1. With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words or fewer, the reader resembles a color blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create on canvas is lamentably restricted.
A.auspiciously
B.deplorably
C.suspiciously
D.disbelievingly
A B C D
B
[解析] lamentably意为“哀伤地,不幸地,拙劣地”。B选项:deplorably意为“可叹地,悲惨地”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:Business is deplorably dull.(生意极为不景气。)句意:只有一千个或更少的有限词汇量的读者就像一个色盲的艺术家,只知道几种颜色,因此他在画布上的创造能力也相当有限。故选B。A选项:auspiciously繁荣昌盛,前途顺利,吉祥;C选项:suspiciously疑心很深地;D选项:disbelievingly怀疑地。
2. After a few short but interminable seconds, U. S. Astronaut Neil Armstrong placed his foot firmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10.. 56 pm, July 20,1969.
A.inseparable
B.fast
C.indelible
D.long
A B C D
D
[解析] interminable意为“持续得过长的”。D选项:long意为“长时间的”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:The pupils have two long holidays every year.(学生们每年有两次长假。)句意:经过短暂而又漫长的几秒钟后,美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗稳步踏在月球表面细细的尘土上。故选D。A选项:inseparable不可分的;B选项:fast迅速的;C选项:indelible擦不掉的,永久的。
3. Every modern government, liberal or otherwise, has a specific position in the field of ideas; its stability is vulnerable to critics in proportion to their ability and persuasiveness.
A.futile
B.susceptible
C.feasible
D.flexible
A B C D
B
4. They make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs.
A.sustain
B.yield
C.endure
D.expose
A B C D
B
5. A pervasive negative attitude of the engineers toward projects funded by his company is the cause of the delay of signing the contract.
A.perpetual
B.pernicious
C.preventive
D.prevalent
A B C D
D
6. The child was so ingenuous that even when she knocked the television off its stand so that it was irreparably damaged, her parents thought her to be charming
A.intelligent
B.ingenious
C.adroit
D.naive
A B C D
D
7. Lee Ford and Dan Brooks, a London-based creative and development team, came up with an "edgy" Volkswagen spot for a demo: a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded caf.
8. One difficulty is that while other disciplines investigate a specific range of phenomena, philosophy, particularly in the hodgepodge conception, investigates all of existence.
A.potpourri
B.consensus
C.feint
D.nuance
A B C D
A
[解析] hodgepodge意为“混杂物”。A选项:potpourri意为“混合物”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:As tobacco cigarette burns,a potpourri of 4000 chemicals is released,including carbon monoxide and hydrocyanic acid.(当烟被点燃时,融合了四千种化学品的气体被释放出来,其中包括一氧化碳和氢氰酸。)句意:困难之一是,当其他学科研究一系列特有的现象时,哲学,尤其是大杂烩概念的哲学,研究的是一切事物。故选A。其他三项:consensus(意见等)一致同意;feint假象,佯攻;nuance微妙之处。
9. But by the time we are adult, the childhood hiding which dwindled to adolescent shyness, is expected to disappear altogether, as we bravely stride out to meet our guests, hosts, companions, relatives, colleagues, customers, clients, or friends.
10. Cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in their ruthless biological warfare, but also destroy the larger organization—the body itself—signing their own suicide warrant.
A.refined
B.random
C.merciless
D.perpetual
A B C D
C
[解析] ruthless意为“无情的,残忍的”。C选项:merciless意为“无情的,残忍的”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:This judge is merciless towards anyone found guilty of murder.(这位法官对罪名成立的谋杀犯概不留情。)句意:癌细胞在残酷的生物战中不仅消灭对手,而且也破坏了更大的组织——身体本身,签署了自己的自杀授权书。故选C。A选项:refined举止优雅的,精制的;B选项:random任意的,无计划的;D选项:perpetual永久的,不断的。
11. California seems to be the home of the homeless since many are often observed tramping along railroad tracks and through the downtown areas of the cities.
A.roaming
B.trimming
C.stealing
D.stamping
A B C D
A
12. The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country. America has nothing to do with allegiance to a dynasty and very little to do with allegiance to a particular place, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles.
A.conviction
B.loyalty
C.conversion
D.component
A B C D
B
[解析] allegiance意为“拥护,忠诚”。B选项:loyalty意为“忠诚,忠心”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:We all have a loyalty to the company.(我们都对公司忠心耿耿。)句意:王朝拥戴、圣地朝拜和美国都没有一丁点关系,美国人所尊崇的是一套原则。故选B。A选项:conviction确信,坚定的信仰;C选项:conversion变换,皈依;D选项:component成分,部件。
13. The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived: the hundreds of millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases.
14. Parties are therefore free to strive for a settlement without jeopardizing their chances for or in a trial if mediation is unsuccessful.
A.assuring
B.increasing
C.endangering
D.destroying
A B C D
C
15. Schools also reinforce sex-role stereotyping and potential violence through what is termed the "evaded curriculum" . This term refers to those issues that greatly affect the quality of students' lives, but are rarely discussed within schools.
2. As most new buyers soon learn, it is not that easy for a novice to use, particularly when the manuals contain instructions like this ______ from Apple: "This character prevents script from terminating the currently forming output line when it encounters the script command in the input stream. "
A.excerpt
B.manipulation
C.retrieval
D.reminder
A B C D
A
[解析] A选项:excerpt意为“摘录,摘要”,如:This is an excerpt from a novel.(这是一部小说的摘录。)句意:正如多数新的购买者很快就会了解的那样,手册对于一个新手来说使用起来不是那么容易,尤其是其中包含了诸如这种从苹果手册中摘录的使用说明。故选A。 B选项:manipulation操作,操纵;C选项:retrieval重获,检索;D选项:reminder令人回忆起……的东西。
3. The 1982 Oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation. And ______ the Corporation's statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.
A.defers
B.curtails
C.triggers
D.sparks
A B C D
B
4. A stateless young man may have felt ______ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.
A.intrigued
B.initiated
C.indicated
D.intimidated
A B C D
D
5. Looking ahead, the computer industry sees pure gold. Estimates for the number of personal computers in use by the end of the century run as high as 80 million. Then there are all the ______ industries: desks to hold computers, luggage to carry them, cleansers to polish them.
A.concessionary
B.feasible
C.hypothetical
D.auxiliary
A B C D
D
[解析] D选项:auxiliary意为“辅助的,补充的,备用的”,如:She is an auxiliary nurse.(她是一名助理护士。)句意:此外还有各种辅助行业:安放电脑的书桌、携带电脑的行李和清洁电脑的清洁剂。故选D。 A选项:concessionary减价的;B选项:feasible可行的;C选项:hypothetical假设的。
6. Little boys seem to enjoy ______ train sets more than little girls.
A.capture
B.departure
C.fixture
D.miniature
A B C D
D
7. According to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1995, the wealthiest 10 percent of the population received 30.9 percent of the income, while the poorest 10 received only 2.2 percent. Such ______ in income and wealth are found in both cities and rural areas.
8. These people actively try to ______ what they believe to be bad English and assiduously cultivate what they hope to be good English.
A.suppress
B.regress
C.enhance
D.revive
A B C D
A
9. She is ______ to sprain her ankle because it is weak from 3 previous pains.
A.prone
B.disposed
C.bound
D.destined
A B C D
A
10. Because of her dual nationality in the United States and Mexico, Maria was almost required to pay taxes in both countries until her accountant ______ with a satisfactory solution for both countries.
A.intercepted
B.interacted
C.interpreted
D.intervened
A B C D
D
11. It is often the children who truly lead the elders into America, the sons who take their fathers to their first baseball game or shepherd them to their first rock concert or give them a real sense that they ______ America's future.
A.have an impact on
B.have a facility for
C.have a grasp of
D.have a stake in
A B C D
D
[解析] D选项:have a stake in意为“与……利害攸关”,如:Each of us have a stake in the future of our country.(我们国家的未来与我们每个人都有利害关系。)句意:事实上,引领长辈融人美国的往往是他们的孩子。儿子带父亲来参加他们的第一次棒球比赛,观看他们的首次摇滚音乐会,或者让他们真正感觉到自己与美国的未来利害攸关。故选D。 A选项:have an impact on对……有影响;B选项:have a facility for有……才能;C选项:have a grasp of掌握。
12. ______ is practiced to some extent by the adherents of every religion. It often requires abstinence from food, drink, or sexual activity, as in fasting or celibacy and it may also require physical pain or discomfort, such as endurance of extreme heat or cold or self-punishment.
13. Finally this theory is widely understood and accepted the world over, i.e. it has a ______; and is therefore a good basis for discussion of an ethical problem.
A.particularity
B.unilateralism
C.commonality
D.cosmopolitan
A B C D
C
[解析] C选项:commonality意为“共性,共同特征”,如:The application demonstrates that this component possesses favorable commonality and flexibility.(应用实例表明该组件具有良好的通用性和灵活性。)句意:这个新的理论最终被全世界广泛理解并接受,即该理论具有通用性。故选C。 A选项:particularity特性;B选项:unilateralism单方,片面;D选项:cosmopolitan世界性的。
14. The secretary wants to ______ all the file clerks to make preparations for the company Christmas party.
A.enlighten
B.enlist
C.enable
D.enclose
A B C D
B
15. As a professional doctor, I will prescribe ______ for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.
A.regimen
B.equity
C.requisite
D.regime
A B C D
A
[解析] A选项:regimen意为“(为病人规定的)生活规则,养生法”,如:We used a combined regimen of injection treatment and radiation therapy.(我们采用了针剂注射和放射治疗相结合的方法。)句意:作为一名专业的医生,为了病人的利益,我会根据自己的能力和判断采取有利于病人的医疗措施,并杜绝一切害人的行为。故选A。 B选项:equity公平,公正;C选项:requisite必要的事物;D选项:regime政权,政体。
Part Ⅱ Grammar
Section A
1. Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology and genomics—all of ______ provide significant benefits for human health—would not be possible without the underlying knowledge of evolution.
A.what
B.that
C.which
D.those
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题空格处指代的是前面的名词“Discoveries in genetics,molecular biology and genomics”,属于“介词+关系代词”引导的非限定性定语从句形式。在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用that和those。因此C项正确。
2. The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus--besieged administrators______to lure minority applicants, students frantically______ money to cover fee hikes, department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home.
3. ______ a rigid, unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral, it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good.
A.Modem science not only gradually develops
B.Not only did modem science gradually develop
C.Now that modem science gradually developed
D.Only did modem science develop
A B C D
B
[解析] 在这个句子中,not only放于句首,引导的句子要使用倒装结构。not only…but also “不仅……而且”。答案是B。
4. The founders, ______, were long on exhortation and rhetoric regarding the value of civic education, but they left it to the textbook writers to distill the essence of those values for school children.
A.such as the case of almost all their successors was
B.such as was the case of almost all their successors
5. ______ from her contract, De Havilland sued the studio and, after a two-year battle, won her case in a landmark decision that benefited all contract actors.
6. Few people have the time that is required to master a "full" knowledge of a foreign language and ______ still would be to make the much practical use of such a language.
7. Categories, we found, (must) be seen (in) their conceptual context, against the background of larger cognitive models, and it is obvious that these models will, (to) some point, have to include (sequencing) in time.
A.must
B.in
C.to
D.sequencing
A B C D
C
8. An important consequence arises because the social security program is purely pay-as-you-go financed, ______ most pension plans, at least in the private sector, are fully funded. Thus, greater contracting-out implies greater prefunding of pension commitments.
1. Cultural pluralism is the dynamic by which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, yetmaintain its cultural differences. A pluralistic society is one where different groups can interact while showing a certain degree of tolerance for one another, where different cultures can coexist without major conflicts, and where minority cultures are encouraged to uphold their customs.
A.the dynamic by which
B.yet
C.maintain its cultural differences.
D.while showing
A B C D
C
[解析] C项中“its”指代的是“minority groups”,这里为名词复数,因此应将“maintain its cultural differences”改为“maintain their cultural differences”。
2. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language as other people's.
3. Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the unfolding of a person's potentialities; what mattered to them was the person who is much, not the one who has much or use much.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
D
[解析] 此处应为who has much or uses much。此处的主语为第三人称单数,并且动词的 时态为一般现在时,所以动词应加s。故D项有误。
4. The most versatile ______ embryonic stem cells, which ______ found in the embryo at the earliest stage of development and can grow into any part of the body.
A.are, are
B.is, is
C.are, is
D.is, are
A B C D
A
5. Surely it should be obvious the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data getting into the wrong hands. A. that trust B. is easily destroyed c. few things D. getting into the wrong bank
A B C D
D
[解析] D选项前面的动词为let,后面直接用动词原形,因此,D选项应改为get in to the wrong hands,意思为“落入不法分子的手中”。因此,D选项为正确选项。
6. In contrast, when the general population of a society is going through the early stages of social mobilization, language group conflicts seem particularly likely to occur. They may develop animosities which take on a life of their own and persist beyond the situation which gives rise to them. The degree to which this happens may be significantly affected by the type of policy which the government adopts during the transitional period.
A.particularly likely
B.on a life
C.which gives rise to
D.which this happens
A B C D
C
[解析] give rise to意为“引起,导致”。这里指的是过去情况引起的,因此不用一般现在时,应改为“gave rise to”。
7. For it is "everybody", a whole society, which, has identified being feminine with caring about how one looks. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
A
[解析] which改为that。这是一个完整的句子,不能用which作插入语。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage One An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controllee and of the members of the governmental agency itself? A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others - the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury," we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned - in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment, A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurafices of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in mm "rule" behavior. The effect of a law upon the controlling agency The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects. Comprehension Questions:
1. In the development of a government agency, ______.
A.the standard on which the judgment may be made is more important than the actual application of this judgment
B.the function of law is important
C.the study of ordinance is the most important
D.practice is more important than criterion
A B C D
B
2. One of the prominent characteristics of a law is ______.
A.the result on the individual's behavior on which a restraining influence is being exercised
B.the result of a behavior on the members of the governmental agency
C.the result of a behavior on ordinary citizens
D.both A and B
A B C D
A
3. What does the example "committed perjury" illustrate?
A.The law will examine closely what the individual said in court.
B.It illustrates that the law only has something to say when behavior has negative effects on others.
C.Behavior which tends to avoid punishing stimulus will not be explicitly specified by law.
D.Both B and C
A B C D
B
4. The other distinguishing trait of the law is ______.
A.punishment is carried out by the courts at all levels
B.rules and court practices initiated by a governmental agency, are specifically designed to increase government control
C.asystem of rules governing a conduct, activity or event incidental by nature
D.any governmental reinforcement
A B C D
C
5. Why are laws formed?
A.Laws are made before a contingency.
B.Laws are made after a contingency.
C.A contingency always happens before a law is approved and passed.
D.Laws are passed to stand the test of time' and are applicable to other similar circumstances in the future.
A B C D
D
6. How does codification of the laws affect governmental agents?
A.The law will be interpreted objectively rather than subjectively.
B.Government agencies have to compromise with factual conditions.
C.Occasionally, governmental agencies have to redress, correct or adapt a law for their benefit.
D.Laws can not be altered or modified but they can be incremented with new court decisions and also through jurisprudence.
A B C D
A
Passage Two Mycenae strands on a hill skirted by two deep ravines. The site is a natural strong point, dominating the plain of Argos. It was first occupied about 3000 B. C.. and a new settlement was made about 2000 B. C. , which is generally believed to be the time when Greek speakers arrived in Greece. There is clear evidence for a sudden increase in the importance and prosperity of this settlement about 1600 B. C. , two grave circles have been found, one inside the later walls and containing six shaft graves, excavated by Schliemann in the 1870's, the other rather earlier in date, outside the walls, discovered in 1950. These graves contained a mass of gold and other precious objects of great beauty, including import from Minoan Crete and Egypt. The power and wealth of Mycenae increased rapidly. There was soon a uniform culture in mainland Greece, stretching from Thessaly in the north to the south of the Peloponnesus, with palaces at Thebes, Athens, Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos and probably at other sites not yet discovered. Although the palaces were the administrative centers of separate kingdoms, it seem likely that Mycenae was the leading, if not the dominated, kingdom. From 1500 B. C. , the kings of Mycenae were buried in massive stone tombs outside the walls, of which the largest, the so-called Treasury of Atreus, is a magnificent architectural achievement. About 1450 B. C. the Achaeans, as the Greeks of the Mycenaean period were called, invaded Crete and destroyed all the Minoan palaces except Knossos, which they occupied. Succeeding to and made settlements on the islands and in Asia Minor. The zenith of Mycenaean power and prosperity was in the early thirteenth century; in this period were built the walls, some of which still stand, and the lion gate. By about 1250 B. C. , when the defenses were renewed and improved, there is evidence of destruction outside the walls. Trade declined; a period of upheaval and deterioration had begun. The Trojan War is thought to have occurred about this time. The traditional date for the fall of Troy is 1184 B.C. , but the American archaeologist Blegen, who made the most complete recent excavations and found clear evidence of a prolonged siege, date the destruction of Troy to about 1240 B.C. It looks as though the Trojan expedition was the last united effort of the Achaeans. Mycenae was subjected to three successive attacks in the following years. In the first, the houses outside the walls were destroyed; in the second, the citadel was sacked; in the third, it was finally destroyed and not reoccupied. The other mainland palaces were all sacked around 1200 B. C. , presumably by bands of invading Dorian. Comprehension Questions.
1. When is it believed that the first Greek speakers first occupied Mycenae, and how long did it take before there was clear evidence of prosperity?
A.3000 B.C. and 500 years.
B.2000 B.C. and 400 years.
C.1184 B.C. and 300 years.
D.1240 B.C. and 600 years.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文章第一段中…and a new settlement was made about 2000 B.C,which is generally believed to be the time when Greek speakers arrived in Greece.There is clear evidence for a sudden increase in the important and prosperity of this settlement about 1600B.C.可知,讲希腊语的希腊人在公元前2000年来到希腊,在公元前1600年,这一新辟地呈现一派繁荣。B选项符合原文中的时间。因此,B选项正确。
2. Who made the most complete excavations of the site, and what did he/they find?
A.Schleimann, and he found six grave shafts containing gold.
B.Blegen, and he found evidence of a prolonged siege.
C.American archaeologists, and they found that the height of Mycenaean power and prosperity were in the early thirteenth century B.C.
D.A team of German archaeologists, and they found that the kings of Mycenae were buried in massive stone tombs outside the city walls.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第二段中but the American archaeologist Blegen,who made the most complete recent excavations and found clear evidence of a prolonged siege可知,Blegen完成了最完整的、最近的一次考古挖掘,挖掘出了长时间围攻的证据。因此,B选项符合题目要求。而根据第一段中two grave circles have been found,one inside the later walls and containing six shaft graves,excavated by Schliemann in the 1870's,the other rather earlier in date,outside the walls,discovered in 1950.These graves contained a mass of gold and other precious objects of great beauty,including import from Minoan Crete and Egypt可知,Schliemann挖掘了一处墓穴群,第二处在1950年才挖掘,可推知Schliemann的挖掘并不完整。因此,A选项不符合题目要求,故排除。选项C、D文中未提及。因此,B选项为正确答案。
3. Who were the Achaeans, and what did they do in the last half of the 14th century B.C. ?
A.They were Dorians that invaded Mycenae and sacked most of the mainland palaces but not Knossos.
B.They were the inhabitants of Troy, and they withstood a long siege in their city, according to the work of an American archaeologist.
C.They were settlers in Asia Minor, and they expanded into the sea trade.
D.They were Greeks in the Mycenaean Period, and they invaded Crete, destroying all the palaces there except Knossos, which they inhabited.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据文章第二段中的About 1450 B.C. the Achaeans,as the Greeks of the Mycenaean period were called,invaded Crete and destroyed all the Minoan palaces except Knossos,which they occupied可知,在迈锡尼时代,希腊人被称为Achaeans(阿该亚人),他们入侵了克里特岛,毁坏了米诺斯宫殿,除了他们已经占领的克诺索斯。D选项符合原意。A、B和C选项原文并未提及。因此,D选项正确。
4. According to the passage, did the Mycenaeans engage in international trade? If yes, with whom?
A.No, the Mycenaeans were mainly engages in the conquest of states within the Peloponnesus and surrounding islands.
B.Yes, they were. There was evidence of international trade since among grave goods there were found imports from both Crete and North Africa.
C.No, although there was a great deal of gold found in the shaft graves at Mycaenae in the 1870's and later in the 1950's, there was no evidence that international trade had occurred.
D.Both A and C
A B C D
B
[解析] 依据文章第一段中These graves contained a mass of gold and other precious objects of great beauty,including import from Minoan Crete and Egypt可知,墓葬中有来自克里特岛和埃及的进口物品。由此可以推测,迈锡尼人与克里特岛和埃及有贸易往来。因此,B选项正确。
5. According to the passage, were the people in mainland Greece united, and if so, where was the seat of power located?
A.No, they weren't. Greece was a collection of kingdom with various administrative centers, but it would appear that Mycenae was a dominate and perhaps a leading kingdom.
B.Yes, they were united under Mycenae.
C.Yes, although there were a number of administrative centers of separate kingdoms, Mycenae was the leader in mainland Greece.
D.Both B and C
A B C D
C
[解析] 依据第二段中There was soon a uniform culture in mainland Greece,stretching from Thessaly in the north to the south of the Peloponnesus,with palaces at Thebes,Athens,Mycenae,Tiryns,and Pylos and probably at other sites not yet discovered.Although the palaces were the administrative centers of separate kingdoms,it seem likely that Mycenae was the leading,if not the dominated,kingdom可知,从北边的塞萨利到伯罗奔尼撒半岛南部,希腊大陆出现了统一文化,这时的希腊是由独立的王国组成的。如果不是被统治区,迈锡尼就可能是居于首位的王国。C选项符合原文意思。而A选项说“没有”,与原文意思正好相反。B说它们联合在迈锡尼周围,不符合原文意思。因此,C选项正确。
Passage Three One reason people believe physician-assisted suicide should be available for those who request it, is that people fear the loss of their autonomy. One source stated that more patients fear loss of control than they do actually suffer from a terminal illness. The Oregon Health Department said that "The fact that 79% of persons who chose physician-assisted suicide did not wait until they were bedridden to take their lethal medication provides further evidence that controlling the manner and time of death were important issues to these patients." Another reason for people to be in favor of physician-assisted suicide is some fear becoming a burden to their family or friends, and this makes people more susceptible to choosing assisted suicide, rather than letting a family member take care of them. Terminally ill patients feel guilty about having to have another person take care of them, instead of being able to take care of themselves and do things for themselves. "75% of those who asked for assistance in suicide fear burdening spouses and families." In the cases of Dr. Kevorkian, most of the female patients were more worried about becoming a burden to friends and family, while the males were more likely to commit suicide due to the suffering. Another issue is for the family to keep the patient alive, even if they are in a state of vegetation, because they fear living with the guilt of killing a member of their own family. The family members felt that if they did help in the assistance of the suicide, that they were abandoning the patient rather than helping with their final wishes, even in the cases of the patient only wanting the family to put them out of their misery. Most people that believe physician-assisted suicide should become a legal option for anyone who requests it, use the idea that everyone has the freedom of choice. In the book, Lawful Exit : The Limits of Freedom, Derek Humphry quotes Archibald MacLeish by saying, "Freedom is the right to choose the right to create for yourself the alternatives of choice. Without the possibility of choice and the exercise of choice, a man is not a man but a member, an instrument, a thing. " Another source states that, "Since there is no absolute legal, medical, or moral answer to the question of what constitutes a good or correct death in the face of a terminal illness, the power to make the decision about how someone dies can rest with only one individual—the person living in that particular body". There are many arguments in favor of assisted suicide, and the reality argument simply states that, people are already being helped into death, so why not just continue with it. Some people have even come as far as believing that since the democratic view is free of religion, suicide should be viewed as a pro, because those who see it as a negative issue, are seen as imposing their moral beliefs on everyone else. The patient's Right to Self-determination gives the patient the power to decide not only when they die, but also how, because it is in fact their body, their pain, and their life, so what's the point in keeping someone alive if they don't see any reason themselves. In a newspaper article one source states, "Proponents of assisted suicide always insist that the practice will be carefully limited. It will be available, they claim, only for those who request it and only for those who are dying, anyway". People do have a constitutional right to commit suicide, if they are impaired with a terminal illness that cannot be cured and they are unlikely to improve, as mentioned earlier in the paper. Another big issue that comes up in the discussion of assisted suicide, is people wanting to die with dignity. Dr. Christian Barnard states, "With an open-door approach to technical progress, with the emergence of candor in discussions of death-related subjects, with landmark changes in ethical and legal constraints to medical practice, I feel that society is ready to take a giant step toward a better understanding of the dignity of death and the attainment of that dignity, if necessary, through euthanasia and suicide." Some people have even gone as far as believing that euthanasia is the only merciful thing to do when patients are suffering and cannot be helped. People also believe that since sending criminals to prison is viewed as a positive idea, it should be acceptable to help those with terminal illnesses end their lives when they have done nothing wrong, but only want to help themselves.
1. The passage centers primarily on the controversy ______.
A.as to whether medically assisted suicide should be allowed to continue even though it is strictly illegal in the U.S
B.between the expression of a personal choice and a moral obligation
C.over the possible adverse effect of self-determination
D.about the idiosyncratic particularity of suicide
2. Most of the evidentiary material presented by the author is based on ______.
A.evidence provided by the U.S. Department of Health
B.the result of extensive field work
C.evidence from the writer's collaborative research with the U.S. Department of Health
D.the results of corroborated testimony
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第一段的“The Oregon Health Department said that 'The fact that 79%…these patients'.”可知,俄勒冈州卫生部说:“事实上,选择医生协助自杀的人中,79%的人不会等到卧床不起才服用致命的药物。这进一步证明,控制死亡的方式和时间对这些病人来说是非常重要的问题。”再根据第二段的“In the cases of Dr.Kevorkiail,most of the female patients were more worried about becoming a burden to friends and family,while the males were more likely to commit suicide due to the suffering.”可知,在凯渥肯医生的病例中,大多数的女性患者更担心成为朋友和家人的负担,而男性患者则更可能是因为痛苦而自杀。据此可知,所提供的大多数证据材料来源于大量的实际事例,因此B项正确。
3. For the author, medically-assisted suicide should be regarded principally as a ______.
A.personal dilemma
B.ethical problem
C.legal issue
D.All of the above
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第二段的“Another issue is for the family to keep the patient alive…their final wishes.”可知,即使病人已处于植物人状态,家人还是让他们活着,因为他们害怕因杀死自己的家庭成员而生活在内疚之中。病人的家属觉得,如果他们真的协助病人自杀,他们就是在抛弃病人,而非帮助他们实现最后的愿望。因此A项“个人的左右为难”正确。 根据第三段的“Some people have even come as far as believing…their moral beliefs on everyone else.”可知,一些人甚至据此认为既然自由民主的思考方式是宗教自由,那么自杀应该得到赞成,因为那些认为自杀是种消极结束生命的人被视为将其道德信念强加给他人。B项“道德问题”正确。 根据第四段的“People do have a constitutional right to commit suicide,if they are impaired with a terminal illness that cannot be cured and they are unlikely to improve.As mentioned earlier in the paper.”可知,如同此报之前提到的那样,根据宪法,人们拥有自杀的权利,如果他们因患不治之症而使健康受损,并且他们的病情不可能好转。C项“法律问题”正确。据此可知,对作者来说,医生协助自杀的问题在A、B、C三项中都涉及到了,因此D项正确。
4. The tone of the passage is mostly ______.
A.neutral
B.unsympathetic towards physician-assisted suicide
C.sympathetic towards physician-assisted suicide but occasionally neutral
Passage Four There are, two opinions as to the production of light. Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature, and therefore when we read. In the beginning God created heaven and earth, a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven, and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth. And spiritual nature was formed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal. The forming, therefore, of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say, the light in question is a spiritual light. For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the world of God. Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses, and give various reasons. Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things; but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over, as having been created beforehand. Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people, to whom material things alone appealed, and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols. It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures; for they would have paid them divine worship, since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun, moon, and stars, which was forbidden them (Deut. iv. 19). But Scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature Gen. i. 2). One is where we read that the earth was void and empty, and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep. Now it was necessary, for two reasons, that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light. In the first place because light is a quality of the first body, as was stated, and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light. The second reason is because light is a common quality. For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies. But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles, so do we in work of every kind. For the living thing is generated before the animal, and the animal before man, as is shown in De Gener Anita. It was fitting, then, as an evidence of the divine wisdom, that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place, since light is a form of the primary body, and because it is a more common quality. Basil, furthermore, adds a third reason: that all other things are made manifest by light. And there is yet a fourth, already touched upon in the objections, namely, that day cannot be unless light exists. It had to be made, therefore, on the first day. Comprehension Questions
1. The purpose of this article is to______
A.discuss the origination of light
B.argue that physical light came first
C.argue that spiritual light came first
D.discuss early religious idol origins
A B C D
A
[解析] 题目问:文章的意图是什么?第一段“There are,two opinions as to the production of light.”通过这句话可知,关于光的产生有两种意见。据此判断,应选择A。
2. In this passage, the meaning of corporeal is______
A.a living thing
B.a spiritual thing
C.a physical body
D.a form of light
A B C D
C
[解析] 题目问:在文章中,corporeal的含义是什么?第一段“a spiritual nature as vet formless is to be understood by the word heaven,and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth.And spiritual nature was formed first,as being of higher dignity than corporeal.” 通过这句话可知,无形的精神被理解为上帝,肉体的无形被理解为尘世。精神本质产生在前, 精神比肉体更高贵。据此判断,应选择C。
3. What does Chrysostom say is Moses's reason for not discussing the spiritual nature of light?
A.The people wouldn't understand.
B.The people would have treated it as a god.
C.The people did not find spiritual things appealing.
D.The people would have seen physical things nobler than spiritual things.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:Chrysostom认为,Moses没有讨论光的精神本质的原因是什么?第三 段“Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people,…for they would have paid them divine worship,since they were prone to worship as gods…”通过这句话可知,应选择B。
4. One reason the author gives for the creation of light first is______
A.to create form
B.it belongs to spiritual beings
C.to proceed from general principles
D.it is a primary body
A B C D
A
[解析] 题目问:作者给出的光首先被创造的原因是什么?第四段“One is where we read that the earth was void and empty…for two reasons,that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light.”通过这句话可知,地球是空洞的,表面是黑暗的, 基于此,首先应该用光明去除黑暗。据此判断,应选择A。
5. In what way does Basil's view differ from Chrysostom's view of Moses's omission?
A.Chrysostom uses a definition to explain the omission while Basil uses history.
B.Basil uses history to explain the omission while Chrysostom uses fear of misinterpretation.
C.Basil uses a definition to explain the omission while Chrysostum uses fear of misinterpretation.
D.Basil uses fear of misinterpretation while Chrysostom uses history.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:关于Moses的省略,Basil的观点与Chrysostom的观点有什么不同? 第二段“Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things.”通过这句话可知,Basil认为,Moses从时间的开始来开始自己的叙述是明智 的。据此判断,应选择B。