the iPad is getting ready to rock our love lives—or at least help improve our search for someone to communicate with. In late May, Skout.com will become the first dating site to launch an iPad application. The free app will be similar to the version that's already available to phone users: members can enter search criteria, such as age range, gender and physical preferences, and a HotMap will show in real time the locations of active Skout users who fit those criteria. The idea is to help members meet up and see if magic happens. The cool thing about the iPad adaptation, says CEO Christian Wiklund, is that its screen is large enough to let the user view the map while simultaneously chatting and searching through another member's photos. David Evans, editor of onlinedatingpost.com, says we can expect to see more innovative technology in a few months after companies get acquainted with the capabilities of the iPad. "What I'm looking for are dating sites that are optimized for the iPad, with features native to the sleek computing device like (touch screen motions such as) pinch, twist, zoom and shake," he says. "It's the iPad that's going to enable developers to create entirely new ways to browse, discover and connect with singles." Steve Odom, CEO and founder of dating site Gelato, which launched last year and includes a live feed of members' social-media profiles, is redesigning his entire website based on the iPad's appearance. Profile pictures play a key role in online dating, Odom says, and the iPad gives sites an opportunity to play up the presentation of their clientele. "It's big, it's beautiful, and it's perfect for dating sites," says Odom, who plans to unveil the redesign in June. Evans predicts that online dating sites will begin to display their content like a magazine, letting users flip through pages of profiles and enlarge photos while simultaneously texting with one or more others. He says there's also been talk of adding a facial-coding and eye-tracking function that would use a webcam on the iPad to refine suggested matches based on a member's responses to certain profiles. If you grimace, the profile will fade away; if you smile or if your pupils dilate, similar profiles will be suggested. In other words, some day there could be an iPad app for love at first sight.
1. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that iPad is unique in______.
A.its efficiency in searching for ideal friends or lovers
B.its ability to show all the users on a certain dating website simultaneously
C.its large screen contributing to better realizing its functions
D.its ability to change our attitude towards our love lives
A B C D
C
[解析] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 本题就第一段中提到的iPad的独特之处提问,据此可定位至该段最后一句话。该句引用Christian Wiklund的话,指出这种根据iPad所做出的调整,其亮点就在于iPad有足够大的屏幕来让使用者在聊天以及浏览其他用户图片的同时,查看俊男靓女分布图(...its screen is large enough to let user view the map...),即iPad的独特之处在于其足够大的屏幕可更好地实现在线约会网站的功能,选项[C]是对该句的概括,故正确。 [干扰排除] 选项[B]根据第一段中...will show in real time the locations of active Skout Users设置干扰。该句指出,俊男靓女分布图会显示符合条件的Skout活跃用户的位置,而不是“同时显示所有的用户”,文中并没有提及iPad的这一功能,故可排除。选项[A]意为“有效地搜索理想的朋友以及恋人”,在文章第一段中提到了iPad上的免费应用程序可以像手机用户目前所使用的版本一样,用户们有效地搜索符合条件的对象(The free app will be similar to...: members can enter search criteria...),但这个不是iPad的独特之处,手机用户也同样可以实现这一功能,故排除。选项[D]意为“改变我们对于恋爱生活的态度”,首段第三句提到iPad即将改变人们的恋爱生活(iPad is getting ready to rock our love lives),但不是改变我们对其的态度,且这也不是iPad的独特之处,故排除。
2. According to David Evans, it'll be possible that______.
A.iPad becomes the beautiful tool for people to surf the web
B.dating site developers create more ways for people to know each other
C.iPad will be developed to suit the needs of the dating websites
D.developers of iPad will add more features to the device
A B C D
B
[解析] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词David Evans,可定位至文章第二段。该段全部都是David Evans所说的话,其中最后一句指出,iPad将使研发人员研制出浏览、发现以及联系单身人士的全新途径(it's the iPad that's going to...create entirely new ways to browse, discover and connect with singles),即在线约会网站的研发人员有可能根据iPad的特点研制出人们认识朋友的新途径,故选项[B]正确。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]意为“iPad是人们上网的好工具”,此观点无法从David Evans所说的话中推知,放排除。选项[C]意为“为满足约会网站的需要,iPad将会更新技术”,与原文第二段内容不符,该段说明约会网站应当针对iPad的特点做出调整(I'm looking for dating sites that are optimized for the iPad),而不是iPad根据约会网站进行更新。选项[D]意为“iPad的研发人员将为这个装置增加更多的特色”,该项是针对原文中的developer设置的干扰项,文中是说约会网站的研发人员根据iPad调整网站,而不是iPad的研发人员调整iPad,故排除选项[D]。
3. The clients of the dating site Gelato______.
A.are better at making themselves appear more beautiful
B.will upgrade the web site to include more profile pictures
C.will facilitate the development of new iPad features
D.will skim through others' profiles of higher quality
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词Gelato可定位至文章第三段。Gelato的创始人兼CEO指出,其公司正在以iPad的外观为基础重新设计整个网站(...is redesigning his entire website based on the iPad's appearance),并紧接着指出对于网上约会来说,个人资料图片尤为重要,而iPad恰恰能够突出客户形象(...iPad gives sites an opportunity to play up the presentation of their clientele),故可推知,改版后的新网站将会借鉴iPad的优势,使用户可以浏览更优质的其他用户的资料,故选项[D]正确。 [干扰排除] 第三段中提到根据iPad作出调整后的网站会帮助用户更好地呈现个人资料,而不是“(用户)更擅长让自己看起来更漂亮”,据此排除选项[A]。选项[B]意为“(用户)可以对网站进行升级以添加更多个人资料图片”,在文中并没有对应信息点。选项[C]意为“(用户)可以促进iPad新功能的开发”,第三段讨论的是在线约会网站根据iPad的外观进行重新设计,而没有提及iPad的更新问题,故选项[C]可排除。
4. According to the last paragraph, a facial-coding and eye-tracking function______.
A.could be used to browse the profile pictures more quickly
B.is developed based on a member's response
C.can enable the users to get accurate matches more easily
D.could support checking profile pictures and texting at once
Text 4 Whether you think the human story begins in a garden in Mesopotamia known as Eden, or in present-day east Africa, it is clear that human beings did not start life as an urban creature. Man's habitat at the outset was dominated by the need to find food, and hunting and gathering were rural pursuits. Not until around 11,000 years ago, did he start building anything that might be called a village. It took another 6000 years for cities of more than 100,000 people to develop. In terms of human history this may seem a welcome development. It would be questionable to say that nothing of consequence has ever come out of the countryside. The wheel was presumably a rural invention. Even city-dwellers need bread as well as circuses. And if Dr. Johnson and Shelley were right to say that poets are the true legislators of mankind, then all those hills and lakes and other rural delights must be given credit for inspiring them. But the rural contribution to human progress seems slight compared with the urban one. Cities' development is synonymous with human development. The first villages came with the emergence of agriculture and the domestication of animals: people no longer had to wander but could instead draw together in settlements, allowing some to develop particular skills. After a while the farmers could produce surpluses, and the various products could be exchanged. Living together meant security. But people also drew together for the practical advantages of being in a particular place: by a river or spring, on a defensible hill or peninsula, next to an estuary (the mouth of a river) or other source of food. Also important, argue historians, was a settlement's capacity to draw people to it as a meeting-place, often for sacred or spiritual purposes. Graves, groves, even caves might become places for ceremonies and rituals. Man did not live by bread alone. But bread, in the broadest sense, was important. People came to cities not just to worship but to trade and the goods they bought and sold were not just farm products but the manufactures of urban craftsmen and skilled workers. The city became a centre of exchange, both of goods and of ideas, and so it also became a centre of learning, and innovation. Cities were much more than all of this, of course, and they were not all the same. As they developed, some were most notable for their religious role, as the hub of an empire, as centres of administration, political development, learning, or commerce. Some flourished, some died, their longevity depending on factors as varied as conquest, plague, misgovernment or economic collapse.
1. The first paragraph suggests that early human beings' living places______.
A.started either in Eden or east Africa
B.had much to do with food in the beginning
C.were dominated by their pursuits
D.developed into large cities 6,000 years ago
A B C D
B
[解析] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词the first paragraph和early human beings' living places定位到文章第一段第二句。该句指出,最初,人类的栖息地受制于寻找食物的需求(Man's habitat at the outset was dominated by the need to find food),题干中的early human beings' living places对应文中的Man's habitat,选项[B]中的had much to do with food是was dominated by the need to find food的同义表达,in the beginning是at the outset的同义表达,故选项[B]为答案。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]是对原文第一句的曲解,第一句作者意在表明,不论人类起源于伊甸园还是东非,总之人类不是起源于城市。至于人类是否起源于这两个地方,作者并没有给出自己的观点。选项[C]对首段第二句设置干扰,原文rural pursuits指的是狩猎和采集等农业活动,选项[C]中their pursuits太过宽泛,故排除。选项[D]根据首段最后一句设置干扰,原文指出,村庄大约形成于11.000年前,村庄形成后又过了大约6.000年,人口超过100,000的城市才开始出现,而不是6.000年前人类的居住地就发展为大城市,故排除选项[D]。
2. In the second paragraph, the author mainly intends to tell us that______.
A.the emergence of cities seem to be a favorable development
B.nothing significant was developed in the countryside
C.urban people need both food and entertainments
D.countryside did make contributions to human history
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 阅读题干可知,本段就第二段说明的主要内容进行提问。该段一、二句指出,对人类历史来说,城市的发展是项可喜的进步,但如果认为乡村对人类历史没有什么重要贡献,这是令人质疑的(It would be questionable to say...)。然后该段举例证明农村的作用:发明wheel,为城市人提供bread等,即使是被誉为人类真正立法者的诗人,也受益于乡村风光给予他们的灵感,由此可知本段的中心话题是农村在人类历史上的作用,故选项[D]符合段落大意。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]只是对本段首句的概括,但本句只是承接上文的句子,并不是对本段大意的概括。选项[B]的含义与本段的大意正好相反,作者在第二句指出,如果要说乡村对人类历史没有什么重要贡献,这是令人质疑的,言外之意,乡村对人类历史的发展做出了贡献。选项[C]是根据本段第四句设置的干扰,原文指出,城市居民不仅仅需要马戏团,而且需要面包(Even city-dwellers need bread as well as circuses),但这只是支持作者观点的一个论据,不足以概括本段的主旨大意。
3. One reason why people began to live together is that______.
A.they needed to find food together
B.they would assemble for particular purposes
C.they could be protected by rivers
D.they could share the nearby natural resources
A B C D
B
[解析] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词live together定位到文章第四段。第四段第三句和第四句指出,人们通常出于宗教或精神上的目的而集中到一处(often for sacred or spiritual purposes),聚居地可以吸引人们聚集到一处举行庆典或仪式。这是人们群居的原因之一,选项[B]“人们为了特殊的目的而聚集到一处”是正确选项。 [干扰排除] 选项[A]“他们需要一起寻找食物”原文未提及,原文第四段第二句指出人类聚居会选在江口或其他的食物来源地,这是为了方便寻找食物,但并不是说要一起寻找食物。选项[C]与第四段意思不符,原文第一句指出,住在一起意味着安全,但居住在河边或泉水边(by a river or spring)是为了这些地点的便利,并非出于安全原因。选项[D]“他们可以共享附近的自然资源”,“共享”的意义在原文没有提及,故排除此项。
4. By saying "Man did not live by bread alone" (Line 6, Paragraph 4), the author means______.
A.people needed to eat a variety of food
B.men often lived beside food sources
C.men ought to live a more noble life
D.besides food, there were other pursuits for men
A B C D
D
[解析] 语意理解题。 [解题思路] 根据题干定位到文章第四段。本段第二句指出,人们还因为实际的好处而定居到一处,比如食物的来源地等。第三句接着指出,同样重要的是,人们还出于宗教或精神上的目的而集中到一处。所以,作者在此指出人类不仅仅靠面包生存,言下之意是除了物质需求,人类还有精神需求,选项[D]准确地传达了作者的意心。 [干扰排除] 原文中“面包”喻指食物、物质需求,而不是面包本身。选项[A]望文生义,人类不仅仅需要面包,并不由此意味着“人们需要各种各样的食物”,该项是对原文的曲解。选项[B]是根据第二句next to an estuary (the mouth of a river) or other source of food设置的干扰项,原文意为人们居住在食物的来源地,说明人类生存需要面包,但不能解释“人类不仅仅靠面包生存”的言外之意。选项[C]人们应当过更高尚的生活,此处将宗教或精神上的追求等同于更高尚的生活,是对原文含义的过度引申。
5. Which of the following could best summarize the passage?
A.The city rises; the country falls—the history of human's living places.
B.From hunting/gathering to exchanging—the history of city functions.
C.From villages to cities—the history of urbanity.
D.Isolated, country; united, urban—how countryside and cities differ.
Part B Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs D and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on All big ideas start life on the fringes of debate. Very often it takes a shocking event to move them into the mainstream. Unti1 last year climate change was mainly the interest of scientists and green lobbyists. But since Hurricane Katrina, something seems to have changed, particularly in America. Nobody knows whether the hurricane really had anything to do with the earth warming. But for the first time less green voters and big business had a clearer idea about the "extreme weather events" whose increasing frequency scientists had been talking about. There are plenty of anecdotal signs of change: Britain's pro-business Conservatives have turned green; A1 Gore is back in fashion in America; hybrid cars no longer get stared at. 1 ______. So far the political rows about global warming have centred on two polluters, smoggy factories and dirty cars. 2 ______. In some ways, the airlines are an odd target for greens. They produce only around 3% of the world's man-made carbon emissions. 3 ______. By shipping hordes of ordinary people around the globe for not very much money, they have improved the lives of millions. 4 ______. Air transport will soon be central, not marginal, to the emissions issue. What, if anything, should be done? As usual, there are dangers on both sides. Excessive regulation would unnecessarily restrict individual choice and restrain an industry that makes both rich and poor countries better off. On the other hand, airlines no less than any other industry must pay for pollution. 5 ______. And, although other forms of transport cannot easily replace flying, demand for many flights is sensitive to price. A quarter of flying is business-related; many of those journeys are essential, but others are scarcely more important than a telephone call or video-conference. However, addressing individuals' consciences won't go that far. Air pollution is a collective problem, which in this case requires a change in policy. As it stands, the market is in favour of air travel; the aim should be to make it more balanced. Two approaches are on offer. Some think the best way to limit emissions is to tax them; others argue for a system that sets a cap on pollution, and let polluters trade the right to emit. [A] But there is no sign of governments embracing that idea. Given that it is the world's first serious attempt to cut emissions internationally, that is not surprising. The world can learn from its imperfections, and design a better scheme for airlines. [B] Now a new front is being opened up—in the skies. Next month the European Parliament will vote on whether to extend its emissions-trading system to airlines. If it decides in favour, the whole industry will feel the impact, for it will affect not just European airlines but all those that fly into and out of the EU. But whatever happens in the EU, it seems that the airlines are bound to face demands that they should pay for their emissions. [C] Slowly, businessmen and politicians are coming to agree with scientists. If this generation does not tackle climate change, its descendants will not think much of it. That means raising costs for all sources of pollution. Even those inexpensive weekend breaks will be cancelled. [D] As the debate grows, some flyers may reconsider their ways. Put frankly, air travel makes a mockery of many people's attempts to live a green life. Somebody who wants to reduce his "carbon footprint" can bicycle to work, never buy sprays and turn off his air-conditioner—and still blow away all this virtue on a couple of long flights. [E] Companies are beginning to take actions and encouraging governments to do the same. Europe already has an emissions-trading system (ETS) for its five dirtiest industries. In America, although the Bush administration still resists federal legislation, more and more states do not. [F] Yet in other ways, airlines are a fine target. They pay no tax on fuel for international flights, and therefore escape the "polluter pays" principle. Their emissions are especially damaging, too, And the industry's energy consumption has been growing faster than that of other polluting industries. [G] Surface transport, by contrast, produces 22%. Europe's merchant ships spew out around a third more carbon than aircraft do, and nobody is going after them. And unlike cars— potent symbols of individualism (and, some would say, individual selfishness) — airlines are public transport, jamming in as many people as they can into each plane.
1.
E
本段首句指出人们对环保态度的改变有许多有趣的迹象,然后具体列举这些现象。下文开启新话题:有关全球变暖的争议主要集中于两大污染源。因此本段空白处最有可能继续列举人们对环保态度的改变。比较符选项,可以发现选项[E]指出各个公司已经开始针对全球变暖采取行动,政府也身体力行,之后列举了一些政府采取的行动,如:欧洲采取排放交易制度,美国有越来越多的州不再抵制立法。该项说明了人们开始重视环保的一些行动,与上文内容最契合,故正确。 选项[A]that idea在上文中无具体所指,故排除。选项[F]句首的yet,表转折,与上文语意无法衔接,且in other ways提示上文提到关于航空业某方面的问题,上文并无相关内容,故排除。选项[B]、[D]和[G]的内容都是关于airline pollution(航空污染)的,选项[C]主要内容是警告当代人要解决气候变化问题,在内容上都无法与上文承接,故均排除。
2.
B
段首句讲到对于全球变暖的争论主要围绕工厂和汽车。而下一段首句指出,在某些方面,航空旅行对于环保人士来说是很奇怪的抨击目标。由此推断,上文必然提到航空业也已成为人们的攻击对象,否则上下文内容就不连贯了。浏览各选项发现,选项[B]首句Now a new front...引出导致全球变暖的一个新的争论目标是航空旅行,能够与上文话题很好地衔接,该项接下来指出欧洲议会对航空污染的新政策及航空旅行必然要面对为其排放物埋单的趋势,由此可知,航空业已经被当做导致全球变暖的攻击对象了,这又为下一段开头句In some ways, the airlines are an odd target for greens做好了铺垫,故正确。 提到航空污染这个话题的选项还有[A]、[D]、[F]和[G]。选项[A]首句中的that idea在上文中无具体指代对象,选项[D]中的the debate在上文中并没有提及,选项[F]中的yet in other ways无法与上文衔接,选项[G]中by contrast所指的对比对象在上文中也没有出现,故均排除。
3.
G
本段首句指出,在某些方面,航空运输是很奇怪的抨击目标,接下来分析环保人士对此感到奇怪的原因。空白处前一句指出飞机的碳排放量只占全球碳排放量的3%,后一句指出航空旅行改善了许多人的生活。由此可以推断,空白处还是分析原因。选项[G]首句中出现22%,与上文的3%相呼应。由上文内容可知,该选项首句补充完整应是Surface transport, by contrast with airlines, produces 22% of the world's man-made carbon emissions。该项用水陆运输的碳排放量与飞机的进行对比,证明飞机的污染低得多,然后指出飞机是公共交通工具,承载人数多,这与该空白后句子的内容“价格不贵,却可以把大批普通人带到世界各地”语意承接,故正确。 在所有选项中,选项[D]、[F]的干扰性较大,这两项的语意都无法与该空白后提及的飞机的好处内容一致,故排除。
4.
F
空白处上一段主要讲飞机对于环保人士来说是很奇怪的抨击目标,然后说明原因,即飞机旅行有诸多好处。而空白后剩余的一句话指出航空旅行很快将成为污染物排放问题的核心。由此推断,本段的内容是从航空旅行的好处转向了其负面影响。选项[F]首句yet表转折,in other ways与上文in some ways相对应,airlines are a fine target和the airlines are an odd target相对应,接着指出航空旅行应成为抨击日标的原因:国际航班不交燃油税,排放物非常有害,能源消耗增长快。这些原因与下文的结论(Air transport will soon be central, not marginal, to the emissions issue)可以很好地承接,故正确。 选项[A]也表示转折,但与下文结论没有因果关系,故排除。选项[D]首句的the debate在上文中无具体所指,故排除。
5.
D
空白处前一段提到要对飞机排放物采取措施。一方面对航空业不能过度抑制,另一方面航空公司必须为其排放物埋单。空白处下文讲道,其他交通方式并不能轻易取代航空业。由此推断,上文一定提到了人们试图用其他交通手段取代飞机出行的想法。浏览各选项,选项[D]中首句提到许多乘客可能会考虑其他的出行方式(...some flyers may reconsider their ways),并且该选项中,作者指出了飞机出行的危害——使人们之前减少“碳足迹”的努力前功尽弃。在该选项中,作者意在说服人们改变自己的出行方式,减少飞机旅行。而下文And之后提到尽管其他交通方式不能轻易取代飞机,但很多航班的需求对价格很敏感。而且很多飞机出行其实没有必要,即作者也在呼吁人们减少乘坐飞机的次数。可见,选项[D]和下文And之后的内容是一致的。也与下一段首句提到的“唤醒个人良知”(addressing individuals' consciences)相呼应,故为正确选项。选项[D]中the debate指代上文中处理航空业污染物的两方面争论。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on A Frenchman, the psychologist Alfred Binet, published the first standardized test of human intelligence in 1905. (46)But it was an American, Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford, who thought to divide a_test taker's "mental age," as revealed by that score, by his or her biological age to derive a number that he called "IQ". It would be hard to think of a pop-scientific coinage that has had a greater impact on the way people think about themselves and others. (47)No country: embraced the IQ more thoroughly than the U.S., where millions of people have their IQ measured annually, many with a direct descendant of Binet's original test, although not necessarily for the purpose Bin et intended. He developed his test as a way of identifying public school students who needed extra help in learning, and that is still one of its leading uses. But the broader and more controversial use of IQ testing has its roots in a theory of intelligence—part science, part sociology—that developed in the late 19th century, before Binet's work and entirely separate from it. (48)Championed first by Charles Darwin's cousin Francis Galton, it held that intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that if people who had a lot of it could be identified and put in leadership positions, all of society would benefit. Terman believed IQ tests should be used to conduct a great sorting out of the population, so that young people would be assigned on the basis of their scores to particular levels in the school system, which would lead to corresponding socioeconomic destinations in adult life. The beginning of the IQ-testing movement overlapped with the eugenics movement—hugely popular in America and Europe among the "better sort". In 1958 a British sociologist named Michael Young coined the word "meritocracy" to denote a society that organizes itself according to IQ-test scores. Terman and many other early advocates of IQ testing had in mind the creation of an American meritocracy, though the word didn't exist then. (49)They believed IQ tests could be the means to create, for the first time ever, a society in which advantage would go to the people who deserved it rather than to those who had been born into it. In order to believe this, though, you have to believe that merit and a score on an IQ test are the same thing. (50)Long before IQ was invented, America prided itself on beinga country without a class system, in which people of talent and industry would rise and be rewarded. The advent of intelligence tests did not dramatically affect the degree of social mobility in the U.S.—at least not enough for any change to show up in the social-science data.
[解析] But it was an American, Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford, who thought to divide a test taker's "mental age," as revealed by that score, by his or her biological age to derive a number that he called "IQ". [结构分析] 本句的主干结构为强调句型it was an American...who thought...,被强调部分为主语an American, Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford为同位语,说明其姓名与身份。to divide...by...作谓语thought的宾语,divide...与其方式状语by his or her...被一个定语从句as revealed...分隔开,该定语从句修饰mental age。句末不定式结构to derive...则作目的状语。 [译点分析] (1)it was...who: 强调句型,翻译时要注意突出所强调的部分,在本句中即主语an American。由于前一句提到,第一个提出标准化智商测试的是法国人,那么该强调句可译为“是美国人……”。 (2)thought to divide...biological age: thought为think的过去时;此处的divide意为“把(某一数字)作除数”,涉及两个数据,分别为mental age和biological age,即“心理年龄”和“生理年龄”,“divide+A+by+B”表示的是“A除以B”;as revealed by that score为后置定语,修饰mental age,可直接译为前置定语,that score指代上文的standardized test,此处可译为“标准测试所所得分数表现出的”。 (3)to derive...IQ: derive意为“得到;获取”;that引导定语从句修饰a number,并在从句中作called的宾语。这里可将定语从句译为前置定语“被称为‘智商’的”。
[解析] No country embraced the IQ more thoroughly than the U.S., where millions of people have their IQ measured annually, many with a direct descendant of Binet's original test, although not necessarily for the purpose Binet intended. [结构分析] 本句的主干部分为No country embraced the IQ more thoroughly..., than the U.S. 作比较状语从句,省略了embraced the IQ。其后至句末是由关系副词where引导的非限定性定语从句,修饰the U.S.。该从句的主干为millions of people have their IQ measured,其中many with...部分为独立主格结构,作伴随状语。句末although则引起转折。 [译点分析] (1)no country...the U.S.: no...more than为形容词比较级的否定,表示最高级,翻译时可直接译为“最……”;embrace意为“欣然接受或支持;信奉”,因此,该部分可译为“美国是世界上最信奉智商测试的国家”。 (2)where millions...: 修饰the U.S. 的非限定性定语从句,该定语从句较长,可以译为独立的句子;have their IQ measured为have sth done的结构,译为“测试他们的智商”;descendant本义为“子孙;后代”,此处使用其引申义“派生品;衍生品”。 (3)although not necessarily...: although在此处表转折,应译为“但是;然而”,而不是“尽管;虽然”;necessarily意为“必然地;必要地”。与其前的否定合译为“不一定;未必”;Binet intended为省略关系代词that或which的定语从句,修饰the purpose,可直接译为前置定语。这句话的意思为“但不一定出于比内设想的目的”,可调整译为“但其目的不一定符合比内的初衷”。
[解析] Championed first by Charles Darwin's cousin Francis Galton, it held that intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that if people who had a lot of it could be identified and put in leadership positions, all of society would benefit. [结构分析] 本句的主句为...it held that...。句首过去分词结构championed first by...则为状语,谓语held之后是两个并列的宾语从句that intelligence...and that if...。在第二个宾语从句中,if引导条件状语从句。 [译点分析] (1)Championed first by...: 过去分词结构作状语,可根据其意见,译为独立的句子;此处champion作动词,意为“支持;维护”,按照汉语表达习惯将该动词转译为名词,“首先得到了达尔文表弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿的支持”。 (2)who had a lot of it...positions: 此处who引导定语从句who had a lot of it,先行词为people;a lot of本意为“很多;大量”,a lot of intelligence可译为“高智商”。该定语从句可译为前置定语:“高智商的人”。be identified意为“被鉴别出;被识别出”,在本句中可译为“高智商的人被确认”。.
[解析] They believed IQ tests could be the means to create, for the first time ever, a society in which advantage would go to the people who deserved it rather than to those who had been born into it. [结构分析] 本句的主干结构为They believed...,谓语believed之后为省略了that的宾语从句,该宾语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句,即“介词in+which”引导的修饰a society的限定性定语从句,该定语从句的主干为advantage would go to the people...rather than to those...宾语the people和those之后分别跟由who引导的定语从句。 [译点分析] (1)IQ tests could...a society: means为单复数同形的名词,意为“手段;方式”;for the first time ever为插入语,译为“第一次;首次”。 (2)a society in which...: “介词in+which”引导定语从句,修饰先行词a society,由于该定语从句较长,故可将其单独译出,起解释说明作用;would...rather than意为“是……,而不是……”,go to (sb)意为“给予……”。 (3)people who...those who...: 定语从句who deserved it与who had been born into it分别是修饰people和those的定语从句,由于其结构比较简单,故可直接译为前置定语,“应得到优势的人”和“生来就具备诸多优势的人”。
[解析] Long before IQ was invented, America prided itself on being a country without a class system, in which people of talent and industry would rise and be rewarded. [结构分析] 本句的主干结构为...America prided itself on being a country...,句首long before引导时间状语从句,being a country至句末作宾语。without a class system和in which引导的非限定性定语从句同时修饰a country。 [译点分析] (1)Long before...invented: 时间状语long before意为“比(某个事件或时期)早得多”,因此该部分可译为“在IQ测试出现之前的很长一段时间里”。 (2)America prided...system: pride在此处为动词,pride oneself on sth/doing sth意为“以(做)某事而自豪;为(做)某事而骄傲”;without结构作后置定语修饰a country,可直接译为前置定语,即“一个没有阶级体系的国家”。 (3)in which...rewarded: 非限定性定语从句,修饰a country,此处可单独译为一个分句,句前需要重复先行词,即译为“在这个国家”;industry此处不是工业的意思,而是“勤奋;勤劳”之意;rise意为“(在社会、职业上等)升至较高的级别、地位或职位”,因此,该部分可译为“在这个国家,有才能的人、勤奋的人会获得地位的提升,得到回报”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: One of your friends Wang Tao is going to pursue his M.A. studies at Princeton University. He will arrive there one month before registration. Write a letter to your friend Mark Green at that university to 1) introduce Wang Tao, 2) ask him to help Wang Tao get familiar with the university and rent an apartment there. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
Dear Mark, I am writing to introduce Wang Tao, one of my best friends, to you. He has just graduated from Tsinghua University this year, and will pursue his M.A. studies at Princeton University, where he will arrive one month before registration. It would be difficult for him to settle down, so I am wondering if you could show him around and give him some guidance on the life and academic studies in the university. As the university does not provide lodging, would you kindly help him rent an apartment? I will appreciate it very much. He is very nice and I believe you will get along well with him. Yours sincerely, Li Ming
Part B
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments.
As is vividly depicted in the drawing above[1]. a man is standing on the edge of a cliff. with a large black sign pointing to the opposite direction behind him[2]. The title above the picture reads "Direction" in Chinese characters. Apparently, the cartoon aims to make us realize[3] the great importance of choosing the right direction when we try to pursue what we expect. Spending one's life time is just like climbing a mysterious mountain. [4]Once we set up in a right direction, and persevere in climbing, we shall get where we intended to go. On the other hand, a wrong direction will lead us to the opposite result and get confused all the way up[5]. When facing tough situations, [6]we may be easily defeated. What is worse, all the painstaking efforts we've made will be in vain. Kaifu Lee, the former vice president of Microsoft and Google, would be a positive example in case[7]. Lee's initial major was law in the university. However, when he found himself more enthusiastic about computer technology, he changed his goal and strived to achieve great results in computer studies. The right direction guided Lee to realize his dream, thus setting us all a positive example. It is safe to conclude that[8] a right direction in our life is like a lighthouse when we're sailing on a dark sea[9]. It is therefore highly sensible[10] that we find the right direction and then stick to it.
大作文部分沿袭了图画作文的命题模式。题目中提供了一幅图片,图中,一个人背着背包站在悬崖边,而他身后有一个指向相反方向的路标,图画上方是图画的标题:方向。由图片中的悬崖、路标,以及标题“方向”我们可以联想到,“悬崖”意味着险境,路标指示着正确的方向,如果不按照路标所指的方向走,很可能会坠入悬崖。由此可知,作者意在告诉我们,在人生旅途中,选对方向、找准目标很重要。 正确的目标就像是夜航时的灯塔,不管航行的道路上会遇到多少艰难险阻,它都能指引我们朝着正确的方向前进,并最终到达目的地。而错误的方向,却会让人时时感到迷茫,很容易被困难打败。 通过以上分析,我们可以大致形成本文的行文脉络: 第一段:描述图画。 第二段:解读图画寓意,从正反两方面证明找准方向的重要性。 第三段:举例说明。 第四段:总结全文,简明地提出建议。 [1] 描述图画内容的经典表达法,类似的表达方式还有As is vividly described/illustrated/showed in the drawing/picture/illustration...。 [2] with+名词结构+现在分词,作伴随状语,使句式变换多样,体现表达技巧。 [3] 揭示图画意图的经典表达,多用于表现某种精神或者某一观点的重要性。 [4] 此处作者使用了比喻的修辞手法,将人的生命历程比作攀登高峰,形象而贴切,体现出文学性。 [5] all the way up在此处为状语,与前面攀登高峰的比喻紧密相连,体现出暗喻,为文章增色不少。 [6] 动词的现在分词作状语,减少短句的出现,丰富了文章的句式结构,使行文更加流畅。 [7] an example in case意为“这样的例子”,是举例说明时的经典表达。 [8] 得出结论的经典表达,使文章结尾自然而富有深意。 [9] 比喻用法,将正确方向的作用比作黑暗海面上的灯塔,使文章内容更加丰富,表达也更加形象。 [10] It is+adj.+that句型,在文章结尾提出了简单的建议,充实了文章内容。