1. The child was so ingenuous that even when she knocked the television off its stand so that it was irreparably damaged, her parents thought her to be charming
A.intelligent
B.ingenious
C.adroit
D.naive
A B C D
D
2. Nothing is less sensible than the advice of the Duke of Cambridge who is to be reported to have said: "Any change, at any time, for any reason is to be deplored."
A.emulated
B.ridiculed
C.complicated
D.lamented
A B C D
D
3. She actually preferred a more gregarious urban life style and the cultural attractions in a warmer clime.
A.tranquil
B.sociable
C.inactive
D.undisturbed
A B C D
B
4. A rapid portfolio turnover rate may preclude low long-term capital gains.
A.prohibit
B.lag
C.prevent
D.reject
A B C D
C
5. The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773 as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously as a composer.
6. Cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in their ruthless biological warfare, but also destroy the larger organization—the body itself—signing their own suicide warrant.
A.refined
B.random
C.merciless
D.perpetual
A B C D
C
[解析] ruthless意为“无情的,残忍的”。C选项:merciless意为“无情的,残忍的”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:This judge is merciless towards anyone found guilty of murder.(这位法官对罪名成立的谋杀犯概不留情。)句意:癌细胞在残酷的生物战中不仅消灭对手,而且也破坏了更大的组织——身体本身,签署了自己的自杀授权书。故选C。A选项:refined举止优雅的,精制的;B选项:random任意的,无计划的;D选项:perpetual永久的,不断的。
7. Every modern government, liberal or otherwise, has a specific position in the field of ideas; its stability is vulnerable to critics in proportion to their ability and persuasiveness.
A.futile
B.susceptible
C.feasible
D.flexible
A B C D
B
8. War is the social cancer of mankind. It is a pernicious form of ignorance, for it destroys not only its "enemies", but also the whole superstructure of what it is a part—and thus eventually it defeats itself.
A.baneful
B.optimal
C.paradoxical
D.perilous
A B C D
A
[解析] pernicious意为“很有害的,恶性的”。A选项:baneful意为“有毒的,有害的”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:Waste gas emitted by cars has exerted a baneful influence on natural environment.(汽车排出的废气对自然环境有极坏的影响。)句意:战争是人类社会的毒瘤。它是一种无知而又有害的方式,因其消灭的不仅是“敌人”,而且也破坏了身在其中的整个上层建筑,最终导致了自己的失败。故选A。B选项:optimal最佳的;C选项:paradoxical怪诞的,自相矛盾的;D选项:perilous危险的。
9. In many simple organisms, including bacteria and various protests, the life cycle is completed within a single generation: an organism begins with the fission of an existing individual; the new organism grows to maturity; and it then splits into two new individuals, thus completing the cycle.
12. The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country. America has nothing to do with allegiance to a dynasty and very little to do with allegiance to a particular place, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles.
A.conviction
B.loyalty
C.conversion
D.component
A B C D
B
[解析] allegiance意为“拥护,忠诚”。B选项:loyalty意为“忠诚,忠心”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:We all have a loyalty to the company.(我们都对公司忠心耿耿。)句意:王朝拥戴、圣地朝拜和美国都没有一丁点关系,美国人所尊崇的是一套原则。故选B。A选项:conviction确信,坚定的信仰;C选项:conversion变换,皈依;D选项:component成分,部件。
13. Cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in their ruthless biological warfare, but also destroy the larger organization—the body itself—signing their own suicide warrant.
A.refined
B.random
C.merciless
D.perpetual
A B C D
C
[解析] ruthless意为“无情的,残忍的”。C选项:merciless意为“无情的,残忍的”,与画线的单词意义相符,如:This judge is merciless towards anyone found guilty of murder.(这位法官对罪名成立的谋杀犯概不留情。)句意:癌细胞在残酷的生物战中不仅消灭对手,而且也破坏了更大的组织——身体本身,签署了自己的自杀授权书。故选C。A选项:refined举止优雅的,精制的;B选项:random任意的,无计划的;D选项:perpetual永久的,不断的。
14. The playwright's parliamentary career was notable for his eloquent speeches made in opposition to the British war against the American colonies, in support of the new French Republic, and in denunciation of the British colonial administrator Warren Hastings.
15. Lee Ford and Dan Brooks, a London-based creative and development team, came up with an "edgy" Volkswagen spot for a demo: a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded caf.
1. Because of her dual nationality in the United States and Mexico, Maria was almost required to pay taxes in both countries until her accountant ______ with a satisfactory solution for both countries.
A.intercepted
B.interacted
C.interpreted
D.intervened
A B C D
D
2. The 1982 Oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation. And ______ the Corporation's statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.
A.defers
B.curtails
C.triggers
D.sparks
A B C D
B
3. None of these is an end in itself. They are tentative, experimental. They are movements not towards something definite but away from something definite.
4. Little boys seem to enjoy ______ train sets more than little girls.
A.capture
B.departure
C.fixture
D.miniature
A B C D
D
5. In New Orleans, meanwhile, the dredging of channels has ______ huge amounts of marshland.
A.compromised
B.proliferated
C.produced
D.modified
A B C D
A
[解析] A选项:意为“折中解决,危害”,如:Such conduct will compromise your reputation.(这些举动将会损害你的名誉)。句意:在新奥尔良,疏浚渠道对大量的沼泽地造成危害。故选A。 其他三项中,B选项:proliferated激增,扩散;C选项:produced生产,导致;D选项:modified修改,更改,都不符合句意。
6. Balancing the budget or reforming welfare has individual winners and losers. But when no trade association or advocacy coalition stands to win or lose, beliefs about what's best have a better chance to ______.
A.skip
B.precede
C.conspire
D.prevail
A B C D
D
[解析] D选项:prevail意为“说服,占优势”,如:Justice has prevailed;the guilty man has been punished.(正义得到伸张,罪犯受到惩罚。) 其他三项:skip略过,跳过;precede在……之前;conspire密谋。
7. Business travelers may grumble about moving to the back of the Airbus, but in the air and on the ground, special deals ______ for those who are willing to lower their sights.
9. According to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1995, the wealthiest 10 percent of the population received 30.9 percent of the income, while the poorest 10 received only 2.2 percent. Such ______ in income and wealth are found in both cities and rural areas.
10. A stateless young man may have felt ______ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.
A.intrigued
B.initiated
C.indicated
D.intimidated
A B C D
D
11. A stateless young man may have felt ______ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.
A.intrigued
B.initiated
C.indicated
D.intimidated
A B C D
D
12. Most of the waiters are ______ in their work because the owner of the restaurant does not pay them on time.
A.rack
B.tack
C.slack
D.stack
A B C D
D
13. From the time of the Greeks to the Great War, medicine's job was simple: to struggle with ______ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain.
A.immortal
B.immune
C.lethal
D.toxic
A B C D
C
14. In North Dakota, which had barely an inch of rain in four months, there was no grass for cattle. Farmers tramped their dusty fields, watching their dwarfed stand of grain shrivel and ______.
A.survive
B.wail
C.perish
D.swell
A B C D
C
[解析] C选项:perish意为“丧生,消亡”,如:Hundreds of sheep perished that year because of drought.(那年由于干旱,死了几百头羊)。句意:北达科他州四个月内下的雨还不到一英寸,没有喂牛的草。农民走过灰尘弥漫的牧场,看到他们那矮小的谷物正枯萎、死亡。故选C。 A选项:survive幸存;B选项:wail哭叫,哀号;D选项:swell肿胀,增多。
15. The slogan "scientific truth is a matter of social authority" has become dogma to many academic interest groups who have been ______ themselves to substitute their authority for that of the practicing scientists.
A.grudging
B.exerting
C.swarming
D.detesting
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题中空白处的意思是“这些组织一直竭尽全力要替代前沿领域的科学家们的 权威”。四个选项中,A项grudge的意思是“不给予”:B项exert的意思是“尽(力),施 加(压力等),努力”,exert oneself(to do sth.)的意思是“努力,尽力”;C项swarm的意思 是“涌往,挤满,密集”;D项detest的意思是“厌恶,憎恨”。四个选项中,只有B项符合 题意要求。
Part Ⅱ Grammar
Section A
1. That was a man-made disaster that clearly ______ if the federal government, specifically the Federal Emergency Management Agency, had quickly marshaled the political resources to evacuate those without access to cars, instead of promoting on its Web site a faith-based charity that was clearly no match for the problem.
2. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, ______ by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.
3. ______, a product should have beauty of line, color, proportion, and texture; high efficiency and safety of operation; convenience or comfort in use; ease of maintenance and repair, durability; and expression of function in terms of form.
A.Under a large quantity of prevailing criteria of design
B.By a large sum of severe criterion set by the association
C.According to a large amount of the industrial criteria
D.With a number of ultimate criterion laid down by the union
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据空格后面的主句“一件产品应该具有优美的线条、颜色、比例和质感;操作高效、安全;使用方便、舒适……”,可知,句中产品的标准涉及多个方面,criterion是单数形式,复数形式为criteria。A large amount of后面的谓语用单数,接不可数名词;a large quantity of后面的谓语用单数或复数都可,后接可数名词复数或不可数名词。因此A项正确。
4. Perhaps all societies (are significantly more advanced) than our own have achieved an effective personal immortality and lose the motivation for interstellar gallivanting, which (may), (for all we know), (be) a typical urge only of adolescent civilizations.
A.are significantly more advanced
B.may
C.for all we know
D.be
A B C D
A
5. Over and over in War of the Worlds, he evokes the sensation, more familiar from dreams than movies,_ an otherworldly entity, glimpsed from a great distance, ______ suddenly, violently clawing its way into your personal space.
6. Society is a (joint-stock) company, in which the members agree, (for) the better (securing of )bread for each shareholder, (to surrender to) the liberty and culture of each individual.
A.joint-stock
B.for
C.securing of
D.to surrender to
A B C D
D
7. Most studies focus on remarkably precise slivers of human emotions. One study at Allegheny University in Pennsylvania found that the tendency for a person to throw dishes or slam doors when he is angry is 40 percent heritable, ______ the likelihood a person will yell in anger is only 28 percent heritable.
8. Few people have the time that is required to master a "full" knowledge of a foreign language and ______ still would be to make the much practical use of such a language.
1. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressing, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common rain of the contending classes.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A B C D
B
[解析] 此处应为oppressor and oppressed。根据句中的Freeman and slave,patrician and plebeian,lord and serf guild-master and journeyman可知,每组词都是相互对立的关系。由此可 知B项要表达的是压迫者和被压迫者。现在分词oppressing应改为过去分词oppressed,意思 是“被压迫者”,故B项有误。
2. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language as other people's.
3. ______ how the immature brain prevents seizure-induced cell injury or death could lead to new methods to reduce or prevent seizure damage in adults.
A.To understand
B.To be understood
C.Having been understood
D.Understanding
A B C D
D
4. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed— and perhaps never before it's served so much to connect different peoples and nationsas in the recent events in Europe.
A.by which
B.it's served
C.peoples and nations
D.as
A B C D
C
[解析] people为集合名词,当复数使用,表示“人民”。因此,C选项应改为people and nations。因此,C选项为正确选项。
5. Inductive reasoning involves making useful generalization about the environment as a whole, based on a necessarily limited number of observations. As so, it is an important tool that people use to build the models of reality they need to function effectively. While conclusions can be wrong if observations are faulty or are drawn from an unrepresentative sample, if properly used, it can be incredibly powerful.
A.as a whole
B.As so
C.use to
D.While
A B C D
B
[解析] 没有as so这一说法或用法。因此,B选项正确。
6. Money, time and health concerns loom largely in the poll of more than 1,100 womenwho have at least one living parent. About 20 % said they were very happy. More than half of the women were concerned about an elderly relative's health. Those who had sick relatives were much more likely to feel depressed and to worry abouthaving enough time for family member.
A.loom largely in the poll of more than 1,100 women who have at least one living parent
B.an elderly relative's
C.worry about
D.having enough time
A B C D
A
[解析] A项所在句是说在民意调查中,对金钱、时间和健康的担心显得很严重,“loom largely”的用法错误,应改为“loom large”,意为“赫然耸立,显得严重”,如:The cares of life did not loom large in night watches for this young man.(对于这个年轻人来说,生活的忧虑在值夜班期间显得没那么严重。)
7. The relationship between corpulence and disease remains controversial, although statistics clearly ______ reduced life expectancy chronic obesity.
A.associate a …to
B.associates a … with
C.associates …to
D.associate a … with
A B C D
D
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage One I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French. This is especially true in politics. Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English, and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory, no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the Constituent Assembly and the Convention in France. At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century, or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory. This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes, but principally in the following one. The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves. The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them. The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government, while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency; whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other. It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before, that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life. A more attentive-examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition. Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars. This is true, but it is only to be understood of those matters which are not the necessary and habitual subjects of their thoughts. Mercantile men will take up very eagerly, and without any close scrutiny, all the general ideas on philosophy, politics, science, or the arts which may be presented to them; but for such as relate to commerce, they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve. The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics. If, then, there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself, blindly and extravagantly, to general ideas, the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation. They will then be compelled to enter into details, and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory. This remedy may frequently be a painful one, but its effect is certain. Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests. Comprehension questions
1. According to the writer, what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?
A.Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government.
B.Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful.
C.General ideas in political affairs.
D.Eighteenth century ideas.
A B C D
C
[解析] 题目问:根据作者的观点,什么想法一直备受法国人优待?第三段“The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government.”通 过这句话可知,法国的社会条件导致人们构思关于政府的总体思想。据此判断,应选择C。
2. Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?
A.The French constitution did not allow for experiment.
B.In America, the constitution provides checks and balances.
C.The social conditions in France led to different ideas.
D.The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:为什么美国人不像法国人那样对总体构想充满热情?第三段“while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency;whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other,”通过这句话可知,法国宪法阻止人们纠正那些思想,而美国政府之间则是相互 制衡的。据此判断,应选择B。
3. Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because______
A.in politics it is easier to study general ideas
B.general ideas on different subjects are more interesting
C.mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy, politics, science and the arts
D.they do not have time to address details
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目问:为什么民主国家的一些人更喜欢整体观念?第五段第一句“Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars.”通过这句话可知,民主国家的 人期望整体观念,因为这些观点可以帮助他们解决学习细节的麻烦。据此判断,应选择D。
4. What does the writer think would inhibit people's preference for general ideas?
A.Teaching them the weak points of the theory.
B.Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions.
C.Trying to make them abandon those ideas.
D.Compelling them to study details.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:作者认为什么会妨碍人们对总体观念的偏好?倒数第二段“to general ideas,the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their dailv practical occupation,”通过这句话可知,对于整体观念,最好的纠正就是让他们的日常实践来占据这 个主题。据此判断,应选择B。
5. The writer's conclusion is that______
A.the principle of equality must be paramount
B.general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracy
C.citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutions
D.people' s taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democratic institutions
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目问:作者的结论是什么?最后一段“Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests.”通过这句 话可知,民主机制促使人们适当参与政治,这样可以减弱人们对总体观念的思考。据此判断, 应选择D。
Passage Two Of the great variety of opinions concerning "marriage for money" , the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection-- so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives--does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons. For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as society does not insist upon the couple' s equal social status--a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare. The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading- particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts- no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only fight and proper thing. Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia- the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities--a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness--just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together--and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships. Comprehension questions
1. According to the text, what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures7
A.Personal dignity.
B.Economic decline.
C.Monetary considerations.
D.Financial growth.
A B C D
C
[解析] 题目问:根据文章内容,在原始文化里,什么影响婚姻的兼容性和稳定性?第 一段“Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development,but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all.”通过这句话可知,婚姻完全基于经济动机不仅存在 于任何时代的任何阶段,而且在原始条件下非常普遍。据此判断,应选择C。
2. Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?
A.Upper middle.
B.Middle middle.
C.Lower middle.
D.Lower lower.
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目问:在哪个社会阶层,基于货币愿望为动机的婚姻更可能不被掩盖?第三 段“and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading--particularly in the higher strata”通过这句话可知,基于金钱关系的婚姻很 普遍,尤其是在较高阶层。据此判断,应选择D。
3. The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because ______
A.we demand too much of our partners
B.partners don't give compliments
C.people are too differentiated socially
D.the economic disparity in many regions is growing
A B C D
C
[解析] 题目问:结婚率正在降低是因为什么?第二段“the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society…Yet personal aRraction should be decisive.”通过这句话可知,在高 度分化的社会,婚姻很少征求父母的同意,而是更多地取决于个人因素。个人魅力是决定性 的。据此判断,应选择C。
4. How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?
A.They fuel mutual instinctual attraction.
B.They inspire individual responsibilities.
C.They deflect superficial relationships.
D.They prohibit suitable marriages.
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目考查种族问题对婚姻的影响。最后一段“Inthe case of marriage for money,the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness--just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together.”通过这句话可知,金钱、种族都会将真正相爱的人分开。据此判断,应选择D。
5. Panmixia is said to______
A.aid the selection process
B.complement individualization
C.inspire positive results
D.set up biological decline
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目考查随机交配婚姻的影响。最后一段“Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia——the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities——a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species.”通过这句话可知,基于金钱的婚姻直接导致了随机交配群体的产生(不论素 质是否相配就在一起),生物学已经证明这直接引发了人类的退化。据此判断,应选择D。
Passage Three Terrorism proves to be a more serious problem than anticipated, and it challenges both policymakers burdened with the design of countermeasures and social scientists who are called upon to explain it. Terrorism's unique nature is revealed by two phenomena. First, public perception of threat and danger seems to be disproportionate to terrorists' actual capabilities. Second, terrorism, more than any other form of warfare, has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals' perceptions, on the "public mind"; in other words, it is a form of psychological warfare. The psychological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals' emotional and attitudinal responses. In the realm of emotions, the fear and concern for personal safety, which terror tactics might give rise to, is a revealing indicator of their effectiveness. One could argue, of course, that terrorists' ability to sow widespread fear hardly needs proof as it is obvious that violence and particularly the terrorists' hallmark, randomly targeted violence, are anxiety inducing. It should be noted, however, that terrorism has claimed relatively few casualties to date, and that in most countries the actual probability of incurring harm from terroristic activity is only a fraction of, say, the risk of death or injury in vehicle accidents or common crimes. Hence, the power of terrorism to intimidate should not be taken for granted. Intimidation and the induction of fear are not the ends of terrorists' activity but rather means to effect political change. Their violence is predicated on two assumptions: (a) Violent action can force the causes pursued by terrorists into the forefront of an indifferent public's awareness; (b) faced with the choice between continuing violence and acceptance of the terrorists' demands, the public might opt for the latter. Thus, the attitudes that the targets of political terrorism develop toward its perpetrators, their objectives, and the actions that ought to be undertaken vis-à-vis them constitute telling measures of the effectiveness of terrorism. The present investigation sought to assess the psychological reactions of a public which has been exposed for a considerable length of time to the threats and actions of terrorist. Regarding emotional impacts, the data suggest that terrorism's ability to intimidate, to induce worry and concern, disproportionally exceeds the actual damage it causes. According to the data gathered, the actual probability of being victimized by terrorist activity was extremely low; estimated at less than 1/20 of the likelihood of being hurt in a road accident. Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worry about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism. It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact. Thus, while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism, the car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control which the potential victim of terrorism lacks. The survey results indicate that terrorism has failed to produce the change in attitudes sought by its perpetrators. Most respondents favored, instead, the reliance on extreme counterterrorist measures. The hardening of Israelis attitudes toward terrorists and their objectives was also revealed by the respondents' unanimity of opinion. Taken together, the data concerning the emotional impact of terrorism and its effects on attitudes did not bear out the rationale which governs terroristic action. Despite the widespread concern and worry revealed by these data, there was no evidence of any willingness to politically concede to terrorists. On the contrary, and as already noted, the majority advocated the adoption of harsh measures against terrorists. Thus, at least insofar as Palestinian terrorism and the Israeli public are concerned, proves to be counterproductive. Comprehension Questions..
1. According to the author, which of the following is true about terrorism?
A.Public fear is inversely affected by terrorists' capacity for destruction.
B.Resolving the problem of terrorism requires cooperation between governments and terrorists.
C.Terrorism incites fear in populations besides that targeted and on a greater scale.
D.Terrorism is an inevitability and must be eradicated.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文章第一段中Second,terrorism,more than any other form of warfare.has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals' perceptions.On the "public mind"…可知,恐怖主义对目标群体的影响远远大于对直接受害者的影响,它是对“民心”施加影响。C选项符合原文意思。A选项与原文正好相反。B和D选项文中并未提及,属无中生有。因此,C项为正确选项。
2. The author states that injury or death is more likely to be sustained from automobile accidents than by terrorism, and from this we can conclude that ______.
A.terrorism is irrelevant and more time and effort should be allotted to other social demands
B.the efficacy of terrorism can be witnessed by the emotional response of the public
C.anxiety resulting from terrorism should be clinically treated
D.the psychological effects of terrorism are inferior to that of vehicle accidents
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第二段第一句话The psychological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals' emotional and attitudinal responses可知,恐怖主义的心理作用体现在每个人的情绪和态度方面的反应上。B选项为“恐怖主义的效力通过公众的情感反应体现出来”,符合原文意思。A选项说恐怖主义无关紧要,与原文意思相反。文中并没有说恐怖主义引发的忧虑需要临床诊治,因此,C选项属无中生有。D选项说恐怖主义带来的心理影响没有交通事故的心理影响大,与原文意思正好相反。因此,B选项正确。
3. According to the author, fear of terrorism is intensified by ______.
A.the seemingly haphazard and unsystematic attacks
B.the increased risks of personal injury by terrorism
C.ever-collapsing social order due to endless global terror attacks
D.the inability of government to control terrorism
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第三段中的Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worry about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism.It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact可知,大部分人表示很担心恐怖主义带来的人身伤害风险,这就加剧了恐怖主义对人们的心理影响。而根据第二段中的…and particularly the terrorists' hallmark,randomly targeted violence,are anxiety inducing可知,恐怖分子标志性的随机式袭击引发人们的忧虑,但并非加深了人们对恐怖主义的害怕,A选项不符合题目要求。C和D选项文中并未提及。因此,B选项正确。
4. The author compares public perception of the threat of terrorism to the risk of vehicle injury or death in order to ______.
A.further evaluate the differences and similarities between the two
B.show that one is more likely to die from daily routines than by terrorism
C.reveal the inability of a person to influence the outcome of a terror attack
D.exemplify chaos theory and reveal the consequences of each act
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据第四段最后一句Thus,while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism,the Car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control which the potential victim of terrorism lacks可知,尽管交通事故比恐怖主义的危险大得多,但司机觉得自己能控制车辆,而恐怖主义的潜在受害者却无法控制恐怖袭击事件的发生。C选项说个人对恐怖袭击无能为力,符合这一层意思。A选项说评估两者相似性与差异,不准确。原文重点不是说相对恐怖主义,人们更有可能死于日常事故,而且也不是要比较两者有什么样的后果,故排除B和D选项。因此,C选项为正确答案。
5. Which of the following best summarizes the author's conclusions?
A.The objectives of terrorists are met with public disdain and as a result the Israeli government and Israelis have adopted stringent action to counter terrorism.
B.The Israeli public unanimously believed that the government should concede to terrorists' demands, and the government should adopt policies in favor of terrorists in order to reduce violence.
C.Terrorists should be punished strictly and swiftly with little regard for the terrorists' autonomy when concerning imprisonment and torture.
D.Israeli public perception of terrorism has not changed, and harsh measures for counterterrorism must be adopted; however, governments should try to work with terrorist groups where applicable to reduce casualties.
Passage Four There are, two opinions as to the production of light. Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature, and therefore when we read. In the beginning God created heaven and earth, a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven, and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth. And spiritual nature was formed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal. The forming, therefore, of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say, the light in question is a spiritual light. For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the world of God. Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses, and give various reasons. Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things; but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over, as having been created beforehand. Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people, to whom material things alone appealed, and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols. It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures; for they would have paid them divine worship, since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun, moon, and stars, which was forbidden them (Deut. iv. 19). But Scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature Gen. i. 2). One is where we read that the earth was void and empty, and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep. Now it was necessary, for two reasons, that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light. In the first place because light is a quality of the first body, as was stated, and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light. The second reason is because light is a common quality. For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies. But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles, so do we in work of every kind. For the living thing is generated before the animal, and the animal before man, as is shown in De Gener Anita. It was fitting, then, as an evidence of the divine wisdom, that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place, since light is a form of the primary body, and because it is a more common quality. Basil, furthermore, adds a third reason: that all other things are made manifest by light. And there is yet a fourth, already touched upon in the objections, namely, that day cannot be unless light exists. It had to be made, therefore, on the first day. Comprehension Questions
1. The purpose of this article is to______
A.discuss the origination of light
B.argue that physical light came first
C.argue that spiritual light came first
D.discuss early religious idol origins
A B C D
A
[解析] 题目问:文章的意图是什么?第一段“There are,two opinions as to the production of light.”通过这句话可知,关于光的产生有两种意见。据此判断,应选择A。
2. In this passage, the meaning of corporeal is______
A.a living thing
B.a spiritual thing
C.a physical body
D.a form of light
A B C D
C
[解析] 题目问:在文章中,corporeal的含义是什么?第一段“a spiritual nature as vet formless is to be understood by the word heaven,and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth.And spiritual nature was formed first,as being of higher dignity than corporeal.” 通过这句话可知,无形的精神被理解为上帝,肉体的无形被理解为尘世。精神本质产生在前, 精神比肉体更高贵。据此判断,应选择C。
3. What does Chrysostom say is Moses's reason for not discussing the spiritual nature of light?
A.The people wouldn't understand.
B.The people would have treated it as a god.
C.The people did not find spiritual things appealing.
D.The people would have seen physical things nobler than spiritual things.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:Chrysostom认为,Moses没有讨论光的精神本质的原因是什么?第三 段“Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people,…for they would have paid them divine worship,since they were prone to worship as gods…”通过这句话可知,应选择B。
4. One reason the author gives for the creation of light first is______
A.to create form
B.it belongs to spiritual beings
C.to proceed from general principles
D.it is a primary body
A B C D
A
[解析] 题目问:作者给出的光首先被创造的原因是什么?第四段“One is where we read that the earth was void and empty…for two reasons,that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light.”通过这句话可知,地球是空洞的,表面是黑暗的, 基于此,首先应该用光明去除黑暗。据此判断,应选择A。
5. In what way does Basil's view differ from Chrysostom's view of Moses's omission?
A.Chrysostom uses a definition to explain the omission while Basil uses history.
B.Basil uses history to explain the omission while Chrysostom uses fear of misinterpretation.
C.Basil uses a definition to explain the omission while Chrysostum uses fear of misinterpretation.
D.Basil uses fear of misinterpretation while Chrysostom uses history.
A B C D
B
[解析] 题目问:关于Moses的省略,Basil的观点与Chrysostom的观点有什么不同? 第二段“Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things.”通过这句话可知,Basil认为,Moses从时间的开始来开始自己的叙述是明智 的。据此判断,应选择B。