1.
Read the following passage carefully and compose a "top outline" for it. Women's Liberation in America
Since the middle of the 20th century, American women have been seeking greater independence. No longer content with their traditional roles as housewives, women have joined together to create the "Women's Liberation Movement". The basic causes can be traced to three events: the development of effective birth control methods, the invention of appliances for the home, and the advent of World War Ⅱ.
The first cause was the development of effective birth control methods, freeing women from the endless cycle of childbearing. As a result of having a choice as to if and when to have children, women acquired the freedom and the time to pursue interests outside the home.
The second event was the development of labor-saving appliances for the home, resulting in more leisure time and freedom for women. For example, fifty years ago, a housewife spent an average of twelve to fourteen hours per day doing housework. Due to the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washers and driers, dishwashers and microwave ovens, a housewife can now take care of her daily chores in about five hours.
The third event that stimulated the liberation of women was World War 11. During the war, most men were in the military. Consequently, women had to fill the vacancies in the labor force. Women by the thousands went to work in factories and businesses. This was a great change for the majority of American women, and they discovered that they could produce airplanes and manage a business as well as change diapers and bake cookies.
These three events planted the seeds of a great change in society. The effects of this change are being felt at all levels; in the family, in business and in the government.
One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household tasks of cooking, cleaning and even caring for children. In some families, husbands now stay at home while the wife earns the family income. It should be pointed out, however, that this is the exception, not the rule. In most families in the U.S. the husband still earns most of the money, and the wife still does most of the housework.
The effects of women's liberation are also being felt on the job. More and more women are working, and they are demanding equal salaries and equally responsible positions. Many businesses encourage women to advance to management level, and every year, the nation's schools produce more women doctors, lawyers and accountants.
Politics and government are still other areas that are feeling the effects of the women's movement. Although the U.S. does not appear ready to accept a woman president, as some countries of the world have, women are being elected to public office in increasing numbers. The U.S. currently has three women governors, which is the highest office in the state. In 1984, a woman was a vice-presidential candidate. A few years earlier, this would have been unthinkable.
In conclusion, women in the U.S. are acquiring greater independence which is causing sweeping changes in society. While some men may not be happy with this, they should remember that it was they, the men, who created the conditions leading to the liberation of women: men made war, male scientists developed birth control, and businessmen earned a lot of money selling vacuum cleaners and dishwashers.
1. Women seeking greater independence
2. Three causes for women's liberation
A. Development of effective birth-control methods
B. Invention of appliances for the home
C. The advent of the World War Ⅱ
3. Three effects of women's liberation
A. In the home
B. In business
C. In the government
4. Men creating conditions for women's liberation
[解析] 一般来讲,提纲有两种常见类型,即Topic outline和Sentence outline。前者是指用文中的关键词和短语(Thesis除外)组成的提纲,而后者则指用主谓结构俱全的句子组成的提纲。比较而言,前者较难把握。
提纲有简有繁,在保证正确的前提下,可以往复杂写,但最简单的提纲要至少写出两层关系,即main ideas and sub-ideas。
写提纲时的注意事项:
1)有1必有2,有A必有B,指在提纲的各个层次中不可以只出现唯一的Main idea或是Sub-idea。
2)避免在同一提纲当中同时使用句子和短语关键词,即在Sentence outline中不可以出现作为关键词的短语或单词,反之亦然。
3)切记,提纲中Thesis的内容永远使用完整的句子来表达,即便是在Topic outline中,并且,这个句子永远是陈述句,不要用疑问句、感叹句或是祈使句来填充这一位置。
下面就本道题进行详细分析:
这是一篇关于美国解放运动的文章,全文共分9个自然段。
第一段:自从20世纪中期以来,美国妇女不再满足于传统的家庭主妇的角色,不断寻求着独立。而引起妇女解放运动的原因主要有三个:有效节育措施的不断完善;家用电器的不断发明;第二次世界大战的爆发。
第二段:随着节育措施的不断完善,妇女有了更多的选择余地,从而使她们有时间做自己感兴趣的事。
第三段:家用电器的不断完善,也使妇女有了更多的闲暇时间。
第四段:第二次世界大战的爆发,大多数男人都上了战场,这时,妇女成了主要的劳动者。这次战争使大多数妇女的生活发生了很大的变化,在各行各业中,男人能够做的事情,女人同样可以做到。
第五段:是承上启下的段落,从前面提到的三个原因,引出妇女解放运动所带来的影响。
第六段:说明妇女获得独立,对家庭产生的影响。
第七段:妇女解放使越来越多的妇女走上了工作岗位,在各种不同的领域从事着和男人一样的工作。
第八段:妇女解放运动也使女性进入了政界和政府部门。
第九段:对全文的总结,美国妇女获得了越来越多的独立,尽管有些男性不愿接受这一事实,但有一点他们应该记住:正是他们为妇女解放创造了条件。
通过上述对全文的分析,不难看出,文章可以分为四个部分:第一部分即第一自然段,指出美国妇女运动有三方面原因。接下来第二、三、四段具体解释三个原因,第五、六、七、八段分析了妇女解放所产生的影响,第九段是全文的总结,指出是男人为妇女解放创造了条件。
下面来看一些文章中有用的说法:
1)be content with满足,满意
No longer content with their traditional roles as housewives, women have joined together to create the "women's liberation movement". 妇女们不再满足于作为家庭主妇的传统角色,一起投身到妇女解放运动中去。
2)as to至于,关于
As a result of having a choice as to if and when to have children, women acquired the freedom and the time to pursue interests outside the home. 其结果是妇女可以选择是否生孩子,什么时候生孩子,从而有更多的自由和时间从事家庭以外自己感兴趣的事情。
3)result in结果是,导致
The second event was the development of laborsaving appliances for the home, resulting in more leisure time and freedom for women. 第二件事是节省体力的家用电器的开发,使妇女有了更多的闲暇时间。
4)due to由于,因为
Due to the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washers and drivers, dishwashers and microwave ovens, a house wife can now take care of her daily chores in about five hours.
由于吸尘器、洗衣机、烘干机、洗碗机、微波炉等家用设备的发明,现在一名家庭主妇大约用5个小时就能做完所有的家务。
5)exception例外rule惯例
It's been very cold this month, but today's all exception.
6)candidate候选人
In 1984, a woman was a vice-presidential candidate