Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. "What About the Men?" was the title of a Congressional briefing last week timed to 1 National Work and Family Month. "What about them ?" you may be 2 to yell. When Ellen Galinsky, president of the Families and Work Institute, first went out on the road to talk about her organization's research into men's work-family 3 , she received many such grumpy responses. Work-life experts laughed at her. Men are 4 , they said. They don't have the right to complain. That was in 2008, before the Great Recession had hit. And this year, when Galinsky went out on the road again to talk about the results of a new study on male work-life conflict, she got a very 5 response. Some men became very 6 . They felt they didn't have permission to feel 7 . "'This is what I think about each and every day, ' " she recalled another man telling her. " ' I didn't realize that anyone else did, ' " he said. "He thought he was alone, " Galinsky told me. 8 men are 9 work-family conflict isn't new. Indeed, it's been some time now that they—and younger men in particular—have been complaining of feeling the 10 in even greater numbers of women. Failure, 11 , uncertainty, the 12 that comes from spending a lifetime playing one game 13 , mid-way through, that the rules have suddenly changed, seem to have 14 the old categories of self, work and meaning for many men. Is this a bad thing? I'd rather see it as a moment ripe 15 possibility. "A new beginning, " said Ellen Galinsky. After all, what men are starting to say sounds an awful lot like the conversational stirrings that 16 the way for the modern women's movement. For some years now, sociologists have been tracking the patterns of what they call 17 in men and women's lives. Mostly, when we think of this, we tend to focus 18 how they live, what they do, spend their time, whether they do or do not empty the dishwasher or care for their children. But what about how they feel? Now that this final frontier is being breached, I wonder if we aren't fully prepared to see more meaningful change in men's—and women's and families ' —lives than ever before. That is: if we can 19 the change and act 20 it with courage, not fear.
[解析] 形近词辨析 [解析] 根据语法可判断,横线处应该填一个动词的过去分词形式。[C]contempt本身是一个名词,表示“鄙视,蔑视”,而不是动词,因此contempted是一个不存在的词,首先可排除。剩余几个答案在语法上都是符合的。但是[A]attempted,“企图,尝试”,往往只能用在主动语态中,表示“某人尝试做某事”,而没有sb.be attempted to do这样的句型。[B]tempted,表示“诱惑,怂恿”,可用在sb.be tempted to do sth.这样的句型中,意思是“某人倾向于做某事,某人意图做某事,某人忍不住做某事”,填在横线处,符合句义,意思是“面对‘男人该怎么办?’这样的问题,你可能会忍不住怒吼。”[D]prompted,表示“激起,促进,促动”。sb.be prompted to do sth.意思是“某人被促使做某事”,填在横线处不符合句义。
[解析] 上下文语义+动词词义辨析 [解析] 前文提到,当Ellen Galinsky在2008年第一次谈到“男性工作和家庭冲突”时,有很多专家嘲笑她。他们说,“Men are (4) ... They don't have the right to complain.”男性没有权利在工作家庭矛盾这一问题上抱怨。[A]benefited意思是“受惠”,往往只用在主动语态中,sth.benefit sb.或者sb.benefit from sth.,因此句法上不符合。[B]destined意思是“命中注定的”,sb.be destined for sth./to do sth.意思是“某人注定要做某事”。填在横线处,不符合句义。[C]privileged意思是“有特权的,享受特权的”,可在句中直接作表语,sb.be privileged意思是“某人是享有特权的”,填在横线处,符合句法和句义。[D]favored意思是“偏爱的”,在搭配上只能放在名词前作前置定语,例如my favored singer,“我偏爱的歌手”,或者用在sth./sb.be favored by sb.这样的句型中。因此,[D]在句法上也不符合。
[解析] 语法知识 [解析] 横线在一段的句首,如果要填关系词的话,应该是填一个引导主语从句的关系词。四个选项中只有as不能用来引导主语从句。that作为连词引导主语从句,在句中不充当任何成分,而what和whatever则不然,在句中一般要充当主语或者宾语。例如:That he is still alive is a wonder.他还活着,真是奇迹。What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是这一点。Whatever is worth doing at allis worth doing well.值得做的就要做好。因为第9个空四个选项都是动词,因此我们看到关系词后面整句话的内容是完整的,不缺少主语或宾语,因此横线处我们应该填的连词是That。
9.
A.striving
B.experiencing
C.struggling
D.confronting
A B C D
B
[解析] 动词词义辨析 [解析] 四个选项都和“挣扎,面对”有一定的关系,单纯看意思,[A]striving意思是“努力,奋斗”;[B]experiencing意思是“经历”;[C]struggling意思是“挣扎”;[D]confronting意思是“遭遇,面临”。就句义来讲,只有[A]不符合。剩下的几个动词中,experience是及物动词,后面可直接接名词作宾语,是正确答案。struggle是不及物动词,后面需要和介词连用。confront如果要表示“某人面临……的困难”,往往使用的是sb.be confronted with sth.这样的句型。
10.
A.disaster
B.torture
C.pain
D.squeeze
A B C D
D
[解析] 上下文语义+名词词义辨析 [解析] 横线处这句话的大意是,“确实,有越来越多的年轻男性感到了很多女性一直以来感受的那种压力”。这里没有直接出现“压力”stress一词。[A]disaster意思是“灾难”。[B]torture“折磨,拷问”,这个词的词义程度比较重。[C]pain“痛苦”。[D]squeeze“压力”,feel the squeeze是固定搭配,表示“感受到窘迫或压力”。例如:All manufacturers are feeling the squeeze.所有的生产商都感到了一定的压力。这里最符合句义的应该是[D]。
[解析] 短语含义辨析 [解析] 第12个空格处填的名词是self-doubt,意思是“自我怀疑”,后面that引导的是一个定语从句,这种自我怀疑来自于“一生投入一场游戏,游戏过半才发现规则突然发生了改变……”。...only to fred(only finding)…是英语里面的固定短语,作结果状语,表示“出乎某人意料之外地发现了……”。
14.
A.shattered
B.spoiled
C.shed
D.shivered
A B C D
A
[解析] 动词词义辨析 [解析] 横线处这句话所在主语是Failure,instability and uncertainty,谓语部分是横线处所在的seem to have (14) ,宾语是the old categories of self,work and meaning for many men。连在一起,句子大意是“失败,不确定和没有安全感似乎正在 (14) 男性对于自我的认识,对于工作和人生意义的理解。”横线处填一个动词。[A]shattered意思是“击碎,粉碎”;[B]spoiled意思是“损害,溺爱”;[C]shed意思是“流出,脱掉”;[D]shivered意思是“颤抖,战栗”。意思最符合句义的是[A]。
15.
A.beyond
B.by
C.for
D.with
A B C D
D
[解析] 介词搭配 [解析] 横线处这一段第一句Is it a bad thing?是接上文提到的男性工作和家庭生活压力倍增的事实提出的,这一定是一件坏事吗?作者认为不一定,这也可以是成熟的标志,a moment ripe (15) possibility。ripe一词的意思是“成熟的”,后面的possibility表示“可能性”。ripe一词往往和介词for搭配,意思是“准备好做某事”。例如:The police forces are ripe for reform.武装警察已经做好准备迎接一场改革。而这里如果填for,ripe for possibility,没有什么实际含义。正确答案应该选[D],a moment ripe with possibility意思是“成熟的时刻,充满了各种可能性”。
16.
A.laid
B.cleared
C.paved
D.set
A B C D
C
[解析] 固定搭配 [解析] 横线处这句话的大意是,“男性现在的怨言与女性运动开始时的躁动不安的言论大体一致。”conversational stirrings后接that,引导的定语从句,关系词代替先行词,在定语从句中充当主语。横线处要填一个动词和way构成搭配。[A]laid一般和foundation一词搭配,而不和way搭配,表示“为……打下基础”。[B]cleared,可与way搭配,clear the way for。意思是“为……扫清障碍”。例如:The enforcement of this law will clear the way for further reform.该项法律的实施将进一步扫除改革的障碍。pave the way for意思是“为……铺平道路”。例如,This agreement,will pave the way for a lasting peace between the two countries.这个协议将为两国间的持久和平铺平道路。[D]set一般不和way这个词搭配。通过句义判断,女性运动刚开始的那种喧嚣、躁动与不安实际上就是后来女性运动的萌芽,也就是为后来女性运动的开展在打下基础,铺路。因此,最符合句义的应该是[C]。
[解析] 动词词义辨析 [解析] 上文提到,以前当学者探讨男性面临的工作和家庭的冲突时,通常只关注男性的生活状况,而不关心男性的心理状态。现在本文中提到的研究已经开始关注男性的心理状态。if we can (19) the change and act (20) it with courage,not,fear.“我们是否准备真正接受这种变化,并且勇于做出改变?”[A]acquire意思是“获取,习得”;[C]acknowledge意思是“承认”;[B]anticipate意思是“预期”;[D]appreciate意思是“欣赏,感激”。最符合句义的应该是[C],acknowledge the change意思是“承认变化的发生”。
20.
A.for
B.to
C.with
D.upon
A B C D
D
[解析] 动词和介词搭配 [解析] “对某件事情做出反应”,act upon/on sth.是固定搭配。例如:The question comes down to whether we ought to act upon his advice.问题归结到我们是否应该按照他的建议去做。横线处这句话的大意是,“我们是否能够承认这种变化.并且勇敢地应对?”
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 Overall, belief in climate change has declined in the American public from roughly 75 percent to 55 percent between 2008 and 2011, with a recent rebound to 62 percent in the fall of 2011, the Brookings Institution survey finds. One noted reason for the rebound was personal experiences with warmer fall and winter temperatures. Though this kind of weather disruption is what climate scientists predict, they hesitate to place too much emphasis on one or two unusual seasons as a trend that changes public opinion. If next winter is more normal, the public may get the wrong impression about the dangers of climate change. Better for science to be more convincing. But there's the rub. The American public is generally illiterate when it comes to science. And when American scientists complain about public illiteracy and lethargy on the vitally important subject of climate change, they also have themselves to blame. Generally, those who know the most about climate—and other important scientific fields—are locked up in their university ivory towers and conference rooms, speaking a language only they can understand. And they speak mostly to each other, not to the general public, policymakers, or business people—not to those who can actually make things happen. This is dangerous. We live in an age when scientific issues permeate our social, economic, and political culture. People must be educated about science and the scientific process if we are to make rational and informed decisions that affect our future. But instead, the relative absence of academics and academic scholarship in the public discourse creates a vacuum into which uninformed, wrong, and downright destructive viewpoints get voiced and take hold. Here's a typical example. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh argued that "The ocean will take care of this on its own if it was left alone... " In fact, the spill created extensive damage to wide ranging marine habitats as well as the Gulf Coast's fishing and tourism industries. Long-term impacts are still unclear as scientists continue to monitor underwater plumes of dissolved oil that lie along the bottom. The fact is that today's scientists are indeed lost to the academy. The failure begins with training in doctoral programs and continues through professional development where the constant immersion in academic seminars and journals serves to weaken scientists' literacy in the language of public, economic, and political discourse. Scientists limit involvement in such "outside activities" because tenure and promotion are based primarily on publication in top-tier academic journals. "In my view, few contemporary issues warrant critical analysis by problem-focused researchers more than environmental sustainability, and particularly climate change. Universities need to train emerging and seasoned scholars in the skills of communicating science to the public and policy makers. We need to develop a new generation of scholars for whom the role of public intellectual is not an anachronism. Without such changes, the climate change debate devolves into a " logic schism" where the ideological extremes dominate the conversation and the space for solutions disappears into a rhetorical shouting match.
1. The recent rebound in American's belief in climate change is ______.
A.the result of a successful environment campaign
B.an accurate prediction by scientists
C.a natural response to unusual temperature
D.a regular cycle in public opinion
A B C D
C
细节事实题 [解析] 文章第一段就提到了美国民众对于气候变暖问题的民意调查。2008到2011年间,美国民众当中相信气候变化的比例从约75%降至55%,而这一数据在2011年秋季有所回升,达到62%。这一反弹是由于人们亲身感受到了气温在2011年的秋冬两季明显高于往年。可见,相信气候变暖趋势的支持率上升,这并不是环境运动的成效,也不是科学知识普及的结果,只是来自人们朴素的感官认识。正确答案应该选[C]a natural response to unusual temperature。[D]a regular cycle in public opinion有一定的迷惑性。但是cycle一词指“循环往复”,文中并没有讨论美国公共舆论界是否在全球变暖问题上存在一个舆论的周期,只是谈到在近几年中全球变暖的支持率不断发生着起伏,而最近的这次起伏是由于人们对于不太正常的天气的亲身感受造成的。
2. The problem the author is mostly concerned with in this article is ______.
A.the ignorance of Americans in scientific issues
B.scientists' obsession with theoretical rather than practical researches
C.the absence of scientists' voice in the discussion of public issues
D.the defects in the promotion mechanism of universities
A B C D
C
中心主旨题 [解析] 文章由美国民众对于全球变暖问题的民意支持率的反反复复开篇,美国民众对于科学问题的茫然让作者心怀担忧。但是作者写作的目的并不是想要抒发这种担忧,而是想要揭示大众愚昧背后的深层原因。文章第三段就明确指出,when American scientists complain about public illiteracy and lethargy on the vitally important, subject of climate change, they also have themselves to blame。当科学家在抱怨民众对性命攸关的气候变化问题愚昧无知、漠不关心的同时,他们自己也难辞其咎。下文着重就科学家在公共问题上的缺席问题进行了分析和探讨,因此这才是本文的中心论点,正确答案应该选[C]。[A]只是作者用以引入话题的一个引子。[B]错误,作者确实在文中批判了科学家两耳不闻窗外事,但是批判他们专注于理论研究的目的并不是为了突出他们在实践上的不足,而是突出他们在社会公共问题上的不作为。[D]错误,大学晋升机制确实存在问题,学术论文发表数量直接和晋升挂钩,导致很多学者埋头学术论文而不参与社会活动,但是这并不是作者所要讨论的中心内容,只是一个细节内容。
3. Which of the following is not the" outside activities" in the eyes of scientists?
A.Writing scientific columns for the broader media.
B.Churning out books for commercial press.
C.Serving as an advisor in government panel.
D.Travelling to taking part in an scientific seminar.
5. In the author's opinion, in order to enhance public's awareness of climate change, the universities should ______.
A.make more videos to popularize scientific findings
B.encourage scientist to communicate more with the public
C.make more public intellectuals of social scientists
D.restrain the time allocated by scientists to unpractical researches
A B C D
B
作者观点题 [解析] 作者在最后一段中提到,为了使科学家在公共事务掌握更多的话语权,大学应该对学者们进行培训,提升他们向公众和决策者普及科学知识的技能(Universities need to train emerging and seasoned scholars in the skills of communicating science to the public and policy makers)。也就是,大学应该采取措施,积极鼓励科学家与大众沟通,[B]为正确答案。[A]的内容文中并未提及。[D]也不对,原文只说大学应该鼓励科学家与社会沟通,并没有反过来说要限制他们的研究时间。[C]属于偷换概念,原文并没有特指将什么样的科学家变成公共知识分子,是社会科学家还是自然科学家。
Text 2 Why should we bother reading a book? All children say this occasionally. Many among our educated classes are also asking why, in a world of accelerating technology, increasing time poverty and diminishing attention spans, should they invest precious time sinking into a good book? The beginnings of an answer lie in the same technology that has posed the question. Psychologists from Washington University used brain scans to see what happens inside our heads when we read stories. They found that "readers mentally simulate each new situation encountered in a narrative". The brain weaves these situations together with experiences from its own life to create a new mental synthesis. Reading a book leaves us with new neural pathways. The discovery that our brains are physically changed by the experience of reading is something many of us will understand instinctively, as we think back to the way an extraordinary book had a transformative effect on the way we viewed the world. This transformation only takes place when we lose ourselves in a book, abandoning the emotional and mental chatter of the real world. That's why studies have found this kind of deep reading makes us more empathetic, or as Nicholas Carr puts it in his essay, The Dreams of Readers, "more alert to the inner lives of others". This is significant because recent scientific research has also found a dramatic fall in empathy among teenagers in advanced western cultures. We can't yet be sure why this is happening, but the best hypothesis is that it is the result of their immersion in the internet. So technology reveals that our brains are being changed by technology, and then offers a potential solution—the book. Rationally, we know that reading is the foundation stone of all education, and therefore an essential underpinning of the knowledge economy. So reading is—or should be—an aspect of public policy. But perhaps even more significant is its emotional role as the starting point for individual voyages of personal development and pleasure. Books can open up emotional and imaginative landscapes that extend the corridors of the web. They can help create and reinforce our sense of self. If reading were to decline significantly, it would change the very nature of our species. If we, in the future, are no longer wired for solitary reflection and creative thought, we will be diminished. But as a reader and a publisher, I am optimistic. Technology throws up as many solutions as it does challenges: for every door it closes, another opens. So the ability, offered by devices like e-readers, smartphones and tablets, to carry an entire library in your hand is an amazing opportunity. As publishers, we need to use every new piece of technology to embed long-form reading within our culture. We should concentrate on the message, not agonize over the medium.
1. According to the psychologists from Washington University, reading a book will ______.
A.create new mental experience that is totally different from real-life experience
B.make readers simulate what they have read in real life
C.bring tangible changes to the readers' brain
D.enhance the thinking capability of readers
A B C D
C
细节事实题 [解析] 根据题干中的psychologists from Washington university锁定文章第二段的内容。华盛顿大学的心理学家通过使用脑部扫描仪探究人们阅读故事时的脑部活动。他们发现readers mentally simulate each new situation encountered in a narrative,读者在读书的时候会在心里模拟故事中遇到的每个场景。说得通俗一点,就是读书的时候读者会发挥自己的想象力。[B]利用simulate一词设置干扰,这里读者并不是模拟他们现实生活中发生的事情,而是对故事中的情景在大脑中进行模拟。因此,该选项错误。The brain weayes these situations together with experiences from its own life...,读书的时候,大脑将这些场景(从书中模拟出的场景)与自己的生活经历交织在一起……可见读书并不能够脱离现实生活,人们总是在读书的时候一边想象一边联想自己的生活,[A]错误。这样联想的结果是创造出了a new mental synthesis,“一种全新的心理化合物”,而且读书能够在“人的大脑中留下更多的神经通路”。可见,读书确实给人的大脑带来了实质性的变化,[C]正确。[D]偷换概念,读书能够使人们大脑中的神经通路更多,但这并不意味着能够提升读者的思维能力。
2. For a teenager who is not sensitive to others' inner feelings, the author may suggest him to ______.
A.stay far away from modern technology
B.immerse himself in reading books
C.abandon his old way of viewing the world
D.listen more to the emotional chatter of the real world
A B C D
B
推理题 [解析] 紧接文章第二段的内容,作者在第三段中继续探讨读书对人脑的益处。读书能够重塑人们的世界观,使我们变得更加善解人意。当然这种转变只有在我们忘我地沉浸于某一本书,也就是进入深度阅读状态,摒弃真实世界中情感和精神的喧嚣时才可能发生。This transformation only takes place when we lose ourselves in a book, abandoning the emotional and mental chatter of the real world.作者在第四段中提到了读书能够使人们的同情心增强这个发现的现实意义。因为近期的科学研究发现,西方青少年的同情心急剧减弱。虽然这一现象的原因尚无定论,但很有可能是由于青少年沉迷网络造成的。因此,如果想要提升他们的同情心,让他们对他人的内在生命更加敏感,一个好的办法就是阅读,当然是进行深度的阅读。本题的正确答案应该选[B]。immerse oneself in books是原文lost oneself in books的同义改写。[A]说得过于笼统,作者也许希望青少年能够尽量少使用互联网,但是不见得希望他们远离所有的现代科技。[C]错误,改变世界观和题干中的“使……变得更有同情心”有同意反复之嫌。[D]利用原文中的listen more to the emotional chatter of the real world设置原文干扰,在弄清楚这个短语表示“更多倾听现实世界的喧嚣”之后,不难判断这个是一个明显的干扰项。
3. In the author's opinion, the most important function of reading is to ______.
A.lay solid foundation for all kinds of formal education
B.equip teenagers with basic skills to survive in knowledge economy
C.enrich the emotional experiences of children's inner world
D.provide a pastime for children in stressful competition
A B C D
C
细节事实题 [解析] 本段考查对文章第五段内容的理解。作者在第五段中指出了在他心目中阅读的最重要的功能。首先,作者提到了reading is the foundation stone of all education,“阅读是一切教育的基础”,这是[A]的内容;以及...an essential underpinning of the knowledge economy,“也是知识经济不可或缺的支柱”,这是[B]的内容。但是这些功能在作者眼中都不是最重要的。But perhaps even more significant is its emotional role as the starting point for individual voyages of personal development and pleasure.“但或许书籍在个人人格发展和追寻愉悦的旅程中所扮演的情感角色更为显著。”Books can open up emotional and imaginative landscapes that extend the corridors of the web.“书籍能够打开情感丰沛、充满奇思妙想的大千世界,拓宽网络狭隘的通路。”因此,作者更为认同的是书籍在强化人的感情、丰富人的内心方面的作用,正确答案应该选[C]。而[D]说读书只是一种消遣,明显是弱化了读书的功能。
4. The author of this article views technology as ______.
A.a replacement for books
B.the root of degradation
C.a hotbed for innovation
D.a double-edge sword
A B C D
D
作者观点题 [解析] 作者在文中的绝大部分篇幅中都讨论了读书的好处,以及科技尤其是互联网可能给人的大脑带来的负面影响,很多人可能会根据这一点选择[B]。但是作者在最后一段中,又提到了一个观点,那就是作者认为,Technology throws up as many solutions as it does challenges, for every door it closes, another opens.“技术是一柄双刃剑,它解决了多少问题就带来了多少挑战:每关上一扇门,就同时打开了另一扇门。”作者认为,电子书、智能手机和平板电脑等诸如此类的设备所具有的将整个图书馆浓缩到掌中的功能是天赐良机,人们应该合理利用技术带来的种种便捷,来推广传统图书的效用。因此,正确答案应该选[D]。
5. The author's attitude toward the future of books is ______.
Text 3 Years ago, Charlie, a highly respected orthopedist and a mentor of mine, found a lump in his stomach. He had a surgeon explore the area, and the diagnosis was pancreatic cancer. He went home the next day, closed his practice, and never set foot in a hospital again. He focused on spending time with family and feeling as good as possible. Several months later, he died at home. He got no chemotherapy, radiation, or surgical treatment. Medicare didn’t spend much on him. It's not a frequent topic of discussion, but doctors die, too. And they don't die like the rest of us. What's unusual about them is not how much treatment they get compared to most Americans, but how little. Of course, doctors don't want to die ; they want to live. But they know enough about modern medicine to know its limits. Almost all medical professionals have seen what we call "futile care" being performed on people. That's when doctors bring the cutting edge of technology to bear on a grievously ill person near the end of life. The patient will get cut open, perforated with tubes, hooked up to machines, and assaulted with drugs. I cannot count the number of times fellow physicians have told me, in words that vary only slightly, "Promise me if you find me like this that you' ll kill me. " How has it come to this—that doctors administer so much care that they wouldn't want for themselves? The simple, or not-so-simple, answer is this: patients, doctors, and the system. To see how patients play a role, imagine a scenario in which someone has lost consciousness and been admitted to an emergency room, and shocked and scared family members find themselves caught up in a maze of choices. When doctors ask if they want "everything" done, they answer yes. Then the nightmare begins. Feeding into the problem are unrealistic expectations of what doctors can accomplish. For example, many people think of CPR as a reliable lifesaver when, in fact, the results are usually poor. But of course it's not just patients making these things happen. Doctors play an enabling role, too. The trouble is that even doctors who hate to administer futile care must find a way to address the wishes of patients and families. Imagine, once again, the emergency room with those grieving family members. They do not know the doctor. Establishing trust and confidence under such circumstances is a very delicate thing. People are prepared to think thedoctor is acting out of base motives, trying to save time, or money, or effort, especially if the doctor is advising against further treatment. It's easy to find fault with both doctors and patients in such stories, but in many ways all the parties are simply victims of a larger system that encourages excessive treatment. In some unfortunate cases, doctors use the fee-for-service model to do everything they can, no matter how pointless, to make money. More commonly, though, doctors are fearful of litgation and do whatever they're asked to avoid getting in trouble.
1. The real problem the author is concerned about in this article is ______.
A.the over treatment for dying patients
B.the different attitude of doctor and patients toward death
C.the disproportionately high medicare expenditure in America
D.the unequal and non-transparent doctor-patient relationship
2. According to the text, doctors seem to accept death more readily than patients because ______.
A.they have seen so much deaths in their life that they take it for granted
B.they know quite well that there is a limit to what technology can do with one's life
C.they don't want to go through harsh and painful treatment
D.they are very conservative when it comes to applying new treatment on themselves
A B C D
B
细节事实题 [解析] 文章以作者导师平静面对死亡的例子引出了一个问题,那就是“为什么很多医生都能够泰然自若地面对死亡,而不去拼命接受治疗?”文章第二段对这个问题给出了回答。因为,they know enough about modem medicine to know its limits,“他们对现代医学心中有数,知道它的局限性。”[B]是对这句原话的同义改写,因此为正确答案。[A]说“他们因为看惯生死,而不惧怕死亡”,是文中没有提到的信息。[C]说“他们不愿经历痛苦的治疗”是对原文内容偷换概念,原文的意思是说他们知道很多激进的治疗手段毫无效果,因此才不愿意接受治疗,而不是他们本身害怕痛苦而不接受治疗。[D]利用原文中提到的radical treatment设置干扰,很多医生当然是反对激进治疗手段的,但这并不是因为他们为人保守,而是因为他们知道这么做根本毫无用处。
3. It can be known from the text that relatives of patients usually ______.
A.put excessive emphasis on medical treatment
B.have a good understanding of medical treatment
C.have a deep faith in doctors' professional advice
D.can not think rationally when it comes to saving their loved ones' lives
4. Which of the following does not account for doctors' inclination to provide patients with more treatment than necessary?
A.The paying mode in medical treatment lures them to make more money by treating more.
B.They can not effectively communicate with desperate family members about a reasonable treatment plan.
C.They fear that patients may sue them for not trying their best to save patients.
D.Doctors want to experiment new medical approaches on patients.
A B C D
D
判断题 [解析] 作者在分析导致过度医疗的原因的时候,除了分析病人及家属的原因之外,还着重分析了医生和医疗体系应该承担的责任。第五段中作者提到了医生和病人之间的沟通不畅导致的过度医疗问题。当面临悲痛欲绝的家属的时候,医生往往因为不知该如何跟病人家属沟通,让他们接受有节制的治疗方案,而采取任家属自行选择治疗方案的态度,这直接导致了过度医疗的结果。[B]“他们没有办法就一个合理的治疗计划和歇斯底里的病人家属进行有效沟通”描述的正是这层含义。另外,在文章的第六段作者谈论医疗体系纵容了过度医疗这个问题时还提到,doctors use the fee-for-service model to...make money,“医生利用按诊疗收费模式,在患者身上用尽一切治疗手段谋取暴利,无论这些方法是多么无济于事。”[A]谈到的正是医疗收费方式在过度医疗方面所起的作用。另外,第六段里还提到,doctors are fearful of litigation and do whatever they're asked to avoid getting in trouble,“医生害怕官司缠身,因此尽力满足患者的全部要求,以免惹上麻烦”,因此,医生过度医疗的倾向也来自于对诉讼的担心,这一点对应的是[C]。只有[D]的内容原文没有提到。
5. In the passages that follows the last paragraph in the excerpt, the author is most likely to ______.
A.discuss the way to overcome the problem of overtreating in medicare system
B.suggest the patients to adjust their expectation on medical treatment
C.appeal to doctors to adhere strictly to their moral grounds
D.urge relevant department to issues policies to reform American medicare system
Text 4 Just 10 years into a new century, more than two-thirds of the country sees the past decade as a period of decline for the U. S. , according to a new TIME poll that probed Americans on the decade since the tragic events of Sept. 11, 2001. The poll confirms that the country is going through one of its longest sustained periods of unhappiness and pessimism ever. Today's teenagers hardly remember a time before 9/11, the war on terrorism, the war in Iraq and constant economic upheaval. Baby boomers, the generation known for continuous reinvention, are filled with worry and doubt about their future and the future of their children. It is hard to overstate what a fundamental change this represents. A country long celebrated for its optimism amid adversity is having trouble finding the pluck and the spirit that have seen it through everything from world wars to nuclear threats to space races. The U.S. usually bounces back after a few years of difficulty, such as the Vietnam War, Watergate or recessions. After two or three years of anxiety and worry, the electorate normally returns to its innate optimism. Yet the forces now aligned against the American people seem much more formidable to those we surveyed. According to the poll, only 6% of more than 2, 000 Americans believe the country has completely recovered from the events of 9/11. Some of this pessimism can be tied to fears of more terrorist attacks. Despite the death of Bin Laden, most Americans think another terrorist attack in the U. S. is likely. Americans generally supported the post-9/ll measures to secure the homeland, like those in the Patriot Act, and have confidence in the military to deal with terrorists—and yet they see an attack coming anyway. America's feelings of invincibility have been replaced by a new sense of inevitable vulnerability. Post-9/11 American also take a "leave-me-alone" attitude toward the rest of world. Most respondents have no desire to be more involved in global affairs. Almost two-thirds (62%) believe the U. S. today is too involved overseas. But whatever the U. S. 's worries about external forces, the biggest threats today are widely regarded as self-made. It's the enemy within that Americans register the most concern about: runaway deficits, political conflicts, skyrocketing health care costs and other structural problems. If there is widespread agreement that the U. S. is in bad shape, there is also a perception that not everyone has experienced the difficult decade in exactly the same way. Those surveyed say middle-and working-class Americans, followed by seniors and younger people, have borne the brunt of the decline. Yet those surveyed said some demographic groups were better off than they were a decade ago; they say the quality of life has improved most for gays and lesbians, the affluent, Hispanics and immigrants. And while overall the U.S. is seen as becoming more socially and politically tolerant in the past decade, the majority agreed that 9/11 set off a wave of suspicion against Muslim Americans. President Jimmy Carter rather famously gave a speech in mid-1979 suggesting that a crisis of confidence had befallen America. It took several years and a new President to return the country to its optimistic ways. President Bill Clinton faced a similar moment in 1995 and turned the mood of the country around a year later. This poll suggests we are at anothermalaise moment, one even longer and deeper than the mid-1970s', presenting even greater challenges—and opportunities—for leadership.
1. In Paragraph 4, the author suggests that American have become more ______ in foreign affairs after 9/11.
Part B [A] But scientists are still working to improve on that, and among them is social psychologist Aldert Vrij of the University of Portsmouth in England. Vrij has been using a key insight from his field to improve interrogation methods. In short, the truth is automatic and effortless, and lying is the opposite of that. It is intentional, deliberate and exhausting. The human mind, despite its impressive abilities, has limited capacity for how much thinking it can handle at any one time. So piling on demands for additional, simultaneous thought—or cognitive " load "—compromises normal information processing. [B] When Vrij and his colleagues asked volunteers what their offices looked like, after instructing half to tell the truth about their occupations and half to lie, both truth tellers and liars gave the same amount of detail in their verbal responses. But when Vrij asked them to draw their offices, the liars' drawings were much less detailed than those of the truth tellers. [C] All these tricks may seem like overkill when we think about the fictional detectives we know, including Holmes Sherlock, who seem able to ferret out every falsehood they hear without using any strategies other than their intuition. But in real life, such people are exceedingly rare; and researchers have been trying—without a lot of success—to unravel these genius' strategies. Until they do, less sophisticated lie catchers may be able to exploit the mind's cognitive deficits, using tricks such as Vrij's, to catch the bad guys in their deceptions. [D] And in fact, that is just what happens in the lab: Vrij ran an experiment in which half the liars and truth tellers were instructed to recall their stories in reverse order. When observers later looked at videotapes of the complete interviews, they correctly spotted only 42 percent of the lies people told when recounting their stories without fabrication—below average, which means they were hard to spot—but a remarkable 60 percent when the liars were compromised by the reverse storytelling. [E] Psychological scientists are fascinated by keen lie spotter. Detecting lies and liars is essential to effective policing and prosecution of criminals, but it is maddeningly difficult. Most of us can correctly spot barely more than half of all lies and truths through listening and observation—meaning we are wrong almost as often as we are right. And half a century of research has done little to polish this unimpressive track record. [F] Another strategy that could be surprisingly effective is to ask suspects to draw a picture. Putting pencil to paper forces people to give spatial information—something that most liars have not prepared for as part of planning their lies and that, therefore, overtaxes their mental resources. [G] Here are a few strategies that Vrij and his colleagues have been testing in the laboratory. One intriguing strategy is to demand that suspects tell their stories in reverse. Narrating backward increases cognitive load because it runs counter to the natural forward sequencing of events. Because liars already have depleted cognitive resources, they should find this unfamiliar mental exercise more taxing than truth tellers do—which should increase the likelihood that they will somehow betray themselves.
[解析] 文章第二段[A]段中指出心理学家Vrij使用心理学手段提高测谎准确率。他利用人脑同时处理多个问题的能力有限性这一弱点设计种种巧妙的实验,增加说谎者的大脑运作负荷,从而让谎言不攻自破。因此,在接下来的几段中作者一定会就Vrij的实验展开具体讨论。[F]段有一个明显的连接词Another Strategy;[G]段开头第一句话也是一个明显的衔接句Here are a few strategies that Vrij and his colleagues have been testing in the laboratory.很明显,两相比较,放在前面的一段应该是[G]段。这一段主要讨论的实验方法是让测谎者倒着讲述故事。由于倒着描述会增加大脑的认知负荷,因此可能让说谎者露出马脚。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. International investors seem incapable of ending their love affair with the dollar. America's economy has slowed sharply this year, yet its currency has risen to a 15 year high in trade weighted terms. (46) Against the euro the dollar touched $ 0.88 — 8% higher than in early January and close to the level at which the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve jointly intervened to prop up the European currency last September. Why is the euro looking sickly? There are plenty of theories. One is that the markets do not trust the ECB: (47) the euro area economies are not immune to America's downturn, yet the central bank still seems more concerned with fighting inflation than with supporting growth; another more plausible explanation is that, in an uncertain global economic climate, the dollar has resumed its traditional role as a safe-haven currency. Most economists reckon that the euro is undervalued and expect a rebound over the next year. One of the most optimistic is Goldman Sachs, which is predicting a rate of $1.22 in 12 months. But an analysis by David Owen, an economist at Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein, gives pause for thought. (48) He has found that, over the past decade, movements in the real exchange rate of the euro against the dollar have closely reflected the difference between productivity growth in the euro area and in America. When productivity growth in America has been faster than in Europe—as it was in most of the late 1990s—the euro falls, and vice versa. This is exactly what economic theory would predict: countries with faster productivity growth in the traded goods sector should see rising real exchange rates. Mr. Owen uses monthly data for productivity growth in manufacturing, a good proxy for the traded goods sector. Using annual productivity data for the whole economy (which are available over a longer period), the broad relationship between the exchange rate and relative productivity growth in America and Europe seems to have persisted for most of the past 30 years. Mr. Owen reckons that, in the short term, America's downturn will reduce the productivity gap between America and the euro area, and so boost the euro. (49) But in the long term, he expects productivity growth to remain faster in America—in which case, a sustained rise in the euro is unlikely over the next few years. Only if the downturn completely kills the belief in America's new paradigm, and its productivity growth plummets, will the euro be able to rebound more permanently. The strength of the dollar this year does indeed seem to hinge on a belief among investors that America's slowdown will be brief, and that in the longer run America remains the best place in which to invest. (50) But they may be underestimating the potential for productivity gains in Europe, as the single currency boosts competition and encourages firms to exploit economies of scale through mergers and acquisitions. The adoption of more flexible working practices in many countries should also help to improve productivity. Studies in America suggest that the bulk of its productivity gains from information technology come from the use of it rather than from its production. So the euro area, too, should start to enjoy productivity gains over the next decade, as it makes fuller use of it. If you believe that Europe really is starting to change, buy Euros. If not, stick with the darling dollar.
[解析] 句子主干是Against the euro the dollar touched $0.88,破折号后面的内容是补充说明。level后接介词at和关系词which引导的定语从句。 [词汇理解] Against the euro the dollar touched $0.88这个表达法是外汇方面的惯用表达法,应该翻译为“美元兑换欧元的汇率为0.88美元兑换1欧元”。European Central Bank是专有名词,译为“欧洲中央银行”;Federal Reserve是专有名词,译为“美联储”。jointly intervened意思是“联合干预”。prop up可翻译为“支持”。European currency这个短语中的currency一词是多义词,可以表示“流通”,也可表示“货币”,在文中是后一种意思。
[解析] 分号前后是两个独立的句子。前一句话是由转折连词yet连接的并列分句,后一句话是一个简单句。 [词汇理解] 分号前面这句话中,be immune to这个短语的本意是“对……免疫”,在句中应翻译为“不受……影响”。downturn指“经济衰退”。yet the central bank still seems more concerned with fighting inflation than with supporting growth,该句使用的比较句型more...than...翻译起来要格外注意,应翻译为“中央银行关注的是……,而不是……”。fighting inflation可译为“克服通货膨胀”。分号后面这句话中,in an uncertain global economic climate里的climate不能翻译为“经济气候”,而应翻译为“经济环境”。the dollar has resumed its traditional role as a safe-haven currency,动词resume意思是“重新获得,重新获取”,safe-haven currency指“安全货币”,整句话连在一起的意思是“美元重新扮演起传统的安全货币的角色”。
3.
欧文发现,过去10年,欧元对美元实际兑换率的变化已准确地反映了欧元区和美国生产率增长的差异。
[解析] 句子主干是He has found that...。that后接宾语从句,在这个宾语从句的主干是movements...have...reflected the difference...。 [词汇理解] 句中的movements一词并不是“运动,移动”的意思,而是“变化”之意。the real exchange rate of the cure against the dollar指的是“欧元对美元实际汇率”。closely reflected the difference...中closely这个副词在这里不能翻译为“接近”,而应该翻译为“准确”,“准确地反映了某种差异”。productivity growth可直译为“生产率增长”。
[解析] 在第一句话中,语法上的难点就是破折号后面in which case所引导的非限制性定语从句。in which case可当做一个固定短语来记,往往翻译为“在这种情况下”。第二句话最主要的语法特点就是使用了部分倒装句型。Only if置于句首,主句采用部分倒装,即将谓语动词提到主语之前。 [词汇理解] 第一句话中in the long time为固定短语,意思是“长期看来,长期内”。in which case翻译为“在这种情况下”。a sustained rise in the euro指的是“欧元的持续增长”。第二句话中kills the belief可翻译为“消除……的信念”。America's new paradigm直译为“美国新典范”。and its productivity growth plummets中plummets意思是“垂直下降,迅速下降”。rebound为常规动词,意思是“反弹”。permanently意为“永久地,持久地”。
[解析] 本句的主干是they may be underestimating the potential for productivity gains,后接as引导的原因状语从句。 [词汇理解] 句中they指的是investors;underestimating意为“低估”;productivity gains意为“生产率增长”。在as引导的原因状语从句中,single currency boosts competition中的single currency翻译为“单一货币”,boosts competition意为“促进竞争”。economies of scale是经济学中的固定术语,意思是“规模经济”,mergers和acquisitions在这里指的是经济中的“兼并”和“收购”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: Suppose that you cannot return the book to William in person for some emergency and will ask someone else to return it. 1) Give your suggestions, and explain the reasons. 2) Other recommendation. Write a note in about 100 words to inform him of it. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use" Zhang Wei"instead.
Dear William, I would like to apologize for my not being able to return in person the book you lent me last Wednesday. You know, I have done a part time job as a private teacher. Originally the lessons were scheduled on Saturday. But it happens that my student is going to take part in a football match this Saturday, and so the lesson is shifted to tomorrow evening, which renders me to meet you then. But don't worry. I have asked a classmate to return that book for me. She is a pretty girl with short curly hair, and will go to your dormitory at 7:00 tomorrow evening. Thank you again for your book. It is really helpful to my English assignment.
Yours, Zhang Wei
Part B
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The picture above describes a boy squatting there and very confused. Before a lot of choices, struggle, entrepreneurship, study, hardworking, abandon and so on, what should he choose? He is so upset and depressed. The picture above does reveal certain social phenomenon, that is, a lot of graduates do not know what they can do after graduating from the universities. In accordance with a combination of latest statistics, a large proportion of graduates feel that their future is full of confusion. Noticeably, such a result has been a focal point in our campus. Take the university where I am studying for example, in a classroom discussion, I used to exchange views with Dr. Wu, my sociology professor, "In china, " he said, "many graduates feel confused just before graduation. And they fear and conflict to the society; they do not know what they can do after they leave the campus. " Obviously, it is harmful for the mental stability of the college students. Furthermore, it is damaged to the development of our society. It is urgent that some concrete measures be taken to put this grave situation on hold. For one thing, the authorities of universities are obliged to work out plans to help the graduates. For another thing, the students themselves are expected to regulate their attitude towards society. Still, a supporting psychological consultation mechanism is supposed to be built up without delay. Only in this way can it benefit for the growth of the youngsters.