Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Directions: In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. The first Berlitz School was established in ______.
20. The Grammar-Translation Method neglects ______.
A.listening and reading
B.speaking and writing
C.reading and writing
D.listening and speaking
A B C D
D
[解析] 语法翻译法过分强调阅读和写作而忽略听、说能力。然而在语言交际中,这四种技能都是必要的。
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is Riven to each blank.
1. Another name of the Oral Approach is ______ Language Teaching.
Situational
[解析] 口语法(The Oral Aproach)又叫情景教学法(The situational Language Teaching)。
2. What Krashen and Terrell emphasize in their approach is the ______ of meaning.
primacy
[解析] 克拉申和特雷尔在自然法中强调了意义的重要作用。
3. Writing can be introduced as a means of ______ and evaluation in the Direct Method.
consolidation
[解析] 在直接法教学中,写作是被用来巩固和评估所学内容的一种手段。
4. ASSRF is the short form for "affective, situation, structure, rule and ______".
5. John Firth, a linguist, stressed that language needs to be studied in the broader context of its ______ use.
sociovultural
[解析] 语言学家弗尔斯(John Firth)强调,需要将语言置于语言使用的社会文化环境(sociocultural context)之中加以研究。这个环境包括参加者(participants)、他们的行为和信仰(their behaviour and beliefs)、语言讨论的话题(the objects of linguistic discussion)和言词选择(word choice)等。
6. Krashen's affective filter hypothesis attempts to explain the variation in ______ of language acquisition among individuals of the same group.
14. The Communicative Approach focuses not only on language but also on the learning ______ itself.
process
[解析] 交际法强调学习者不仅要重视语言而且要重视学习过程自身,并为之提供机会。
15. The Silent Way is based on the principle that successful learning involves ______ of the self to language acquisition through the use of silent awareness and then active trial.
17. In the Grammar-Translation Method, the teacher teaches the new grammar with ______ method, which takes a lot of time and easily results in the loss of interests of learners.
deductive
[解析] 语法翻译法用演绎法教授语法。
18. ______analysis is proposed as a valid means to predict potential errors.
Ⅲ.Matching Directions: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④or⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.
1. Column A: linguists ①N. Chomsky ②B. Brunner ③J. Piaget ④D. Ausubel ⑤G. Kelly Column B: contribution to the Cognitive Approach a. schema theory b. discovery method c. transformational generative grammar d. meaningful verbal learning and advance organizers e. distinction between meaningful and meaningless learning activities
①c ②b ③a ④d ⑤e
[解析] ①c:乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论认为,孩子天生就具有一种特殊的学习语言能力;只要让他们生活在语言环境之中,就能学会语言,并且在不知不觉中掌握其语言规则。 ②b:布鲁纳强调学习者应当自己组织知识,例如运用发现法(discovery method),而不是学习教师预先准备好的材料。 ③a:图式理论(schema theory)是皮亚杰理论中的一个重要部分。这个词是“对以往行为实行积极组织”(an active organization of past action)的一种描述,指的是过去的经历,即一个人储存在长期记忆中的东西,在头脑中所形成的框架。 ④d:奥斯贝尔的认知学习理论强调讲解或理解吸收性学习的重要性,理论的核心是“有意义的语言学习和先期组织”(meaningful verbal learning and advance organizers)。 ⑤e:凯利明确区分了有意义的学习活动和无意义的学习活动。他认为,有意义的学习活动是鼓励学习者自己去理解,并使所学的新知识与已有知识相适应并构成新的知识结构。
2. Column A: techniques used in Direct Method ①question and answer exercises ②error correction ③dictation ④listening comprehension tasks ⑤graded composition Column B: the purpose a. to consolidate and evaluate what the learner has learned b. to reinforce and test what the learner has learned c. to have the newly-introduced language items fully understood by the students d. to establish a favorable classroom climate e. to ensure that the students have the correct pronunciation and grammar
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.
1. Name some negative psychological factors in accordance with the acculturation theory.
Negative psychological factors that will increase the psychological distance are language shock, culture shock, low motivation and high ego boundaries.
2. What is the contribution made by Daniel Jones and Harold Palmer to the development of foreign language teaching?
Daniel Jones was the first one that helped to make a profession the teaching of English as a second/ foreign language. And he did a lot of research on the profession of foreign language teaching. He wrote a number of books from his research, Harold Palmer tried out the Oral Method in his teaching and did his research on the English vocabulary. He published a lot of books on methods of language teaching and textbooks.
3. What language skills are emphasized in the Grammar-translation Method?
Reading and writing are emphasized in a Grammar-Translation classroom because literary language is regarded as superior to spoken language. Therefore the language learners should study written language.
4. What are the function and result of the controversies in ancient Greece?
One controversy was between the naturalists and the conventionalists. The naturalists argued that the forms of words reflected the nature of objects. The conventionalists thought that language was conventional and there was no logic connection between form and meaning of words. The other controversy was between the analogists and the anomalists on the regularities of language. The analogists claimed language was regular and there were rules for people to follow. The anomalists maintained there were no rules. Their debate aroused people's interest in language and led them to the detailed study of Greek. The direct result was the appearance of a book of Greek grammar. These controversies and other researches on the linguistic theory formed the traditional study of language in ancient Greece also called traditional linguistics.
5. What are the features of the classroom environment in the Communicative Approach?
The features of classroom environment in Communicative Approach are: cooperation and empathy; student-centered; tolerance of errors; and working in small groups.
6. What are the four points summarized by Tang Lixing on the methodological development before the 1980s in China?
In discussing the methodological development before the 1980s in China, Tang summarized four points: (1) Giving priority to listening and speaking; (2)Laying equal emphasis on all the five basic skills; (3) Stressing reading skills; (4) Involving a more active use of the students' mental power.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. What contributions does the Audiolingual Method make to language teaching?
The Audiolingual Method's contributions to language teaching are as follows: (1) It is among the first theories to recommend the development of a language teaching theory on declared linguistic and psychological principles. The audiolingual theory is probably the first language teaching theory that openly claims to be derived from linguistics and psychology. (2)It attempts to make language learning accessible to large groups of ordinary learners. With large classes, drills are of particular use in that they maximize student participation. (3) The Audiolingual Method stresses syntactical progression and uses pattern drills to help the students gain control over grammatical structures. (4) It leads to the development of simple techniques of varied, graded, and intensive practice of specific features of the language, and more scientifically selected and systematically arranged materials and structural patterns to go with. (5) It develops the separation of the language skills into a pedagogical device. The Audiolingual Method introduces specifically designed techniques of auditory and oral practice.
2. What procedures were followed by the ELT method in the late 19th century and what were the major features of the method used in the 1950s and 1960s in China?
English teaching began in China in the 19th century when foreign missionaries came to China. The method of learning and teaching English then followed the pattern presented below: (1) Recitation: Students recited the lesson taught the previous day. (2) Questions and answers: Teacher asked questions in Chinese, students answered in English. (3) Writing practice: Students write from memory the lesson taught. (4) Presentation: Teacher presented the new lesson; students listened and practised spoken English. (5) Spelling practice: This was done after class. (6) Sentence making: This began after half a year's learning when students were expected to have learned some vocabulary. Students practised translating sentences and teacher corrected them. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, people came to realize the importance of a foreign language in the education of professionals and in the development of science and technology. A foreign language was considered one of the basic components of secondary education. But in the 1950s and 1960s Russian became the main foreign language taught. The Russian methodological principles were "three-centered": classroom-centered, teacher-centered and textbook-centered. According to these principles, in the classroom, the teachers were imparting knowledge, which the students passively took in.