Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage 1 Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new Jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sum needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-terra finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business is new development if they are to serve us properly, and requires more money than is raised through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back he does not have to go .to the company with which he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker (证券经纪人) to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money. Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new development, if they are to serve us properly, require more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and then too, come to the Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance. (353 words)
1. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.
A.rely on their own financial resources
B.persuade the banks to provide long-term finance
C.borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know
D.depend on the population as a whole for finance
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题为细节题。细节题先定位题干相关的内容,然后提取信息。文章第一段中,“So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits.”由这句话可知,公司都向大众募集资金,因此D项正确。A选项文中没有提及,B和C选项正好相反。
2. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.
A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possible
B.raised by the selling of shares in the companies
C.exchanged for part ownership in The Stock Exchange
D.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题为细节题。根据文中第一段的“This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business...”可知,公司通过发行股票募集资金。据此可知,B项正确。A、C和D项为干扰项,依据文章某个词汇引申,无中生有。
3. When the savers want their money back they ______.
A.ask another company to obtain their money for them
B.look for other people to borrow money from
C.put their shares in the company back on the market
D.transfer their money to a more successful company
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题为细节分析题。文中第二段就是对此题目进行说明。依据“...he sells his shares through a stockbroker (证券经纪人) to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.”可知,通过证券经纪人出售股票,即可回笼资金,因此C项正确。A、B和D选项文中均为提及,属无中生有。
4. All the essential services on which we depend are ______.
A.run by the Government or our local authorities
B.in constant need of financial support
C.financed wholly by rates and taxes
D.unable to provide for the needs of the population
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题为分析推断题。A选项具有迷惑性,依据文中第三段“Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities.”可知,为大多数服务由政府或当地机构提供,所以与题干中给出的所有服务不符,故排除。C和D选项依据文中某些题无中生有,排除。根据文中第三段第二句话中的“Hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new development, if they are to serve us properly, require more money than is raised through taxes alone.”可知,所有服务都需要更多资金维持更好的运营。据此可知,B项正确。
5. The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.
A.to borrow as much money as they wish
B.to make certain everybody saves money
C.to raise money to finance new developments
D.to make certain everybody lends money to them
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题为细节题。文中最后一句话提到“The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.”从中可知,证券交易所提供了一个平台,将人们的存款提供给需要资金的企业。由此可得出C项正确。此外,A、B和D选项属无中生有,文中并没有提及。
Passage 2 There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable (寓言) of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.
1. The writer does not believe that ______.
A.the truth makes men free
B.people can protect themselves
C.princes are human
D.leaders have to be consistent
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题为分析推理题。根据文中第一句中的“...but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second.”可知,人不能只使用第一种方法,D选项符合文章意思。此外,A、B和c选项属无中生有,文中并没有提及。因此,D选项正确。
[解析] 本题为分析推理题。根据文中第一段的“There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts;”以及第二段“Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this.”可知,lion属于动物,代表着武力,因此lion代表仅仅依赖于武力的人,因此D选项正确。A选项文中并未提及。
4. The fox, in the passage, is ______.
A.admired for his trickery
B.no match for the lion
C.pitied for his wiles
D.considered worthless
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题为综合分析题。依据“A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves.”可知,fox并非是无用的,因此排除D选项。B和C选项并未提及,属无中生有。此外,fox的形象就是狡猾多端,由此可推出,A选项正确。
5. The writer suggests that a successful leader must ______.
A.be prudent and faithful
B.cheat and lie
C.have principle to guide his actions
D.follow the truth
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题为综合分析题。依据第二段中的“Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist.”以及“and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best.”可知,一个成功的领导不应死守原则,应学习狐狸,狡猾欺骗,因此,可以排除A、C和D选项,只有B选项符合文章意思。因此,B选项正确。
Passage 3 In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies (文选) and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are expels in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; non-expels who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position. A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through (费力地阅读冗长或艰深的材料) mountains of primary source material. In addition, given such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.
3. Biographical dictionaries and desktop encyclopedias are ______.
A.primary source materials
B.introductory texts
C.excellent anthologies
D.reference materials
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题为细节题。定位第二段第一句话,“...specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias.”可知,biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias属参考书籍。因此,D选项正确。
4. Which of the following is implied about the introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?
A.The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such was extremely limited.
B.The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.
C.Students often complained about the texts assigned to them, in such courses.
D.Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题为细节分析题。根据第一句话中的“In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available.”可知,几十年前几乎没有教材可用,A选项符合原文意思。文中并未提及B、C和D项中的内容,属无中生有,故排除。因此,A选项正确。
5. According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in ______. A. increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field B. an increase in the number of students sighing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies C. increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture
Passage 4 Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on people's physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particles, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral, Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens. When a large number of positive ions are present, in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the U.S. Geographical Survey to fund a network, of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California. Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls. To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionisers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative / positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.
1. What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?
2. In accordance with the passage, static electricity can be caused by ______.
A.using home-made goods
B.wearing clothes made of natural materials
C.walking on carpets
D.cleaning computer screens
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题属于细节题。原文第一段最后两句话分析了阳离子产生的两个原因。在第二个原因中,室内静电可以产生阳离子。从这句话中“Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers,”可知,静电是由人造纤维的地毯或衣物产生。A、B和D选项均不正确,只有C选项符合原意。因此,C选项正确。
3. A high negative ion count is likely to be found ______.
4. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?
A.Ionisers.
B.Air-conditioners.
C.Exhaust-fans.
D.Vacuum pumps.
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题为细节题。根据原文最后一段“To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionisers.”可知,ioniser可以制造室内负离子,因此,A选项为正确选项。
5. According to the passage, some scientists believe that ______.
A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seismography
B.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be explained
C.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliable
D.earthquake cannot be predicted
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题为细节分析题。根据文章最后一句话,“After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.”可以推出,科学家认为依据地震知识预测地震,不如观察猫的反常行为更为有效。A选项符合原文意思。B和C选项原文并未提及,属无中生有。原文并没有提及观测或使用地震仪都不可靠的问题,故C选项也排除。因此,A选项正确。
Part Ⅲ Vocabulary Directions:In this part, there are 20 uncompleted sentences with four choices below each sentence, Choose the best one from the 4 choices to fill the blanks. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1. He is the author of this novel with high ______ in the country.
Part Ⅳ Cloze Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits in to the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. According to government statistics, men of all social classes in Britain visit pubs quite regularly, 1 the kind of pub they go to may be different and their reasons for going there 2 too. Nowadays they often take their wives or girl-friends, which 3 to be the case. The fact is that the typical English pub is changing, partly 4 the licensing laws not being so strict as they 5 , but also because publicans are trying to 6 away with the old Victorian 7 of the pub and 8 provide couples with an atmosphere where they can both enjoy themselves. Pub used not to open 9 at certain times. The result was that they were usually 10 with men who seemed to be drinking as much as possible in the time 11 . But that kind of pub is rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Curiously enough, the old British licensing laws, which foreigners found so objectionable and absurd, were 12 introduced as a 13 measure to stop workers drinking in the First World War. 14 , the strong Puritanical 15 in Parliament took 16 of the law and 17 it. Opening hours are 18 limited to eight hours a day, but the publican can now choose which hours 19 him best. And these days you can even get a cup of coffee if you prefer 20 beer. But in spite of this the Puritans would never dream of admitting that a pub could become a repeatable place.
[解析] 此题考查固定词组搭配。prefer sth. to sth.表示“比较喜欢前者,而不喜欢后者”;prefer against表示“对某人提出控告”。依据原文意思,喜欢咖啡胜过啤酒,因此,应该用介词to,因此,D选项正确。
Part Ⅴ Translation Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. Throughout history new technologies have revolutionized warfare, sometimes abruptly, sometimes only gradually: think of gunpowder, aircraft, radar and nuclear fission. So it has been with information technology. Computers and the internet have transformed economies and given Western armies great advantages, such as the ability to send remotely piloted aircraft across the world to gather intelligence and attack targets. 1 But the spread of digital technology comes at a cost: it exposes armies and societies to digital attack. Some scenarios (电影) imagine the almost instantaneous failure of the systems that keep the modem world turning. As computer networks collapse, factories and chemical plants explode, satellites spin out of control and the financial and power grids fail. Cyberspace has become the fifth domain of warfare, after land, sea, air and space. The cyber-attacks on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008 (the latter strangely happened to coincide with the advance of Russian troops across the Caucasus) are widely assumed to have been directed by the Kremlin (克里姆林宫), but they could be traced only to Russian cyber-criminals. Many of the computers used in the attack belonged to innocent Americans whose PCs had been hijacked. Companies suspect China of organizing mini-raids to ransack Western know-how: but it could just have easily been Western criminals, computer-hackers showing off or disillusioned former employees. 2 One reason why Western governments have until recently been reticent about cyber-espionage (间谍) is surely because they are dab hands at it, too. Cyber-weapons are being developed secretly, without discussion of how and when they might be used. 3 If cyberarms-control is to America's advantage, it would be wise to shade such accords (协议) while it still has the upper hand in cyberspace. In the meantime, however, countries should agree on modest accords, or even just informal "rules of the road" that would raise the political cost of cyber-attacks. Perhaps there could be a deal to prevent the crude "denial-of-service" assaults that brought down Estonian and Georgian websites with a mass of bogus (伪造的) requests for information; NATO and the European Union could make it clear that attacks in cyberspace, as in the real world, will provoke a response: the UN or signatories of the Geneva Conventions could declare that cyber-attacks on civilian facilities are, like physical attacks with bomb and bullet, out of bounds in war; rich countries could exert economic pressure on states that do not adopt measures to fight online criminals. Countries should be encouraged to spell out their military policies in cyberspace, as America does for nuclear weapons, missile defense and space. 4 And there could be an international centre to monitor cyber-attacks, or an international duty to assist countries under cyber-attack, regardless of the nationality or motive of the attacker-akin to the duty of ships to help mariners (水手) in distress. The internet is not a "commons", but a network of networks that are mostly privately owned. A lot could also be achieved by greater co-operation between governments and the private sector. 5 But in the end more of the burden for ensuring that ordinary people's computer systems are not co-opted b7 criminals or cyber-warriors will end up with the latter—especially the internet-service providers that run the network. They could take more responsibility for identifying infected computers and spotting attacks as they happen.
1. Directions:Some universities and colleges in China require their PhD students to publish research papers in English. Write an essay of no less than 150 words about your opinion on this requirement. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Publishing Papers in English Can Benefit Students
In China, PhD students in many universities and colleges are required to publish research papers in English. In my opinion, it will benefit PhD students a lot. First of all, it helps PhD students improve research competence. Since it is more difficult to publish English papers than Chinese ones, it requires students to make more efforts to read papers, design experiments, analyze data, and write papers. As a result, their research skills and academic competence will be improved greatly. In addition, it can prepare PhD students for future study and work. Most PhD students will go on with their study or be engaged in research work after graduation. As they step into a higher level of study or research, they will face higher requirement, which will no doubt include publishing research papers in English. The experience they get during PhD period in English writing will help them meet this requirement and gain better development. All in all, PhD students can benefit much from publishing papers in English and should work hard to meet their school's requirement.