2. A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it is not much fun—and it might not even be necessary.
A.scanty
B.lavish
C.balanced
D.nutrient
A B C D
A
[解析] meager意为“不足的,贫乏的”。A选项:scanty意为“(大小或数量)不足的,勉强够的”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:There is scanty evidence to support their accusations.(他们的指控证据不足。)句意:节食可能使你健康长寿,但并不好玩,甚至可能没有必要。故选A。其他三项:lavish过分慷慨的;balanced平稳的,安定的;nutrient营养物的。
3. There were not personal goals, no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind. There were only God's decrees to be faithfully carried out.
4. Nothing is less sensible than the advice of the Duke of Cambridge who is to be reported to have said: "Any change, at any time, for any reason is to be deplored."
A.emulated
B.ridiculed
C.complicated
D.lamented
A B C D
D
5. Although some schools are postponing new projects because of the faltering economy, others are forging ahead with plans to emulate freshman programs that have long existed at some of the nation's oldest colleges.
6. In many simple organisms, including bacteria and various protests, the life cycle is completed within a single generation: an organism begins with the fission of an existing individual; the new organism grows to maturity; and it then splits into two new individuals, thus completing the cycle.
7. Helen could not help feeling antipathy toward her father's new wife whom he married just two months after the death of Helen's mother.
A.sympathy
B.concession
C.compassion
D.hostility
A B C D
D
8. In fact, a number of recent developments suggest that new media may actually be the salvation of old media; that online newspapers, Webzines, and e-books could preserve and extend the best aspects of the print culture while augmenting it with their various technological advantages.
A.limiting
B.maintaining
C.distinguishing
D.increasing
A B C D
D
9. On any corner, sane men, fanatics and demagogues could secure audiences to listen to their oratory, in which they adjured their hearers to rise in their might and drive the invader from their sacred soil.
10. Kelly fought depression, her sister struggled against violent tendencies, and their only physical touches they'd ever known from their parents were abusive.
11. It is postulated that population trends have an effect on economic fluctuations.
A.deducted
B.assumed
C.decreed
D.challenged
A B C D
B
[解析] postulated意为“假设”。B选项:assumed意为“假设,臆断”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:we can't assume anything in this case.(在这种情况下我们不可能做出假设。)根据句意:据推测,人口的发展趋势对经济的波动有影响。故选B。其他三项:deducted扣除;decreed裁决,颁布……为法令;challenged挑战,质疑。
12. His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him guitar.
A.hidden
B.sophisticated
C.delicate
D.profound
A B C D
A
13. The judge remained sober despite the lawyer's ludicrous attempt to prove the defendant's innocence.
A.sad
B.sorry
C.serious
D.surprised
A B C D
C
14. In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.
A.appearance
B.popularity
C.dominance
D.consolidation
A B C D
A
15. War is the social cancer of mankind. It is a pernicious form of ignorance, for it destroys not only its "enemies", but also the whole superstructure of what it is a part—and thus eventually it defeats itself.
A.baneful
B.optimal
C.paradoxical
D.perilous
A B C D
A
[解析] pernicious意为“很有害的,恶性的”。A选项:baneful意为“有毒的,有害的”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:Waste gas emitted by cars has exerted a baneful influence on natural environment.(汽车排出的废气对自然环境有极坏的影响。)句意:战争是人类社会的毒瘤。它是一种无知而又有害的方式,因其消灭的不仅是“敌人”,而且也破坏了身在其中的整个上层建筑,最终导致了自己的失败。故选A。B选项:optimal最佳的;C选项:paradoxical怪诞的,自相矛盾的;D选项:perilous危险的。
Section B
1. To many people, a husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family - they need children to enrich the circle, to ______ family character and to gather the redemptive influence of offspring.
A.repress
B.intimidate
C.validate
D.confine
A B C D
C
2. In theory, millions of people suffering devastating diseases may one day be helped or even cured with treatments derived from human embryonic stem cells, but human embryos must be destroyed to obtain these stem cells. So research involving them is ______ in controversy, with each side arguing passionately for the rights of the sick or the rights of the unborn.
A.refuted
B.modified
C.marred
D.mired
A B C D
D
[解析] D选项:mired意为“深陷”,如:The United States became mired in wars in Iraq.(美国深陷伊拉克战争泥潭。)句意:相关的研究陷入争论之中。或为患者的权利,或为未出生的婴儿的权利,各方进行着激烈的辩论。故选D。 其他三项:refuted驳斥;modified修改;marred毁坏。
3. It is developing a service that will let you create all online identity that can ______ various claims that it will back up.
4. This is a market in which enterprising businesses ______ for the demands of teenagers and older youths in all their rock mania and pop-art forms.
A.cater
B.entitle
C.appeal
D.subject
A B C D
A
5. Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, where food residues and bacteria ______.
A.flourish
B.collaborate
C.embark
D.congregate
A B C D
D
6. Balancing the budget or reforming welfare has individual winners and losers. But when no trade association or advocacy coalition stands to win or lose, beliefs about what's best have a better chance to ______.
A.skip
B.precede
C.conspire
D.prevail
A B C D
D
[解析] D选项:prevail意为“说服,占优势”,如:Justice has prevailed;the guilty man has been punished.(正义得到伸张,罪犯受到惩罚。) 其他三项:skip略过,跳过;precede在……之前;conspire密谋。
7. So the most ______ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message-this manifesto, which implored govemments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly.
8. Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.
A.pad
B.pack
C.squeeze
D.cluster
A B C D
D
9. These large-scale underground blazes cause the ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases and can even ______ forest fires.
A.sprout
B.accelerate
C.ignite
D.foster
A B C D
C
[解析] C选项:ignite意为“点燃,引发”,如:The rock and roll ignites the excitement of the audience.(摇滚乐激起了观众的热情。)句意:大范围的地火致使地面温度上升,导致周围的植物枯死,并产生温室气体,甚至会引发森林火灾。故选C。 其他三项:sprout发芽,长出;accelerate(使)加快;foster培养,促进。
10. ______ was given by the committee to all of those who donated money.
A.Recognition
B.Attention
C.Tribute
D.Acknowledgement
A B C D
D
11. A number of researchers have written about a "hidden curriculum" in schools, defined as the subtle influences on students that reinforce sexist and racist messages. The hidden curriculum minimizes and ______ the contributions women have made.
12. As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or ______, our attention from the real issues at hand.
A.retaining
B.sustaining
C.distracting
D.obscuring
A B C D
C
13. War, chiefly the Civil War, in U. S. history has been a vital force in the rise of industrial capitalism, in the change of America from a dominantly agrarian and ______ country to one chiefly manufacturing in nature.
A.cosmopolitan
B.predatory
C.pastoral
D.proletarian
A B C D
C
[解析] C选项:pastoral意为“农村生活的”,如:Trace an analogy between pastoral poetry and landscape painting.(找出田园诗和风景画之间的相似之处。)句意:美国历史上的战争,尤其是美国内战,在工业资本主义的崛起中成为重要的力量,从本质上将美国从以农业占主导地位的田园国家改变成以工业为主的国家。故选C。 其他三项:cosmopolitan世界性的;predatory食肉的,掠夺的;proletarian无产阶级的。
14. In North Dakota, which had barely an inch of rain in four months, there was no grass for cattle. Farmers tramped their dusty fields, watching their dwarfed stand of grain shrivel and ______.
A.survive
B.wail
C.perish
D.swell
A B C D
C
[解析] C选项:perish意为“丧生,消亡”,如:Hundreds of sheep perished that year because of drought.(那年由于干旱,死了几百头羊)。句意:北达科他州四个月内下的雨还不到一英寸,没有喂牛的草。农民走过灰尘弥漫的牧场,看到他们那矮小的谷物正枯萎、死亡。故选C。 A选项:survive幸存;B选项:wail哭叫,哀号;D选项:swell肿胀,增多。
15. The charitable acts of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people. However, ruthless company downsizing drives and continued layoffs, coupled with rising pay for top managers, have made him look a good deal less ______
1. There was (a pause of) complete stillness (which) the (buzzing) of the bees among the pink roses sounded (as loud as) the fight of an aircraft.
A.a pause of
B.which
C.buzzing
D.as loud as
A B C D
B
2. On the other hand, ______ very deep pockets, the administration would not be concerned in the least about the cost of their lawyers. If fully ______, the corporate lawyers could file enough motions, take enough depositions, and pursue every possible appeal, to the point that you, quite literally, could litigate yourself into bankruptcy.
3. While we need to show young women how to protect themselves, these findings also demonstrate strongly that we need to help young men reject a culture that tells them relationships are based on showing power ______ others and that, as males, they need to prove their masculinity, ______ exercising this type of power.
4. In another institute study, 35% of U. S. employees said they had health care responsibilities during the last year. It can be episodic, unpredictable and very ______.
5. The police had decided not to proceed with a prosecution against Irwin, ______ that it was highly unlikely that any jury in the land would wish to punish him for doing this mercy killing.
6. Over and over in War of the Worlds, he evokes the sensation, more familiar from dreams than movies,_ an otherworldly entity, glimpsed from a great distance, ______ suddenly, violently clawing its way into your personal space.
7. (A favorite story) among (acoustic) experts (concerns with) a noisy Long Island suburb where, every day and night, huge trucks (rumbled down) a freeway.
A.A favorite story
B.acoustic
C.concerns with
D.rumbled down
A B C D
C
8. In addition to curricula, programs, and comprehensive support services, schools ______ sexist bias, harassment, and violence, so a number of school districts and states are currently adopting sexual harassment policies.
1. And while we ______ have a great deal of trouble adjusting to a climate that gets 2 degrees centigrade warmer over the next century, an ice age by mid-century--be unimaginably devastating.
A.might, could
B.could, might
C.would, might
D.might, would
A B C D
D
2. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed— and perhaps never before it's served so much to connect different peoples and nationsas in the recent events in Europe.
A.by which
B.it's served
C.peoples and nations
D.as
A B C D
C
[解析] people为集合名词,当复数使用,表示“人民”。因此,C选项应改为people and nations。因此,C选项为正确选项。
3. The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature in years that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life, but the new paper is far more detailed--and, scientists say, more compelling--that anything published previously.
A.Three out of every four automobile owners …… also own a bicycle
B.Out of every four, three automobile owners …… also owns a bicycle
C.Three out of every four automobile owners …… owns bicycles
D.Out of every four owners of automobiles …… bicycles are also owned by three
A B C D
A
5. In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught—to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle—compare their own performances with that of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.
6. Human-centered, or anthropocentric, views favor an instrumental view of the natural world and value it only as a means to human ends. Such views place great value and trust in science and technology, believing that the powers of control over nature conferred by them are non-problematical and that ongoing technical development will be crucial to ensure a world bereft of poverty, drudgery and disease etc.
A.favor an instrumental
B.a means to human ends
C.conferred by them
D.will be crucial to ensure
A B C D
D
[解析] be crucial to sth.意为“对……来说是至关重要的”。D项中该短语中的介词to后面接的是动词“ensure”,应改为动名词的形式“ensuring”。
7. After 1945 both America scholarship and a resurgence of Marxist thought increasingly penetrated European sociology, which expanded considerably. To a growing extent in both the United States and Western Europe, the three dominating figures of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber was recognized as the preeminent classical thinkers of the sociological tradition. Their work continued to influence contemporary sociologists.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
D
[解析] 此处应为Their work continues。前面句子用的都是过去时态,因为其讲得都是从 前发生的事情;在最后一个句子中,根据形容词contemporary可知,其讲的是当今的事情, 故D项有误。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage One I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French. This is especially true in politics. Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English, and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory, no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the Constituent Assembly and the Convention in France. At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century, or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory. This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes, but principally in the following one. The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves. The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them. The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government, while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency; whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other. It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before, that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life. A more attentive-examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition. Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars. This is true, but it is only to be understood of those matters which are not the necessary and habitual subjects of their thoughts. Mercantile men will take up very eagerly, and without any close scrutiny, all the general ideas on philosophy, politics, science, or the arts which may be presented to them; but for such as relate to commerce, they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve. The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics. If, then, there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself, blindly and extravagantly, to general ideas, the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation. They will then be compelled to enter into details, and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory. This remedy may frequently be a painful one, but its effect is certain. Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests. Comprehension questions
1. According to the writer, what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?
A.Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government.
B.Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful.
C.General ideas in political affairs.
D.Eighteenth century ideas.
A B C D
C
[解析] 题目问:根据作者的观点,什么想法一直备受法国人优待?第三段“The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government.”通 过这句话可知,法国的社会条件导致人们构思关于政府的总体思想。据此判断,应选择C。
2. Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?
A.The French constitution did not allow for experiment.
B.In America, the constitution provides checks and balances.
C.The social conditions in France led to different ideas.
D.The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:为什么美国人不像法国人那样对总体构想充满热情?第三段“while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency;whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other,”通过这句话可知,法国宪法阻止人们纠正那些思想,而美国政府之间则是相互 制衡的。据此判断,应选择B。
3. Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because______
A.in politics it is easier to study general ideas
B.general ideas on different subjects are more interesting
C.mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy, politics, science and the arts
D.they do not have time to address details
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目问:为什么民主国家的一些人更喜欢整体观念?第五段第一句“Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars.”通过这句话可知,民主国家的 人期望整体观念,因为这些观点可以帮助他们解决学习细节的麻烦。据此判断,应选择D。
4. What does the writer think would inhibit people's preference for general ideas?
A.Teaching them the weak points of the theory.
B.Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions.
C.Trying to make them abandon those ideas.
D.Compelling them to study details.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:作者认为什么会妨碍人们对总体观念的偏好?倒数第二段“to general ideas,the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their dailv practical occupation,”通过这句话可知,对于整体观念,最好的纠正就是让他们的日常实践来占据这 个主题。据此判断,应选择B。
5. The writer's conclusion is that______
A.the principle of equality must be paramount
B.general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracy
C.citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutions
D.people' s taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democratic institutions
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目问:作者的结论是什么?最后一段“Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests.”通过这句 话可知,民主机制促使人们适当参与政治,这样可以减弱人们对总体观念的思考。据此判断, 应选择D。
Passage Two I aim to reveal in terms of a general theory of interpretation the typical situation in which a stranger finds himself in his attempt to interpret the cultural pattern of a social group which he approaches and to orient himself within it. For our present purposes the term "stranger" shall mean an adult individual of our times and civilization who tries to be permanently accepted or at least tolerated by the group which he approaches. The outstanding example for the social situation under scrutiny is that of the immigrant, and the following analyses are, as a matter of convenience, worked out with this instance. But by no means is their validity restricted to this special case. The applicant for membership in a closed club, the prospective bridegroom who wants to be admitted to the girl's family, the farmer's son who enters college, the city-dweller who settles in a rural environment, the "selectee" who joins the Army, the family of the worker who moves into a boom town—all are strangers according to the definition just given, although in these cases the typical "crisis" that the immigrant undergoes may assume milder forms or even be entirely absent. As a convenient starting point we shall investigate how the cultural pattern of group life presents itself to the common sense of a man who lives his everyday life within the group among his fellow-men. Following the customary terminology, we use the term "cultural pattern of group life" for designating all the peculiar valuations, institutions, and systems of orientation and guidance (such as the folkways, mores, laws, habits, customs, etiquette, fashions) which, in the common opinion of sociologists of our time, characterize—if not constitute—any social group at a given moment in its history. This cultural pattern, like any phenomenon of the social world, has a different aspect for the sociologist and for the man who acts and thinks within it. The sociologist (as sociologist, not as a man among fellow-men which he remains in his private life) is the disinterested scientific onlooker of the social world. He is disinterested in that he intentionally refrains from participating in the network of plans, means-and-ends relations, motives and chances, hopes and fears, which the actor within the social world uses for interpreting his experiences of it; as a scientist he tries to observe, describe, and classify the social world as clearly as possible in well-ordered terms in accordance with the scientific ideals of coherence, consistency, and analytical consequence. The actor within the social world, however, experiences it primarily as a field of his actual and possible acts and only secondarily as an object of his thinking. In so far as he is interested in knowledge of his social world, he organizes this knowledge not in terms of a scientific system but in terms of relevance to his actions. This system of knowledge thus acquired-incoherent, inconsistent, and only partially clear, as it is—takes on for the members of the in-group the appearance of a sufficient coherence, clarity, and consistency to give anybody a reasonable chance of understanding and of being understood. Any member born or reared within the group accepts the ready-made standardized scheme of the cultural pattern handed down to him by ancestors, teachers, and authorities as an unquestioned and unquestionable guide in all the situations which normally occur within the social world. The knowledge correlated to the cultural pattern carries its evidence in itself—or, rather, it is taken for granted in the absence of evidence to the contrary. It is a knowledge of trustworthy recipes for interpreting the social world and for handling things and men in order to obtain the best results in every situation with a minimum of effort by avoiding undesirable consequences.
1. In what way does the immigrant's predicament differ to that of the other "strangers"?
A.The language barrier that hinders the immigrant's acceptance in a new environment.
B.The immigrant experiences a distinctive acclimatization.
C.Psychological upset causes difficulty for the immigrant's assimilation.
D.The immigrant begins with a "clean slate" whereas the others do not.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文中第一段的“For our present purposes the term 'stranger' shall mean an adult individual of our times and civilization…worked out with this instance.”可知,为了上述目的,词语“陌生人”可解释为我们这个时代的成年个体和文明,并为他所接触的群体长期接受或至少是容许。说明这种社会状况的突出例子是移民事例。再根据文中的“all are strangers according to the definition just given,although in these cases the typical 'crisis' that the immigrant undergoes may assume milder forms or even be entirely absent.”可知,根据刚刚给出的定义,这些人都是“陌生人”。在这些事例中,移民所经历的特有“危机”可能会以较温和的形式呈现出来,也或完全不存在。据此可知,移民的处境与其他“陌生人”不同的地方是他们特有的环境适应性。B项正确。
2. Why does the author use the word "peculiar" when describing the components of a "cultural pattern"?
A.To point out the eccentricities of culture and tradition.
B.To say that the values of one culture are inferior to another.
C.To stress the importance of ritual and convention.
D.To reveal the outside perspective of an observer.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据文中第二段的“Following the customary terminology,we use the term 'cultural pattern of group life' for designating all the peculiar valuations,institutions,and systems of orientation and guidance”可知,根据习惯用语,我们使用“群体生活的文化模式”这个词语来指明全部特有的评价、制度和导向系统。再根据文中的“The sociologist (as sociologist,not as a man among fellow-men which he remains in his private life)is the disinterested scientific onlooker of the social world.”可知,社会学家(作为社会学家,而不是在同胞中过个体生活的人)是社交界中不偏袒的科学旁观者。据此可知,在描述文化模式的组成时,作者使用单词“peculiar”的目的是为了揭示观察者的旁观角度。
3. According to the author, how does a sociologist examine "cultural patterns"?
A.He develops a systematic approach to studying culture and displays no prejudice.
B.He believes that culture exhibits no consequence on human behavior.
C.He generates certain preconceptions before studying cultural patterns.
D.He scrutinizes the analogous patterns in a variety of cultures.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据文中的“The sociologist (as sociologist,not as a man among fellow-men which he remains in his private life) is the disinterested scientific onlooker of the social world. He is disinterested…and analytical consequence.”可知,社会学家(作为社会学家,而不是在同胞中过个体生活的人)是社交界中不偏袒的科学旁观者。他能够保持公正,因为他有意不参与这些计划,不去了解目的与手段的关系、动机和机会、希望和恐惧;而身处社交界的参与者却会利用这些来诠释自己的感受。科学家使用条理清晰的术语,依照理想科学的连贯性、一致性和分析结果,尽可能清晰地对社交界进行观察、描述并分类。据此可知,社会学家发展出研究文化的系统方法,并且不持任何偏见。A项正确。
4. According to the author, what effect do "cultural patterns" have on members of society?
A.Cultural patterns are observed but frequently change.
B.Cultural patterns diverge from human's primal instincts.
C.Cultural patterns create unfavorable outcomes.
D.Cultural patterns establish a behavioral norm.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据文中的“Any member born or reared within the group accepts the ready made standardized scheme of the cultural pattern handed down to him by ancestors,teachers,and authorities as an unquestioned and unquestionable guide in all the situations which normally Occur within the social world.”可知,在该组织出生或成长的所有成员都接受这种既定的标准文化模式,并作为无可争议的和不容置疑的指导(通常适用于该社交界的所有情形),由先辈、教师和权威传授给他。据此可知,对于社会成员来说,“文化模式”确立了一种行为规范。
5. Why are "cultural patterns" readily accepted by society?
A.They are customary and irrevocable.
B.They are carried from one generation to the next for cultural preservation.
C.They are tools of understanding and managing social interactions.
D.They are consistent therefore encouraging social convention.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中的“This system of knowledge thus acquired…understanding and of being understood.”可知,所获得的这种知识体系给予所有人公平的了解和被了解的机会。再根据文中的“Any member born or reared within the group accepts the ready-made standardized scheme of the cultural pattern…with a minimum of effort by avoiding undesirable consequences.”可知,在该组织出生或成长的所有成员都接受这种既定的标准文化模式,并作为无可争议的和不容置疑的指导(通常适用于该社交界的所有情形),由先辈、教师和权威传授给他。这是一个值得信赖的、用于诠释社交界和应对人和事的知识方法,为的是通过避免不良的后果,在每一种情况下用最小的努力获得最好的结果。据此可知,“文化模式”是了解、管理社会活动的工具,这是社会愿意接受它的原因。
Passage Three Terrorism proves to be a more serious problem than anticipated, and it challenges both policymakers burdened with the design of countermeasures and social scientists who are called upon to explain it. Terrorism's unique nature is revealed by two phenomena. First, public perception of threat and danger seems to be disproportionate to terrorists' actual capabilities. Second, terrorism, more than any other form of warfare, has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals' perceptions, on the "public mind"; in other words, it is a form of psychological warfare. The psychological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals' emotional and attitudinal responses. In the realm of emotions, the fear and concern for personal safety, which terror tactics might give rise to, is a revealing indicator of their effectiveness. One could argue, of course, that terrorists' ability to sow widespread fear hardly needs proof as it is obvious that violence and particularly the terrorists' hallmark, randomly targeted violence, are anxiety inducing. It should be noted, however, that terrorism has claimed relatively few casualties to date, and that in most countries the actual probability of incurring harm from terroristic activity is only a fraction of, say, the risk of death or injury in vehicle accidents or common crimes. Hence, the power of terrorism to intimidate should not be taken for granted. Intimidation and the induction of fear are not the ends of terrorists' activity but rather means to effect political change. Their violence is predicated on two assumptions: (a) Violent action can force the causes pursued by terrorists into the forefront of an indifferent public's awareness; (b) faced with the choice between continuing violence and acceptance of the terrorists' demands, the public might opt for the latter. Thus, the attitudes that the targets of political terrorism develop toward its perpetrators, their objectives, and the actions that ought to be undertaken vis-à-vis them constitute telling measures of the effectiveness of terrorism. The present investigation sought to assess the psychological reactions of a public which has been exposed for a considerable length of time to the threats and actions of terrorist. Regarding emotional impacts, the data suggest that terrorism's ability to intimidate, to induce worry and concern, disproportionally exceeds the actual damage it causes. According to the data gathered, the actual probability of being victimized by terrorist activity was extremely low; estimated at less than 1/20 of the likelihood of being hurt in a road accident. Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worry about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism. It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact. Thus, while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism, the car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control which the potential victim of terrorism lacks. The survey results indicate that terrorism has failed to produce the change in attitudes sought by its perpetrators. Most respondents favored, instead, the reliance on extreme counterterrorist measures. The hardening of Israelis attitudes toward terrorists and their objectives was also revealed by the respondents' unanimity of opinion. Taken together, the data concerning the emotional impact of terrorism and its effects on attitudes did not bear out the rationale which governs terroristic action. Despite the widespread concern and worry revealed by these data, there was no evidence of any willingness to politically concede to terrorists. On the contrary, and as already noted, the majority advocated the adoption of harsh measures against terrorists. Thus, at least insofar as Palestinian terrorism and the Israeli public are concerned, proves to be counterproductive. Comprehension Questions..
1. According to the author, which of the following is true about terrorism?
A.Public fear is inversely affected by terrorists' capacity for destruction.
B.Resolving the problem of terrorism requires cooperation between governments and terrorists.
C.Terrorism incites fear in populations besides that targeted and on a greater scale.
D.Terrorism is an inevitability and must be eradicated.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文章第一段中Second,terrorism,more than any other form of warfare.has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals' perceptions.On the "public mind"…可知,恐怖主义对目标群体的影响远远大于对直接受害者的影响,它是对“民心”施加影响。C选项符合原文意思。A选项与原文正好相反。B和D选项文中并未提及,属无中生有。因此,C项为正确选项。
2. The author states that injury or death is more likely to be sustained from automobile accidents than by terrorism, and from this we can conclude that ______.
A.terrorism is irrelevant and more time and effort should be allotted to other social demands
B.the efficacy of terrorism can be witnessed by the emotional response of the public
C.anxiety resulting from terrorism should be clinically treated
D.the psychological effects of terrorism are inferior to that of vehicle accidents
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第二段第一句话The psychological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals' emotional and attitudinal responses可知,恐怖主义的心理作用体现在每个人的情绪和态度方面的反应上。B选项为“恐怖主义的效力通过公众的情感反应体现出来”,符合原文意思。A选项说恐怖主义无关紧要,与原文意思相反。文中并没有说恐怖主义引发的忧虑需要临床诊治,因此,C选项属无中生有。D选项说恐怖主义带来的心理影响没有交通事故的心理影响大,与原文意思正好相反。因此,B选项正确。
3. According to the author, fear of terrorism is intensified by ______.
A.the seemingly haphazard and unsystematic attacks
B.the increased risks of personal injury by terrorism
C.ever-collapsing social order due to endless global terror attacks
D.the inability of government to control terrorism
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第三段中的Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worry about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism.It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact可知,大部分人表示很担心恐怖主义带来的人身伤害风险,这就加剧了恐怖主义对人们的心理影响。而根据第二段中的…and particularly the terrorists' hallmark,randomly targeted violence,are anxiety inducing可知,恐怖分子标志性的随机式袭击引发人们的忧虑,但并非加深了人们对恐怖主义的害怕,A选项不符合题目要求。C和D选项文中并未提及。因此,B选项正确。
4. The author compares public perception of the threat of terrorism to the risk of vehicle injury or death in order to ______.
A.further evaluate the differences and similarities between the two
B.show that one is more likely to die from daily routines than by terrorism
C.reveal the inability of a person to influence the outcome of a terror attack
D.exemplify chaos theory and reveal the consequences of each act
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据第四段最后一句Thus,while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism,the Car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control which the potential victim of terrorism lacks可知,尽管交通事故比恐怖主义的危险大得多,但司机觉得自己能控制车辆,而恐怖主义的潜在受害者却无法控制恐怖袭击事件的发生。C选项说个人对恐怖袭击无能为力,符合这一层意思。A选项说评估两者相似性与差异,不准确。原文重点不是说相对恐怖主义,人们更有可能死于日常事故,而且也不是要比较两者有什么样的后果,故排除B和D选项。因此,C选项为正确答案。
5. Which of the following best summarizes the author's conclusions?
A.The objectives of terrorists are met with public disdain and as a result the Israeli government and Israelis have adopted stringent action to counter terrorism.
B.The Israeli public unanimously believed that the government should concede to terrorists' demands, and the government should adopt policies in favor of terrorists in order to reduce violence.
C.Terrorists should be punished strictly and swiftly with little regard for the terrorists' autonomy when concerning imprisonment and torture.
D.Israeli public perception of terrorism has not changed, and harsh measures for counterterrorism must be adopted; however, governments should try to work with terrorist groups where applicable to reduce casualties.
Passage Four The decades after 1830 were a period of disintegration and uncertainty in German philosophy. For almost half a century idealist philosophies, culminating in Hegel's grandiose system, had dominated the philosophical scene, revolving around such spiritual notions as transcendental ego, consciousness, presentation (Vorstellung ) , idea, mind, and spirit (Geist). The rapid collapse of German Idealism—that "gigantic mountain range" of creative thought, as Husserl called it in 1917, was due to a combination of causes. There was in the first place, accelerated progress in the natural sciences, ranging from physiology (Johannes Muller, Ernst Weber) to physics (Robert Mayer, Hermann Helmholtz) and chemistry (Justus von Liebig, Friedrich Wöhler). The success of the experimental approach visibly demonstrated the futility of all idealistic speculation about nature. Secondly, there was the rapid growth of technology (especially the construction of railways and the invention of the telegraph), combined with the process of industrialization (resulting in tensions between capital and labour which led to radical changes in the economic system). Moreover, new political ideas concerning popular participation in government led first of all to the abortive revolution of 1848 and resulted finally in the unification of Germany after the war of 1866. Next to philosophical idealism, the other great loser in this course of events was Christianity, especially protestant Christianity, a long-standing ally of idealism. The vacuum thus produced was often filled by vulgar materialist ideas along the line of Ludwig Buchner's Kraft und Stoff (1855). The more educated classes, however, had needs of a more refined nature, and they turned instead to Schopenhauerianism. Schopenhauer stood firmly in the great European tradition of idealism extending from Plato and Kant, but he nevertheless resolutely rejected post-Kantian, and more specifically Hegelian idealism. Schopenhauer combined the scientist's conviction of a blind causality reigning in the world of nature with a view according to which this world is none the less rooted in a subjective bestowal of sense. He combined the democratic feeling of compassion for all mankind with an elitist view on art, and a belief in the ultimate meaninglessness of history with an ontology in which the will is fundamental. But above all his philosophy, while rating Christianity rather low, made room for religion on better soil. the religion of India. The view of Indian thought current among educated circles in the second half of the nineteenth century in Germany was strongly influenced by Schopenhauer. Not only did he give popular currency to expressions such as "nirvana" and "the veil of maya", but also he may also be held responsible for the current amalgamation of all ideas which blew into Europe from the East. Neither Hinduism and Buddhism nor Brahmanism and Vedanta philosophy were clearly distinguished by Schopenhauer. On one point, however, he was particularly firm. Buddhism is the highest religion in the world, because it is an "atheistic religion" .Thus it not only surpasses Christian theism, but also comes close to Schopenhauer's own conception of the absolute. Schopenhauer's followers in Germany were therefore able to look down on the parochial Christian rituals practised in their country, while upholding the claim that they, too, were directed toward some higher entity however, vaguely conceived. Moreover, they could feel themselves close to the Vedas and Upanisads, considered to be the oldest and most venerable documents of human thought, while at the same time feeling superior to these Indian "myths" as a result of their own rootedness in the purely philosophical ideas of the Schopenhauerian system. To illustrate all this, I want to quote from a document which not only exemplifies this widespread attitude, but also deviates from it in a significant way. It will moreover display the typical framework of Husserl's own understanding of Indian thought. The document in question is a letter written by Thomas Masaryk (1850—1937) in 1876, while Masaryk (who later was to rise to fame as the thunder and first president of the Czechoslovakian state) was still a student of philosophy. The letter is addressed to Franz Brentano who had been for some years Masaryk's teacher at the University of Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was written from Leipzig in Germany where Masaryk moved in order to continue his studies. On 23 November 1876, he writes to Brentano....
1. Given Schopenhauer's conviction of "blind causality," why, according to the passage, would he claim that Buddhism was the highest religion?
A.He had rated Christianity quite low and was seeking to replace it in Europe.
B.Buddhism fit nicely with his own personal ontology.
C.It was non-theistic in nature and surpassed Christianity in that respect.
D.It gave Schopenhauerianists the option to look down on the parochial Christian rituals practiced in their country.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中第四段的“On one point,however,he was particularly firm:Buddhism is the highest religion in the world,because it is an 'atheistic religion'.Thus it not only surpasses Christian theism,but also comes close to,Schopenhauer's own conception of the absolute.”可知,他特别坚信的一个观点是:佛教是世界上最崇高的教派,因为它是一种无神论宗教。因此,佛教不仅超越了基督教的有神论,而且也接近叔本华自己的绝对性概念。据此可知,叔本华认为佛教是世界上最崇高的教派,因为佛教在性质上属于无神论宗教,从这方面来看它优于基督教。C项正确。
2. The intelligentsia turned to Schopenhauerianism because ______.
A.German idealism had lost much ground after the political and technological upheavals of the 1860's, and the intellectual elite needed something with which to replace it
B.Brahmanism and Vedanta philosophy were clearty distinguished by Schopenhauer
C.Christianity, especially protestant Christianity, was a long-standing ally of idealism and Schopenhauer was not
3. What can we infer about the writer's feelings concerning Louis Buchner's Kraft und Stoff (1855)?
A.He thinks that it is an example of the much-needed exposition of materialism to the common people.
B.He feels that it is an example of the garden-variety reactions to the void created by the downfall of idealistic philosophies and religions, particularly among Christian denominations.
C.He has a low opinion of Kraft und Stoff.
D.It was an example of materialist ideas.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中第三段的“The vacuum thus produced was often filled by vulgar materialist ideas along the line of Louis Buchner's Kraft und Stoff(1855).”可知,如同路德维希·毕希纳的著作《力和物质》(1855)那样,由此产生的空虚常常为庸俗的唯物主义思想所填满。据此可以推知,作者对路德维希·毕希纳的著作《力和物质》的评价很低。C项正确。
4. From the passage, we can infer that Sehopenhauer ______.
A.believed that a deterministic world-view was incompatible with the basic tenets of his ontology
B.felt that Buddhism was the highest religion
C.brought phrases like "nirvana" and "the veil of maya" into popular usage
D.combined the democratic feeling of compassion for all mankind with an elitist view on art
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据文中第四段的“On one point,however,he was particularly firm.Buddhism is the highest religion in the world,because it is an 'atheistic religion'.”可知,他特别坚信的一个观点是:佛教是世界上最崇高的教派,因为它是一种无神论宗教。 根据文中第四段的“Not only did he give popular currency to expressions such as 'nirvana' and 'the veil of maya',but also he may also be held responsible for the current amalgamation of all ideas which blew into Europe from the East.”可知,叔本华不仅让诸如“极乐世界”、“玛雅的面纱”之类的措词在大众中普及,而且他也可能承担了将东方传入欧洲的所有思想进行融合的责任。 根据文中第三段的“He combined the democratic feeling of compassion for all mankind with an elitist view on art,and a belief in the ultimate meaninglessness of history with an ontology in which the will is fundamental.”可知,他还把对全人类的同情和精英人士的艺术观相结合。 据此可知,B、C、D三项都是文中明确提到的与叔本华相关的内容,只有A项是从文中推断的内容。
5. According to the passage, the primary reason for the alacrity with which the "gigantic mountain range" collapsed was/were ______.
A.the socio-economic unrest of the second half of the 19th century
B.the introduction of Eastern modes of thinking
C.advances in the natural sciences
D.the introduction of Schopenhauerianism
A B C D
C
[解析] 第一段中最后一句讲到,由于多种原因,德国的唯心主义(1917年,胡塞尔将之称为创造性思维的“雄伟山脉”)迅速崩溃。根据文中第二段的“There was in the first place,accelerated progress in the natural sciences…and chemistry (Justus van Liebig,Friedrich W6hler).”可知,首先是自然科学发展的速度加快,所涉范围从生理学到物理学和化学。据此可知,C项“自然科学的发展”正确。