Section A Directions: Choose the word which is the closest in meaning to the underlined word.
1. With computers doubling in speed and power every couple of years and with genetic engineering's dazzling feats growing more and more routine, the battered American faith in technological progress has been growing stronger and giddier of late.
2. One suggested method of containing the fires was presented by Cary Colaizzi of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a heat-resistant grout (a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices), which is designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off the oxygen supply.
3. The two fanatic Puerto Rican nationalists who tried to assassinate Harry Truman in 1950 attacked him when he was living across the street in Blair House while the White House was being renovated.
4. But by the time we are adult, the childhood hiding which dwindled to adolescent shyness, is expected to disappear altogether, as we bravely stride out to meet our guests, hosts, companions, relatives, colleagues, customers, clients, or friends.
7. Some industrial workers were trying, quietly and peacefully, to create a network of free trade unions, modeled presumably on Poland's famous Solidarity, which was an anathema to the regime.
8. In many simple organisms, including bacteria and various protests, the life cycle is completed within a single generation: an organism begins with the fission of an existing individual; the new organism grows to maturity; and it then splits into two new individuals, thus completing the cycle.
9. Some pundits are worried that these candidate Q-and-A sessions have supplanted regular newscasts with something less rigorous journalistically, but the carping seems misguided.
10. On any corner, sane men, fanatics and demagogues could secure audiences to listen to their oratory, in which they adjured their hearers to rise in their might and drive the invader from their sacred soil.
Section B Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.
1. At the outset, Nixon warned, too, that a great effort would be needed to meet the challenge. But his audiences seemed ______ in such warnings, preferring to be reassured.
2. Meanwhile, the U.S. and Israel regard it as a rogue state that seeds to export terror, build nuclear weapons and ______ the Middle East peace process.
3. The slogan "scientific truth is a matter of social authority" has become dogma to many academic interest groups who have been ______ themselves to substitute their authority for that of the practicing scientists.
A.grudging
B.exerting
C.swarming
D.detesting
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题中空白处的意思是“这些组织一直竭尽全力要替代前沿领域的科学家们的 权威”。四个选项中,A项grudge的意思是“不给予”:B项exert的意思是“尽(力),施 加(压力等),努力”,exert oneself(to do sth.)的意思是“努力,尽力”;C项swarm的意思 是“涌往,挤满,密集”;D项detest的意思是“厌恶,憎恨”。四个选项中,只有B项符合 题意要求。
4. None of these is an end in itself. They are tentative, experimental. They are movements not towards something definite but away from something definite.
5. Nxele denounced sorcery, adultery, ______, incest, extortion, and murder; he would not eat prepared food, which he said was unclean, and stopped drinking milk.
6. "The foreign teachers wondered what we teachers do in political meetings and I told them that we had to go through the ______of lengthy formalities."
7. According to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1995, the wealthiest 10 percent of the population received 30.9 percent of the income, while the poorest 10 received only 2.2 percent. Such ______ in income and wealth are found in both cities and rural areas.
8. In addition to the Mandarin dialect, there are six other Chinese dialect groups, spoken mainly in southern and southeastern China. This linguistic______, particularly in southeastern China, has provided the basis for strong regional identity and some ethnic variation within the larger Han community.
9. Her taste runs also to arrangements of Chopin and Joplin, as well as to Japanese and Brazilian music, part of ______ approach that is winning her fans around the world.
10. ______ is practiced to some extent by the adherents of every religion. It often requires abstinence from food, drink, or sexual activity, as in fasting or celibacy and it may also require physical pain or discomfort, such as endurance of extreme heat or cold or self-punishment.
Section A Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
1. The buffalo which the lion fells provokes his aggression as little as the appetizing turkey which I have just seen hanging in the larder provokes ______
A.me
B.them
C.it
D.mine
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题中的主语The buffalo和the appetizing turkey后面都跟着定语从句,而宾语 需要用名词的所有格形式,因此D项为正确答案。应注意as little as对比的是两个相互平衡 的句子。
2. Here, so profligate has its use become the air conditioner is almost______ the automobile of the national tendency to overindulge in every technical possibility, to sue every convenience to such excess that country looks downright coddled.
3. The touch excites no defensive response unless the approach is from above where the spider can see the motion, ______ on its hind legs, lifts its front legs, opens its fangs and holds this threatening posture as long as the object continues to move.
A.in which case it rises
B.in that case it rises
C.in which case does it rise
D.such being the case it rises
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题中空白处的意思是在何种情况下它举起它的后腿。in which case指代的是 前面句中所述情况,无须倒装,因此A项为正确答案。
4. As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs,______ plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.
A.because
B.even though
C.while
D.since
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题中plants with new technology与plants with outdated equipment;make more powerful chips at lower costs与will be marginalized by the maker是对比关系,空格处应填表示 对比的主从连接词,因此c项为正确答案。
5. ______ from her contract, De Havilland sued the studio and, after a two-year battle, won her case in a landmark decision that benefited all contract actors.
6. The game of golf became so popular in Scotland in order to keep people from playing golf when they ______ archery, a military necessity, the Scottish parliament passed a special law in 1457. The Scottish people, however, largely ignored these similar laws.
A.should have been practicing
B.should be practicing
C.had been practicing
D.were practicing
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题考查的是虚拟语气。从题中可知,当时人们沉溺于高尔夫球而没有去练 archeIy和a military necessity,因此when引导的从句中谓语应用虚拟语气,所以A项为正确 答案。
7. If at some point they do import Christianity, it is ______that it will be absorbed and adapted ______ strengthen the continuing core of Chinese culture.
A.more than likely ... in such a manner as to
B.more likely than ... in such a manner so as to
C.likely more than ... in a manner so as to
D.more likely ... to such a manner as
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题的选项中more than有“不仅,超过”的意思。such as to strengthen后面可 接动词不定式,据此可知A项为正确答案。
8. A rogue loose called a hacker could take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software and then he could program the computer to erase any sign ______
9. ______ at the outset, ______ instead of shifting thing about may be pheromones released when they reach committee size.
A.The stimuli set them off.., build collectively
B.The stimuli that set them off.., building collectively
C.The stimuli setting them off.., they build collectively
D.Being set offby stimuli ... their building collectively
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题中,主语是stimuli,后面跟的是定语从句that set them off at the outset,第二 空格处应为分词短语building collectively作状语。据此可知B项为正确答案。
10. When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. ______ about the depth and breadth of people--their history, interest, values, strengths and true character--we categorize them as jocks, geeks or freaks.
Section B Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.
1. Such an extravagancemerely to provide comfort is peculiarly America and striking at odds with all the recent rhetoric about national sacrifice in a period of menacing energy shortages.
2. Other modem industrial nations such as Japan, Germany and France have managed all along to thrive with mere fractions of man-made coolness used in the U.S, and precious little of that in private dwellings.
3. Thousands of tired, underfed, poorly clothed Confederate soldiers, long since past the simple enthusiasm of the early days of the struggle somehow considered Lee the symbol of everything that they had been willing to die.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
D
[解析] 此处应为for which。这里考查的是动词die的用法,die是不及物动词,因此后 面不能跟宾语。这里无须用关系代词that来引导定语从句they had been willing to die。短语 die for的意思是“为了……而死”。据此可知D项有误。
4. It is only when you watch the dense mass of thousands of ants, crowded together around the Hill, that you begin to see the whole beast, and now you observe it to think, plan, and calculate.
5. Although postmodernism incorporates large helpings of Freudianism and the more credulous kind of cultural anthropology, it remains a fundamentally "left" phenomena, in the sense of maintaining an implacable hostility to market economics and traditional social structures.
6. Restrained from the slave-trade--the favorite traffic of the chiefs--opposed in their marauding propensity, and threatened by the desertion of their slaves and women, who begin to understand that by flight into the towns of the Republic they can free themselves from the domestic institutions of slavery and polygamy, it is not probable that heathen princes and chiefs would be favorable to the government which they imagine is operating detrimentally in these respects to its interest.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
D
[解析] 此处应为their interest。根据题中的主语heathen princes and chiefs可知,D项的 人称代词应为复数形式,故D项有误。
7. After 1945 both America scholarship and a resurgence of Marxist thought increasingly penetrated European sociology, which expanded considerably. To a growing extent in both the United States and Western Europe, the three dominating figures of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber was recognized as the preeminent classical thinkers of the sociological tradition. Their work continued to influence contemporary sociologists.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
D
[解析] 此处应为Their work continues。前面句子用的都是过去时态,因为其讲得都是从 前发生的事情;在最后一个句子中,根据形容词contemporary可知,其讲的是当今的事情, 故D项有误。
8. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressing, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common rain of the contending classes.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
B
[解析] 此处应为oppressor and oppressed。根据句中的Freeman and slave,patrician and plebeian,lord and serf guild-master and journeyman可知,每组词都是相互对立的关系。由此可 知B项要表达的是压迫者和被压迫者。现在分词oppressing应改为过去分词oppressed,意思 是“被压迫者”,故B项有误。
9. If marriage exists only as an intimate relationship that can be terminated at will, and family exists only by virtue of bonds of affection, both marriage and family are relegated to the market place of trading places, with individuals maximizing his psychological capital by moving through a series of more or less satisfying intimate relationships.
10. Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the unfolding of a person's potentialities; what mattered to them was the person who is much, not the one who has much or use much.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
D
[解析] 此处应为who has much or uses much。此处的主语为第三人称单数,并且动词的 时态为一般现在时,所以动词应加s。故D项有误。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.
Passgae One Instinct is usually defined as the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance. Those instincts, as thus defined, exist on an enormous scale in the animal kingdom needs no proof. They are the functional correlatives of structure. With the presence of a certain organ goes, one may say, almost a native aptitude for its use. "Has the bird a gland for the secretion of oil? She knows instinctively how to press the oil from the gland, and apply it to the feather. Has the rattlesnake the grooved tooth and gland of poison? He knows without instruction how to make both structure and function most effective against his enemies. Has the silk worm the functions of secreting the fluid silk? At the proper time she winds the cocoon such as she has never seen, as thousands before have done; and thus without instruction, pattern, or experience, forms a safe abode for herself in the period of transformation. Have the hawk talons? She knows by instinct how to wield them effectively against the helpless quarry." (Chadbourn, 1872) A very common way of talking about these admirable definite tendencies to act is by naming abstractly the purpose they subserve, such as self-preservation, or defence, or care for eggs and young--and saying the animal has an instinctive fear of death or love life, or that she has an instinct of self-preservation, or an instinct of maternity and the like. But this represents the animal as obeying abstractions which not once in a million cases is it possible it can have framed. The strict physiological way of interpreting the facts leads to far clearer results. The actions we call instinctive all conform to the general reflex type; they are called forth by determinate sensory stimuli in contact with the animal's body, or at a distance in his environment. The cat runs after the mouse, runs or shows fight before the dog, avoids falling from walls and trees, shuns fire and water, etc., not because he has any notion either of life or of death, or of self, or of preservation. He has probably attained to no one of those conceptions in such a way as to react definitely upon it. He acts in each case separately, and simply because he cannot help it; being so framed that when that particular running thing called a mouse appears in his field of vision he must pursue; that when that particular baking and obstreperous thing called a dog appears there he must retire, if at a distance, and scratch if close by; that he must withdraw his feet from water and his face from flame, etc. His nervous system is to a great extent a preorganized bundle of such reactions--they are as fatal as sneezing and as exactly correlated to their special excitants as it is to its own. Although the naturalist may, for his own convenience, class these reactions under general heads, he must not forget that in the animal it is a particular sensation or perception or image which calls them forth. At first this view astounds us by the enormous number of special adjustments it supposes animals to possess readymade in anticipation of the outer things among which they are to dwell. Can mutual dependence be so intricate and go so far? Is each thing born fitted to particular other things, and to them exclusively, as locks are fitted to their keys? Undoubtedly this must be believed to be so. Each nook and cranny of creation, down to our very skin and entrails, has its living inhabitants, with organs suited to the place, to devour and digest the food it harbors and to meet the dangers it conceals; and the minuteness of adaptation thus shown in the way of structure knows no bounds. Even so are there no bounds to the minuteness of adaptation in the way of conduct which the several inhabitants display.
1. Why does the author give a definition of instinct at the beginning of the article?
A.To ensure the reader knows the meaning.
B.To give the meaning he has chosen to believe.
C.To challenge a commonly held belief.
D.To introduce the topic.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题可参照文章第三段开始部分,从中可知c项为正确答案。
2. The phrase "so framed" in Paragraph 3 means ______
A.wired to do so
B.limited field of vision
C.greatly tempted
D.aware of the outcome
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据文中的“being so framed that when that particular running thing called a mouse appears in his field ofvision he must purse”可知,当老鼠出现在猫的视野中时,猫就会变得很 兴奋而去追逐老鼠。wired有“十分兴奋的,非常刺激的,极其兴奋的”的意思。因此A项 为正确答案。
3. Why does the author say the view presented is surprising?
A.Because it goes against common belief.
B.Because animals haven't learned this behavior.
C.Because it's not in response to outside stimuli.
D.Because it suggests that every part works together perfectly.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第四段的“At first this view astounds us by the enormous number of special adjustments it supposes animals to possess readymade in anticipation of the outer things among which they are to dwell.”可知,D项为正确答案。
4. Why does the author suggest that the actions of animals be looked at physiologically?
A.Because it is difficult to understand psychologically.
B.Because it is easy to understand physically.
C.Because it is easy to understand psychologically.
D.Because it is difficult to understand physically.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第三段的“The strict physiological way of interpreting the facts leads to far clearer results.”可知,用明确的生理学方式来说明这些事实会得到更加明确的结果。与 physiological相对的是psychological,因此A项“很难从心理学的角度来理解”是正确答案。
5. When the author says "they are as fatal as sneezing" he means
A.that like sneezing these reactions can be detrimental
B.that like sneezing these reactions can not be stopped
C.that like sneezing these reactions can caused by instinct
D.that like sneezing these reactions are unique and unrelated to other stimuli
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第三段的“His nervous system is to a great extent a preorganized bundle of such reactions--they are as fatal as sneezing and as exactly correlated to their special excitants as it is to its own.”可知,猫的神经系统在很大程度上是这些反应的预组织纤维束,而这些反应和打 喷嚏一样避免不了,并和它们的特殊的刺激物密切关联。据此可知正确答案为B。
Passgae Two Systems of divination in Rome and Athens differed no less than religions, and the differences lay in the same direction. Roman divination was confined to "a simple question, always the same, and relating strictly to the present or to the immediate future. The question might be formulated thus: 'Do the gods favor, or not favor the thing that the consultant is about to do, or which is about to be done under his auspices?' The question admits only of the alternatives 'yes' or 'no' and recognizes only positive or negative sings... As for the methods of divination prescribed by the augural ritual, they were as simple and few in number as possible. Observation of birds was the basis of it; and it would have remained the only source of auspices had not the prestige of the fulgural art of the Etruscans influenced the Romans to 'observe the sky' and even to attribute a higher significance to the mysterious phenomena of lightning. Official divination knew neither oracles, nor lots, nor the inspection of entrails. If it refused to become involved in the discussion and appraisal of fortuitous signs, taking account of them only as they occurred in the taking of auspices. With all the more reason it refrained from interpreting prodigies." What the Romans could not find at home, they sought abroad in Greece and Etruria, where a freer imagination was creating new forms of divination. In the importance attached to the plain association of acts and ideas we must seek the explanation of one of the most extraordinary rules of Roman divination, the rule giving a counterfeit augury the same efficacy as a sign that had actually been observed. "He (the augur) could.., rest content with the first sign, if it was favorable, or let unfavorable signs pass and wait for better ones. Then again, he could have the assistant augur 'renounce', that is, 'announce', that the expected birds were flying or singing in the manner desired-a practice, in fact, more trustworthy and which later became the regular procedure. This announcement, the renunciation, made according to a sacramental formula, created an 'ominal auspice' equivalent, for the purposes of the individual hearing it, to a real auspice." The Romans dealt with substance according to their convenience, at the same time paying strict regard to forms, or better, to certain associations of ideas and acts. The Athenians modified both substance and forms, the Spartans were loathed to change either. Before the Battle of Marathon the Athenians appealed to Sparta for assistance. "The Spartan authorities readily promised their aid, but unfortunately it was now the ninth day of the moon; an ancient law or custom forbade them to march, in this month at least, during the last quarter before the full moon; but after the full they engaged to march without delay. Five days' delay at this critical moment might prove the utter ruin of the endangered city; yet the reason assigned seems to have been no pretence on the part of the Spartans. It was mere blind tenacity of ancient habit, which we shall find to abate, thought never to disappear, as we advance in their history." The Athenians would have changed both substance and form. The Romans changed substance, respecting form. In order to make a declaration of war a member of the college of Heralds (Facials) had to hurl a spear into the territory of the enemy. But how to perform the rite and declare war on Pyrrhus when that king's states were so far away from Rome? Nothing simpler! The Romans had captured a soldier of Pyrrhus. They had him buy a plot of ground in the Flaminian Circus; the herald hurled his spear upon that property. So the feeling in the Roman people that there was a close connection between a hurled spear and a just war was duly respected. Ancient Roman law presents the same traits that are observable in religion and divination; and that tends to strengthen our impression that it must be a question of an intrinsic characteristic of the Roman mind asserting itself in the various branches of human activity. Furthermore, in Roman law, as in Roman religion and divination, there are qualitative differences that come out in any comparison with Athens. Says Von Jhering, "The written word of the word pronounced under circumstances of solemnity- the formula--strikes primitive peoples as something mysterious, and faith itself ascribes supernatural powers to it. Nowhere has faith in the word been stronger than in ancient Rome. Respect for the word permeates all relationships in public and private life and in religion, custom, and law. For the ancient Roman the word is a power--it bends and it loosens. If it cannot move mountains, it can at least transfer a crop of grain from one man's field to a neighbor's. It can call forth divinities (devocare) and induce then to abandon a besieged city (evocation decorum)".
1. For the author, the peculiarity of the way Roman divination was conducted relies mainly on______
2. Which of the following adjectives best describes the rules concerning Roman divination?
A.Amazing.
B.Dubious.
C.Inaugural.
D.Reliable.
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题可参照文中的第二段,从中可知正确答案为B。
3. Which of the following best describes the main reason why the Spartans refused assistance to the Athenians?
A.Mendacity.
B.Audacity.
C.Pusillanimity.
D.Superstitiousness.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第三段的“The Spartan authorities…in their history”可知,斯巴达人只有在 满月之后才能行军,这是他们古代的法律或风俗,其实也说明是迷信令他们如此的。因此D 项为正确答案。
4. What does the author intend to illustrate by using the example involving the war on Pyrrhus?
A.The Romans wanted to follow practices prescribed by social expectations.
B.The Romans preferred efficacy to social conventions.
C.The Romans intended to capture the true essence of Roman identity.
D.Both B & C.
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题可参照文中的倒数第二段,从中可知正确答案为A。
5. For the author which of the following does not apply to the main societal beliefs and characteristics of Ancient Rome?
A.Correlation between the power of words and religion.
B.Juxtaposition of power of words and religion.
C.Connection between the power of words and religion.
D.Appropriation of the power of words by religion.
A B C D
D
[解析] 纵观全文,只有D项为正确答案。
Passgae Three The most surprising aspect of the modem man's good conscience is that he asserts and justifies it in terms of the most varied and even contradictory metaphysical theories and social philosophies. The idealist Hegel and the materialist Marx agree in their fundamental confidence in human virtue, disagreeing only in their conception of the period and the social circumstances in which and the method by which his essential goodness is, or is to be, realized. The romantic naturalist Rousseau agrees with the rationalistic naturalists of the French Enlightenment, though in the one case the seat of virtue is found in natural impulse unspoiled by rational disciplines and in the other case it is reason which guarantees virtue. Among the rationalistic naturalists again there is agreement upon this point whether they are hedonistic or Stoic in their conceptions and whether they believe that reason discovers and leads to a natural harmony of egoistic impulses or that it discovers and affirms a natural harmony of social impulses. The whole Christian drama of salvation is rejected ostensibly because of the incredible character of the myths of Creation, Fall, Atonement, etc., in which it is expressed. But the typical modem is actually more certain of the complete irrelevance of these doctrines than of their incredibility. He is naturally not inclined to take dubious religious myths seriously, since he finds no relation between the ethos which informs them and his own sense of security and complacency. The sense of guilt expressed in them is to him a mere vestigial remnant of primitive fears of higher powers, of which he is happily emancipated. The sense of sin is, in the phrase of a particularly vapid modem social scientist, "a psychopathic aspect of adolescent mentality". The universality of this easy conscience among modems is the more surprising since it continues to express itself almost as unqualifiedly in a period of social decay as in the eighteenth-and nineteenth-century heyday of a bourgeois culture. The modem man is involved in social chaos and political anarchy. Contemporary history is filled with manifestations of man's hysterias and furies; with evidences of his demonic capacity and inclination to break the harmonies of nature and defy the prudent canons of rational restraint. Yet no cumulation of contradictory evidence seems to disturb modem man's good opinion of himself. He considers himself the victim of corrupting institutions which he is about to destroy or reconstruct, or of the confusions of ignorance which an adequate education is about to overcome. Yet he continues to regard himself as essentially harmless and virtuous. The question therefore arises how modem man arrived at, and by what means he maintains, an estimate of his virtue in such pathetic contradiction with the obvious facts of his history.
1. According to the author, what is explicit in Hegelian assumptions concerning virtue?
A.Virtue is contradictory to metaphysical theories.
B.Virtue tends toward a favorable interpretation.
C.Virtue is seen as hedonistic and Stoic by modern man.
D.Virtue is realized by opposing social constructs.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题可参照第一段的“Among the rationalistic naturalists again there is…”,从中 可知,C项为正确答案。
2. Why was the idea of Christian salvation rejected in the Age of Reason?
A.Because of the decline in the power of Church.
B.Because of the power struggle found in doctrines.
C.Because Enlightenment thought is based on ethos.
D.Because it is expressed in metaphysical terms.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题可参照文中的第二段。
3. What is a modern opinion on guilt in relation to myth?
A.A drama seeming from man's good virtue.
B.An Atonement for which one seeks higher powers.
C.The apprehension stemming from ancient mentality.
D.The emancipation of the psychopath.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题可参照文中的“The romantic naturalist Rousseau agrees with me seat of virtue is…which guarantees virtue”及第二段。从中可知C项为正确答案。
4. How does modern man rationalize his social existence?
A.By detachment from responsibility for the chaos around him.
B.With honest objectivity and broad vision.
C.With exacting measures to accept the challenges.
D.By complex scientific methods.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题可参照文中的倒数第二段,从中可知C项为正确答案。
5. What is the thesis concerning the dilemma of social conscience?
A.Corruption parallels modern development.
B.Modern history will move to a fair state and virtue will follow.
C.How to qualify virtue within the context of social decline and bourgeois culture.
D.Contradictions of virtue and ethos will fade in time.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题可参照文中的最后一段,从中可知C项为正确答案。
Passgae Four The range and variety of government action that is, at least in principle, reconcilable with a free system is considerable. The old formulae of laissez faire or non-intervention do not provide us with an adequate criterion for distinguishing between what is and what is not admissible in a free system. There is ample scope for experimentation and improvement within that permanent legal framework which makes it possible for a free society to operate most efficiently. We can probably at no point be certain that we have already found the best arrangements or institutions that will make the market economy work as beneficially as it could. It is true that after the essential conditions of a free system have been established, all further institutional improvements are bound to be slow and gradual. But the continuous growth of wealth and technological knowledge which such a system makes possible will constantly suggest new ways in which government might render services to its citizens and bring such possibilities within the range of the practicable. Why, then, has there been such persistent pressure to do away with those limitations upon government that were erected for the protection of individual liberty? And if there is not much scope for improvement within the rule of law, why have the reformers striven so constantly to weaken and undermine it? The answer is that during the last few generations certain new aims of policy have emerged which cannot be achieved within the limits of the rule of law. A government which cannot use coercion except in the enforcement of general rules has no power to achieve particular aims that require means other than those explicitly entrusted to its care and, in particular, cannot determine the material position in order to achieve such aims; it would have to pursue a policy which is best described--since the word "planning" is so ambiguous--by the French word dirigisme, that is a policy which determines for what specific purposes particular means are to be used. This, however, is precisely what a government bound by the rule of law cannot do. If the government is to determine how particular people ought to be situated, it must be in a position to determine also the direction of individual efforts. We need not repeat here the reasons why, if government treats different people equally, the results will be unequal, or why, if it allows people to make what use they like of the capacities and means at their disposal, the consequences tbr the individuals will be unpredictable. The restrictions which the rule of law imposes upon government thus preclude all those measures which would be necessary to insure that individuals will be rewarded according to another's conception of merit or desert than according to be value that their services have for their fellows--or, what amounts to the same thing, it precludes the pursuit of distributive, as opposed to communicative, justice. Distributive justice requires an allocation of all resources by a central authority; it requires that people he told what to do and what ends to serve. Where distributive justice is the goal, the decisions as to what the different individuals must be made to do cannot be derived from general rules but must be made in the light of the particular aims and knowledge of the planning authority. As we have seen before, when the opinion of the community decides what different people shall receive, the same authority must also decide what they shall do. This conflict between the ideal of freedom and the desire to "correct" the distribution of incomes so as to make it more "just" is usually not clearly recognized. But those who pursue distributive justice will in practice find themselves obstructed at every move by the rule of law. They must, by the very mature of their aim, favor discriminatory and discretionary action. But, as they are usually not aware that their aim and the rule of law are in principle incompatible, they begin by circumventing or disregarding in individual cases a principle which they often would wish to see preserved in general. But the ultimate result of their efforts will necessarily be, not a modification of the existing order, but its complete abandonment and its replacement by an altogether different system--the command economy.
1. Which of the following idioms best summarizes the intended meaning of the French word "dirigisme" as opposed to "planning" in order to describe a policy?
A.Knowing is believes.
B.The end justifies the means.
C.Don't count your chickens before they're hatched.
4. Which of the adjectives below best completes the following sentence? The words "correct" and "just" are used between brackets to underline the fact that any attempt to promote distributive justice would be ______and doomed to failure.
A.naive
B.blameworthy
C.unblemished
D.conducive
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题可参照最后一段的“This conflict between the ideal of freedom and the desire to…find themselves obstructed at every move by the rule of law.”从中可知,任何对促进公平分 配的尝试都会是徒劳的并注定失败。因此A项为正确答案。
5. For the author, any attempt to promote a higher level of social harmony and equity through coercive governmental action would inevitably result in______
A.unfair planned economy
B.economic instability and social chaos
C.inefficiency and social imbalance
D.B & C only
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题可参照文中第二段的“A government which cannot use coercion except in the…means are to be used.”从中可知,A项为正确答案。
Part Ⅳ Translation Directions: Write your translations in your answer sheet.
Section A Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese. (1) Simplicity is an uprightness of soul that has no reference to self; it is different from sincerity, and it is a still higher virtue. We see many people who are sincere, without being simple; the only wish to pass for what they are, and they are unwilling to appear what they are not; they are always thinking of themselves, measuring their words and recalling their thoughts, and reviewing their actions from the fear that they have done too much or too little. These persons are sincere, but they are not simple; they are not at ease with others, and others are not at ease with them; they are not free, ingenuous, and natural; we prefer people who are less correct, less perfect, and who are less artificial. (2) To be wholly occupied with others, never to look within, is the state of blindness of those who are entirely engrossed by what is present and addressed to their senses; this is the very reverse of simplicity. To be absorbed in self in whatever engages us, whether we are laboring for our fellow beings- to be wise in our own eyes reserved, and full of ourselves, troubled at the least things that disturbs our self-complacency, is the opposite extreme. This is false wisdom, which, with all its glory, is but little less absurd than that folly, which pursues only pleasure. The one is intoxicated with all it sees around it; the other with all that it imagines it has within; but it is delirium in both. (3) To be absorbed in the contemplation of our own minds is really worse than to be engrossed by outward things, because it appears like wisdom and yet is not, we do not think of curing it, we pride ourselves upon it, we approve of it, it gives us an unnatural strength, it is a sort of frenzy, we are not conscious of it we are dying, and we think ourselves in health. (4) Simplicity consists in a just medium, in which we are neither too much excited, nor too composed. The soul is not carried away by outward things, so that it cannot make all necessary reflections; neither does it make those continual references to self that a jealous freedom sense of its own excellence multiplies to infinity. (5) That of the soul, which looks straight onward in its path, losing no time to reason upon its steps, to study them, or to contemplate those that it has already taken, is true simplicity.
Books introduce US into outstanding social groups and bring US into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived.While reading,we can see their behaviours and listen to their words as if they were really alive.We sympathize with them and share their joy and suffering.Their experience seems to become ours and makes US feel as if we were in the scenes which they describe.
Fame,wealth and power are all external things that everyone can pursue and obtain.but no one can replace your experience of life and feelings about life.If you are really conscious of this, you will see the most important thing in your experience is your distinctive individuality or something special of yours.Whether your life is significant,the standards of measurement don't exist in your external success,but in your peculiar insight into the meaning of life and your commitment to it.
China persisted in the scientific view of development by putting people first,and endeavors to build a harmonious society.New progress was achieved in its reform,opening up and modernization drive.Economy developed constantly,more democratic practices were seen in the political area,and the society made progresses in a comprehensive way.Further advancements were made in people's living standards,and everything in China took on continuing improvement and development in all fields.