Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Directions: In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. The theory of language underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was derived from ______.
3. During the World War Ⅱ, Leonard Bloomfield and C. C. Fries applied theories and ideas of behaviourism and structuralism systematically to foreign language teaching and devised a new approach called ______.
6. ______ believes that language samples can be exhaustively described at any structural level of descriptions.
A.The Grammar-Translation Method
B.The Cognitive Approach
C.The Audiolingual Method
D.The Communicative Approach
A B C D
C
[解析] 听说法语言实例可以在任何结构层次上详尽描述。
7. In the Natural Approach, a focus on comprehension and ______ as well as the provision of the right kinds of input provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for successful language acquisition.
12. The Natural Approach teachers have three central roles: to be the primary source of comprehensible input in the target language, ______ and to choose and use a rich mix of classroom activities.
A.to make learners active in class
B.to help learners understand messages
C.to create a classroom atmosphere that is interesting, friendly
13. The Communicative Approach is essentially a manifestation of the most explicit debate in pedagogy in the UK during the ______.
A.1950s
B.1960s
C.1970s
D.1980s
A B C D
C
[解析] 交际教学法主要是20世纪70年代的产物。在这十年中理论的争论十分激烈,尤其是在英国。
14. The Total Physical Response method, put forward by ______, is a language teaching method which attempts to teach language through physical activities.
16. Overemphasis on translation can never free learners from dependence on the ______ language.
A.second
B.target
C.first
D.foreign
A B C D
C
[解析] 语法翻译法(the Grammar-Translation Method)强调第二语言语法。在课堂上教师以母语作为主要的教学中介语言。大多数的教学活动如分析、解释和翻译,都是为了掌握语法规则。过分强调翻译使学生永远不能从本族语(第一语言)中解放出来,学生应当学会理解目标语(target language),用目标语进行自我表达,而不参照母语(the first language)。
17. One of the disadvantages in the Grammar-Translation Method is that the texts are taken from ______, the language of which doesn't often meet the practical needs of the learners.
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. Skinner and his like hold that the linguistic habits are formed through identifying and strengthening the ______ between stimuli and responses.
2. The ______ Method aims to enable the learners to read and translate its literature.
Grammar-Translation
[解析] 语法翻译法课堂教学的最终目的是让学生能够阅读和翻译所学的文学作品。
3. In the Cognitive Approach, teachers are required to tell the learners about the language, because knowledge of language rules facilitates ______.
learning
[解析] 认知法认为,了解语言规则能使语言学习更容易,所以要求教师运用演绎法讲解语法规则。
4. The language learners are considered as ______ of comprehensible input.
processors
[解析] 自然法把语言习得者看作是理解性输入的处理者(processors)。
5. In the ______ Approach, the teacher creates speeches which enable students to interact using the target language. Students are not forced to respond in the target language immediately.
13. Suggestopaedia, the application of the study of ______ to pedagogy, has been developed to help students eliminate the feeling that they cannot be successful and thus to help them overcome the barriers to learning.
14. The ______ Approach believes that mistakes are unavoidable in the creative use of language, and students' mistakes are a necessary and natural phenomenon.
18. According to Canale and Swain, ______ competence refers to the interpretation of individual message elements in terms of their interconnectedness and of how meaning is represented in relationship to the entire discourse or text.
19. Some Grammar-Translation Method advocators thought that all languages originated from ______ language so that they were governed by a common grammar.
one
[解析] 语法翻译法的倡导者认为所有语言都源于一种共同语言,受约于同一种语法。
20. Palmer focused on his main interest in the habit formation of foreign language ______ patterns.
Ⅲ.Matching Directions: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④, or⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.
1. Column A ①the Grammar-Translation Method ②the Direct Method ③the Oral Approach ④the Audiolingual Method ⑤the Cognitive Approach Column B a. It emphasized correctness, the purity of language, literary excellence and the use of Latin models. b. The structural linguists believed that the primary medium of language is oral, that is language is speech. c. It lays emphasis on the conscious acquisition of language as a meaningful system. d. It can be characterized as a type of British "structuralism". e. It believes in the natural process of language learning and in the inductive teaching of grammar.
2. Column A ①the Oral Approach ②the Cognitive Approach ③the Audiolingual Method ④the Natural Approach ⑤the Communicative Approach Column B a. Dictation, imitation and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks. b. Dialogues and pattern practice form the basis of the classroom practice. c. The first step in the classroom is to present all new sounds, vocabulary and structures in a manner meaningful to each student. d. To minimize stress, learners are not required to say anything until they feel ready, but they are expected to respond to the teacher's questions in other ways. e. Developing listening and note-taking skills using audio-video materials; giving oral presentation; project work; role-play and simulation.
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.
1. What are the main features of functional linguistics?
Functional linguistics, founded by Malinowski and developed by Firth, believes "the meaning of any single word is to a high degree dependent on its context". It introduced the phrase "context of situation". The theory is based on the notion of function in context. Its point of view is that linguistic events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance, form, and context. The theory also divides a particular situation type into three dimensions.
2. How do you understand the concept of "direct" in the Direct Method?
The Direct Method assumes that meanings of the target language should be connected directly with the physical world: its actions, objects, persons, situations, etc. without translating or referring to the learners' mother tongue. Only the target language should be used in the classroom in communicating meaning. Foreign language learning should follow the natural process of first language acquisition where a direct association between language forms and meanings is established.
3. What is the focus of a Grammar-Translation classroom?
The focus of a Grammar-Translation classroom is the teaching of the foreign language grammar. Grammar is the core of language, and the teaching materials are arranged according to the grammatical system. The process of learning grammar is considered as an important means of training mental abilities.
4. Does it make sense to you that language learning results from habit-formation? Why or why not?
To a certain extent, language learning results from habit-formation. The model of stimulus—response—reinforcement accounts for how a human being learns a language. In learning language, the stimulus is what is taught (language input), the response is the learner's reaction to the stimulus, and the reinforeement is the praise of the teacher or fellow students. The habit is the result of stimulus, correct response and reward again and again. The more frequently this happens, the stronger the habit becomes. Language learning is a process of acquiring a set of language stimulus-response chains, a mechanical process of habit formation.
5. Is dialogue a useful way to introduce new material? Why or why not?
Yes, dialogue is a useful way to introduce new material Dialogues can provide a natural context for the language forms as long as it is from real communication, not artificially expressed. Dialogues show the learner how language is used in real language interaction, and they can be good models of oral communication. Dialogues are also believed to reflect the cultural aspects of the target language. Certain sentence patterns and grammar points are included within the dialogue. These patterns and points are later practised in drills based on the line of the dialogue.
6. What are the reasons for the rise and fall of the Audiolingual Method?
Audiolingual Method comes from the theories and ideas of behaviourism and strncturalism. It was very popular in the 1950s. Towards the end of the 1950s, transformational generative linguistics started a war against it and finally brought it down from its dominant position.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. Why is the Cognitive Approach interpreted as the "modern version of Grammar-Translation Method"
The Cognitive Approach is interpreted as the "modem version of Grammar-Translation Method" because it has rediscovered valuable features in Grammar-Translation Method. The Cognitive Approach comes from the Grammar-Translation Method but it is not a mechanical repetition of the latter, and has given up a one-sided and radical approach in the Grammar-Translation Method. It has some main features: language is an intricate rule-governed system; knowledge of language rules facilitates learning; learning is based on understanding; etc. It draws on the latest development of linguistics and psychology and studies foreign language teaching from the point of view of educational psychology, linguistic psychology and foreign language learning theories, hence makes itself more scientific. The American psychologist Carrol interpreted the Cognitive Approach as a "modified, up-to-date grammar translation theory".
2. Why should an English teacher learn some theories of language and language learning?
Because the theories of language provide the theoretical basis for foreign language teaching methods and help us to decide directly or indirectly what contents we are going to teach. The theories of language learning can help us to understand how learning is taking place so as to enable us to choose a proper method in our teaching.