Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, rather than about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, 1 is their purpose merely to make conversation. The old person's recollections of the past help to 2 an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile: 3 any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide 4 to the future, the individual mentions their 5 as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life 6 living 7 , the memories form part of a continuing life 8 , in which the old person 9 the events and experiences of the years gone by and 10 on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life. As the life cycle 11 to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death. 12 this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a 13 subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as 14 . As adults, many of us find the topic frightening and are 15 to think about it and certainly not to talk about it 16 the presence of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this taboo 17 only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to 18 the idea of death. It is the very fact that death remains 19 our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes 20 is so. Notes: reminiscence n.回忆。 fragile adj.脆弱的。impending adj.即将发生的。
1.
A.so
B.even
C.nor
D.hardly
A B C D
C
[解析] 结构搭配。本句中第1分句是否定句,nor引导连续否定句。
2.
A.preserve
B.conserve
C.resume
D.assume
A B C D
A
[解析] 词义搭配。preserve vt.(=keep sth.for further use)保留,如:preserve traditional culture(保留传统文化)。conserve vt.保存,保藏,保重:conserve one's strength(保存力量);conserve one's health(保重健康)。resume vt.停顿后又重新开始: resume work(继续工作);resume traffic(使车辆行人恢复通行)。assume vt.假设;承担:assume a hard task(承担一项艰巨的任务)。
3.
A.performing
B.playing
C.undertaking
D.lacking
A B C D
D
[解析] 逻辑词义搭配。perform a role起作用,承担角色。play a role起作用。undertake vt.承担,担任:undertake responsibility(承担责任);undertake a task(接受任务)。从上下文的逻辑意思来判断,此处应选lacking。
[解析] 词义结构搭配。be worth sth./doing值得:What is it worth?(这值多少?)The book is worth reading.(这本书值得一读。)be worthy of够得上,值得:be worthy of remembrance=be worthy of being remembered=be worthy to be remembered (值得纪念)。be worthy of the name(名不虚传)。worthless无价值的;a worthless book。worthwhile值得花时间的,值得做的:a worthwhile experiment。
[解析] 词义搭配。integrate vt.把……集成,综合;使……完整:integrate theory with practice(把理论与实践结合起来)。incorporate vt.结合,合并,编人:1) incorporate new ideas into a book(把新思想编入书内);2)We will incorporate your suggestion in this new plan.(我们将把你的建议编入这个新计划内。)3)The new plan incorporates the old one.(这个新计划把这个旧计划吸收进去。)4)May I incorporate what you have written in my book?(我是否可以把你写的材料编入我的书里?)include vt.包括,interact(with)与……交往。
[解析] 词义搭配。draw to接近,符合句意,故可入选。keep to坚持:keep to one's post (坚持岗位);incline to倾向于:incline to leanness(有消瘦的倾向);The dog inclines to meat as food.(狗好吃肉食。)tend to倾向于:The world tends to socialism.(全世界倾向于社会主义。)可见,keep to,incline to,tend to与draw to虽搭配相同,但词义相差甚远,故均不能入选。
[解析] 惯用搭配。in the presence of当……的面,在……在场的情况下,在……面前:He signed his name in the presence of two witnesses.(当着两位证人的面,他签了名。)又例:1)He was calm in the presence of danger.2)In her presence I was often silent.3)Entering the office room,we found ourselves in the presence of the director of the department.
[解析] 惯用搭配。be beyond one's control某人无法控制,例如:She is beyond my control.(我无法控制她。)He lost his position through circumstances beyond his control.(他由于无法控制的情况而丢了工作。)
20.
A.which
B.what
C.as
D.that
A B C D
D
[解析] 结构搭配。that作关系代词引导定语从句。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 The standardized educational or psychological tests, that are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests; critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How Well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and Wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical. evidence concerning comparative validity, and upon such factors as cost and availability. In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for example, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they don't compensate for gross social inequality, and thus don't tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
1. What is the essence of this text?
A.Attacking standardized tests.
B.Don't blame the test—blame the user.
C.Standardized tests and their wide applications.
D.The standardized test—a useful means of assessment.
Text 2 Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation. This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the burdened. Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behavior of these stout young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prisoner-camp during the War. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then? Older people, tired and irritable from a day's work, are not angels, either—far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it. seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won't bother to assist, taxi drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.
1. From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among people who
5. In the author's view, the best remedy for coping with the hard conditions in travel in cities would be to
A.attach significance to the moral education of young people.
B.improve the means of transportation and the public morality.
C.treat people, be they young and old, with courtesy and sympathy.
D.demand that everyone avoid brisk arguments and insulting quarrels.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节理解题。本题问:根据作者的看法,如何解决城市中交通拥挤条件下的礼貌问题?最后一段第1句中作者提出应从两方面来解决问题。一方面应改进交通工具:另一方面应提高公德。故应选[B)。选项[A],[C],[D]均片面地只及一点,不及其余。课文注释:much less更不用说。Continental man欧洲大陆上的人。rat race激烈的竞争。Be lost to全然不顾。a11 too实在太。be hard on sb.对......”太严峻。 due n.应该得到的东西。communications in transport运输工具。won't bother to do sth.不愿费心去做某事。pull、the bell(售票员)拉铃(以便让司机开动车辆)。do one's part尽某人的责任。
Text 3 For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or .theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, -that he Was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human. But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, 'would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.
1. The author does not include among the sciences the study of
5. The title which best expresses the idea of this text is
A.Progress in Pure Science.
B.Learning for Its Own Sake.
C.Man's Science and Inventions.
D.Difference between Science and Technology.
A B C D
B
[解析] 全文主旨题。本题问:本文的最佳标题是什么?本文是用归纳法写的。全文主题句是最后一段第一句:“理论知识本身就是珍贵的,因为人类的灵魂不能听任于无知。”可见,本文主要论述,研究理论科学是为了了解世界,是纯粹的知识探究。故应选[B]。课文注释:intrinsic固有的。con-substantial同体的。autonomy自主性。 zealously and without the least suspicion热情地并丝毫也没有想到。for the most part大部分,主要地。Utopian乌托邦,理想主义。disinterestedly不偏不倚地。 resign oneself to听任;顺从。
Text 4 Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity (the God) or of irrational matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the Transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self; therefore, all knowledge begins with self-knowledge. This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the "American Scholar" turns out to be simply "Man Thinking"; while, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself" merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam", where "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you." Also common to all five writers is the belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization, which, in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies., first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or herself and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual's freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity. A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection—their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology—and by their interpretation of experience as, in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos, of which 0nly intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers' faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights. Notes: Transcendentalist先验论的。self-transcending ;超越自我的。ethic伦理标准,道德规范。be torn between ,在.......之间左右为难。fraternity博爱。introspection 反省。seer预言家,先知。metaphysical形而上
1. Which of the following best reflects the humanistic perspective of the five writers?
A.The spiritual and the material worlds are incompatible.
B.Humanity can scarcely account for humans and the world.
C.Self-knowledge stems partly from the perception of the universe.
D.The structure of the universe can be discovered through self-knowledge.
2. By quoting Whitman in paragraph 2, the author intends to
A.show that the poet does not completely agree with Emerson.
B.indicate the way the poet uses the humanist ideal to appraise himself.
C.demonstrate that the poet is concerned with the well-being of all humans.
D.illustrate a way the poet expresses the relationship of the individual to the humanistic universe.
A B C D
D
[解析] 逻辑结构题。本题问:作者在第2段中引用惠特曼诗句的目的是什么?第2段中指出,人文主义观点中的个人不是具体的某一个人,而是指抽象的人类。“Song of Myself”(自我之歌)中的“自我”就是"children of Adam"(亚当之子),即指“人类”,在这里“任何一点属于我的东西,同样也属于你。”可见,作者引用惠特曼的诗句是为了具体说明惠特曼表达个人和人文宇宙之间关系的一种方式。[A]“表示诗人并不完全同意爱默生”属正反颠倒。从第2段最后一句来看,爱默生和惠特曼的看法是相同的。[B]“表示惠特曼使用人文主义理想来评价自己的方式”和[C]“展示诗人关心所有人的幸福”文中均未提到,属无中生有,故不能入选。
3. The author discusses "the democratic ethic" in paragraph 3 in order to
A.explain the relationship between external experience and inner imagination.
B.support the notion that the self contains two conflicting and irreconcilable arguments.
C.illustrate the relationship between the self's desire to be individual and its desire to merge with all other selves.
D.elaborate on the concept that the self constantly desires to realize its potential.
4. It can be inferred that the idea of "an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos" in paragraph 4 is necessary to the thinking of the five writers because such a relationship
A.is the foundation of their humanistic view of existence.
B.justifies their concept of the freedom of the individual.
C.enables them to assert the importance of the democratic ethic.
D.denies their faith in the existence of intuition and imagination.
Part B Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about science. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you don't need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] The Need for Science [B] The Methods of Science [C] The Challenge of Unsolved Problems [D] The Specific Features of the Laws of Science [E] The Steps in Establishing a Scientific Theory [F] The Rapid Increase of Scientific Knowledge It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able, common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. He chooses, when he can, the method of the "controlled experiment". 41.____________ In the course of his inquiries the scientist may find what he thinks is one common explanation for an increasing number of facts. The explanation, if it seems consistently to fit the various facts, is called a hypothesis. If a hypothesis continues to stand the test of numerous experiments and remains unshaken, it becomes a law. 42.____________ The "laws" of science differ from the "laws" of a country in two ways. First, a scientific law is liable at any time to need modifying. This happens when a fact is discovered which seems to contradict what the "law" would lead one to expect. The "law" may, in fact, have to be abandoned altogether. Second, a scientific "law" says, "This is likely to be the explanation", or "This accounts for the facts as far as we know them". But the "law" of the country says, "You must...' or "You must not..." The scientific "law' has no moral force; it is not binding on human behavior nor approved or opposed by human conscience. 43.____________ The evidence as to the vastness of the universe and the complexity of its arrangements continues to grow at an amazing rate. The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to diminish, but rather to increase with every new discovery. Fresh unexplored regions are forever opening out. The rapidity of the growth of scientific knowledge, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is apt to give students and teachers the impression that no sooner is a problem stated than the answer is forthcoming. A more detailed study of the history of science corrects the impression that fundamental discoveries are made with dramatic suddenness. Even in our present age no less than fifty years separate the discovery of radioactivity from the explosion of the first atomic bomb. The teacher, giving his brief accounts of scientific discovery, is apt to forget the long periods of misunderstanding, of false hypotheses and general uncertainty, which almost invariably precede the clear statement of scientific truth. 44.____________ The vast mass of information which scientists have gained has provided the answer to the fundamental questions which, through the centuries, have puzzled and sometimes tortured the human mind. There are many such questions. The study of parasites has provided evidence that organisms which could be self-supporting have become parasites, but hardly any light has been shed on the problem of why they should have done so. What enables an organism to respond to the poisonous secretions of harmful bacteria and organize its resources to defend its life?... 45.____________ To raise the standard of living in any country, two things are required: scientific knowledge, and a population sufficiently educated to understand how to apply it. Without the latter, the expected benefits will not come. Notes: ado麻烦,忙乱。be binding on对......有约束力。parasite 寄生虫。shed light on 使某事物更清楚些。 secretion分泌物。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The teaching of English as a second language (ESL) in schools has had a history of conflicting arguments, interesting innovations and some very positive methodological changes. To understand the present situation, it is necessary to consider the past and the wider educational context which has a hearing on it. Until quite recently, approaches to ESL work have been strongly influenced by methods developed to teach English as a foreign language to older learners. These methods placed much emphasis on drills, exercises and remedial programs that focus on language in abstraction. 46) The prescriptive nature of such methods and the demands they made on the teacher's time developed the belief that ESL work could be tackled only by the specialist ESL teacher working with small groups of children. Such an approach does not fit comfortably into current notions of learning and teaching in the primary school, nor does it sufficiently equip ESL learners in the secondary school to benefit from normal schooling. 47) In prescribing what language is to be taught, it has ignored what children bring to the learning task and the choices they make about how and what they want to learn. Furthermore, the location and organization of language provision did not measure up to the demand. 48) The language centers and English language services all contributed to providing special and concentrated teaching of English as a second language in small groups, varying in size from four or five to fifteen. Whatever the pattern of provision, the main aim was to give pupils sufficient English to enable them to join normal schools as quickly as possible. The success of such special provision depended very much on the close and constant liaison of language teachers with the subject teachers and the class teachers and on the continuity of learning experiences provided by them. 49) One of the important disadvantages of language centers and withdrawal groups was that ESL children were being taught away from those English speakers who provide the most powerful models, i.e. their peer group. Peer-group interaction is an important element in any learning situation, but its particular strengths in a classroom with ESL learners cannot be overemphasized. 50) The separation of second language learners from the mainstream classroom cannot easily be justified on educational grounds, since in practice it leads to both their curriculum and language learning being impoverished.
[解析] it 在此是指代上一句中的approach,应该把它的指代对象译出来。bring(what)to the learning task 意译为“想学什么”。the learning task 是并列成分。how and what they want to learn 中 how 引申为“方法”,what 引申为“内容”。 注意:本句从测试点上看是一句十分典型的考研英语汉试题:有代词的指代关系,有词组的意译,有连接副词和连接代词的引申译法。故请考生务必仔细琢磨。
[解析] on...grounds 由于......原因。impoverish与poverty是同根词,故可推测其词义为“使...贫苦”;引申后为“使......蒙受损失”。 注:context 环境。bear on 对......有影响,关系到......。例如:I don't see how this bears on matter.(我不明白这一点与那事的关系。)liaison n.联结。liaison of A with B A与B之间的联系
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: You are applying for a position as an English teacher. Write a letter to the Head of Foreign Languages Department to 1) introduce yourself, 2) give an account of your job experience, and 3) ask for a job interview. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name .at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.
Dear Professor Wang, I am writing to you to inquire if there would be any position available for me to work as an English instructor in your department. I ask you to consider my qualifications. I am 31 years old, a graduate of Beijing Normal University and have 7 years of successful experience behind me. My first job was in the Editorial Office of China Daily, where I got a good basic training in translation from Chinese into English. After 3 years of written English work I moved on to the Beijing Tourist Agency as an interpreter. There I worked up to the position of Head of Personnel Section. Now I would like to be an English teacher because teaching is a comparatively stable job, which suits me best. I wish you would give me an opportunity to be interviewed. I'd very much appreciate it if you are kind enough to tell me the time and place of a possible interview. Enclosed is my address. Thanks. Yours faithfully Li Ming
Part B
1. Directions: Study the following photo carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the photo briefly, speculating about what she is thinking of, 2) state different views on part-time jobs, and 3) give your own opinion. You should write about 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
大学生可以打工吗?
Part-time jobs are now the norm for China's students. As the picture shows, a part-time tutor advertises her service oh a street in X city. I think she seems to hold that part-time jobs are no longer only for the students from poor families and that they have become part of normal college life. People differ in their opinions on part-time jobs. Some believe that college students take part-time jobs because they are financially stressed, In. their eyes, part-time jobs help students support themselves, alleviating the burden of their parents. Others maintain that part-time jobs have become fashionable in Beijing's universities and the trend may well go national. This reflects a new social phenomenon that college students are eager to go out of their campus to experience what work will bring to them. Still others assert that part-time jobs will interfere with students' normal academic work. According to them, the first thing students should do is to do well at college. In my opinion, I'm firmly standing on the side of those who are inclined to take part-time jobs. I believe that limited part-time work gives students a good opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge to social practice.